metricas
covid
Buscar en
Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica
Toda la web
Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Factores de riesgo cardiovascular dependientes del paciente en población con in...
Información de la revista
Vol. 27. Núm. S1.
Enfermedad cardiovascular e infección por VIH
Páginas 10-16 (septiembre 2009)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 27. Núm. S1.
Enfermedad cardiovascular e infección por VIH
Páginas 10-16 (septiembre 2009)
Acceso a texto completo
Factores de riesgo cardiovascular dependientes del paciente en población con infección por VIH
Patient-related cardiovascular risk factors in the HIV-infected population
Visitas
3633
Joaquín Portilla
Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, España
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen

La patogenia de la arteriosclerosis en pacientes con infección por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) es compleja, y en ella intervienen tanto los factores deriesgo cardiovascular (FRCV) establecidos para la población general y dependientes del paciente, como los relacionados con el tratamiento antirretroviral de gran actividad (TARGA) y el propio VIH. Algunos de los FRCV tradicionales son más frecuentes en pacientes con infección por VIH queen población general. En países desarrollados predominan los varones con infección por VIH y gracias al TARGA su esperanza de vida ha aumentado deforma significativa. La prevalencia de tabaquismo (37-72%) es mayor que en población general, como también la de diabetes mellitus (17%), resistencia insulínica (17-51%), dislipemia (22-49%) e hipertrigliceridemia (34%). La mayor prevalencia en estos pacientes dependería de los propios estilos de vida y del tiempo de exposición al TARGA, especialmente a determinados fármacos antirretrovirales. Aunque el riesgo cardiovascular global en pacientes con infección por VIH permanece bajo, los FRCV establecidos para población general irán cobrando una mayor importancia conform e vaya aumentando progresivamente la edad de los pacientes. Estudios longitudinales de cohortes señalan la magnitud de asociación de estos factores de riesgo con la enfermedad cardiovascular en pacientes con infección por VIH. Teniendo en cuenta todos los factores que intervienen en la infección por VIH, deben diseñarse modelos matemáticos específicos para esta población que permitan calcular el RCV individual de cada paciente y establecer medidas de prevención cardiovascular.

Palabras clave:
Enfermedad cardiovascular
VIH
Factores de riesgo
Abstract

The pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis in HIV-infected patients is complex. Both patient-related cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) established for the general population and those related to highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and HIV infection per se are involved. Some traditional CVRF are more frequent in HIVinfected patients than in the general population. In developed countries, HIV infection is more frequent among men and, due to HAART, their life expectancy has significantly increased. The prevalence of smoking (37-72%) is higher than in the general population, as is that of diabetes mellitus (17%), insulin resistance (17-51%), dyslipidemia (22-49%) and hypertriglyceridemia (34%). The higher prevalence in these patients is probably due to lifestyle and length of exposure to HAART, especially to certain antiretroviral drugs. Although overall cardiovascular risk in patients with HIV remains low, CVRF established for the general population become more important with increasing age. Longitudinal cohort studies indicate the magnitude of the association of these risk factors with cardiovascular disease in patients with HIV infection. In view of all the factors that intervene in HIV infection, specific mathematical models should be designed for this population that would allow individual cardiovascular risk to be calculated in each patient and measures for cardiovascular prevention to be established.

Keywords:
Cardiovascular disease
HIV
Risk factors
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
N. Friis-Møller, C.A. Sabin, R. Weber, A. D’Arminio Monforte, W.M. El-Sadr, P. Reiss, et al.
Combination antiretroviral therapy and the risk of myocardial infarction.
N Engl J Med, 349 (2003), pp. 1993-2003
[2.]
S.D. Holmberg, A.C. Moorman, J.M. Williamson, T.C. Tong, D.J. Ward, K.C. Wood, et al.
Protease inhibitors and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with HIV-1.
Lancet, 360 (2002), pp. 1747-1748
[3.]
M. Mary-Krause, L. Cotte, A. Simon, M. Partisani, D. Costagliola.
Clinical Epidemiology Group from the French Hospital Database. Increased risk of myocardial infarction with duration protease inhibitor therapy in HIV infected men.
[4.]
N. Friis-Møller, P. Reiss, C.A. Sabin, R. Weber, A. Monforte, W. El-Sadr, et al.
for the DAD Study Group. Class of Antiretroviral Drugs and the risk of Myocardial Infarction.
N Eng J Med, 356 (2007), pp. 1723-1735
[5.]
C.A. Sabin, S.W. Worm, R. Weber, P. Reiss, W. El-Sadr, F. Dabis, et al.
Use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients enrolled in the D:A:D study: a multi-cohort collaboration.
Lancet, 37 (2008), pp. 1417-1426
[6.]
P.W. Wilson, R.B. D’Agostino, D. Levy, A.M. Belanger, H. Silbershatz, W.B. Kannel.
Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories.
Circulation, 97 (1998), pp. 1837-1847
[7.]
2007 Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension.
The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).
Eur Heart J, 28 (2007), pp. 1462-1536
[8.]
I. Graham, D. Atar, K. Borch-Johnsen, G. Boysen, G. Burell, R. Cifkova, et al.
European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary. Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice.
Eur Heart J, 19 (2007), pp. 2375-2414
[9.]
Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143-421.
[10.]
Lang S, Mary-Krause M, Cotte L, Gilquin J, Patisani M, Simon A, et al. Impact of specific NRTI and PI on the risk of Myocardial infarction: a case-control study nested within FHDH ANRS CO4. 16th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Montreal; February 8-11, 2009. Abstract 43LB.
[11.]
C.J. Smith, I. Levy, C.A. Sabin, E. Kaya, M.A. Johnson, M.C. Lipman.
Cardiovascular risk factors and antiretroviral therapy in an HIV UK population.
HIV Med, 5 (2004), pp. 88-92
[12.]
J. Santos, R. Palacios, M. González, J. Ruiz, M. Márquez.
Atherogenic lípido profile and cardiovascular risk factors in HIV-infected patients (Netar Stody).
In J STD AIDS, 16 (2005), pp. 677-680
[13.]
T.R. Glass, C. Ungsedhapand, M. Wolbers, R. Weber, P.L. Vernazza, M. Rickenbach, et al.
Prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients over time: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study.
[14.]
R.C. Kaplan, L.A. Kingsley, A.R. Sharrett, X. Li, J. Lazar, P.C. Tien, et al.
Ten-year predicted coronary heart disease risk in HIV-infected men and women.
Clin Infect Dis, 45 (2007), pp. 1074-1081
[15.]
J. Oh, R.A. Hegele.
HIV-associated dyslipidemia: pathogenesis and treatment.
Lancet Inf Dis, 7 (2007), pp. 787-796
[16.]
N. Friis-Møller, R. Weber, P. Reiss, R. Thiébaut, O. Kirk, A. D’Arminio Monforte, et al.
Cardiovascular disease risk factors in HIV patients--association with antiretroviral therapy. Results from the DAD study.
[17.]
A. Khalsa, R. Karim, W.J. Mack, H. Minkoff, M. Cohen, M. Young, et al.
Correlates of prevalent hypertension in a large cohort of HIV-infected women: Women's Interagency HIV Study.
AIDS, 21 (2007), pp. 2539-2541
[18.]
M. Savès, G. Chêne, P. Ducimetière, C. Leport, G. Le Moal, P. Amouyel, et al.
Risk factors for coronary heart disease in patients treated for human immunodeficiency virus infection compared with the general population.
Clin Infect Dis, 37 (2003), pp. 292-298
[19.]
C.A. Sabin, A. D’Arminio Monforte, N. Friis-Moller, R. Weber, W.M. El-Sadr, P. Reiss, et al.
Changes over time in risk factors for cardiovascular disease and use of lipidlowering drugs in HIV-infected individuals and impact on myocardial infarction.
Clin Infect Dis, 46 (2008), pp. 1101-1110
[20.]
E.C. Seaberg, A. Muñoz, M. Lu, R. Detels, J.B. Margolick, S.A. Riddler, et al.
Association between highly active antiretroviral therapy and hypertension in a large cohort of men followed from 1984 to 2003.
AIDS, 19 (2005), pp. 953-960
[21.]
G.M. Reaven.
Insulin resistance/compensatory hyperinsulinemia, essential hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88 (2003), pp. 2399-2403
[22.]
M. Pyorala, H. Miettinen, M. Laakso, K. Pyorala.
Hyperinsulinaemia predicts coronary heart disease risk in healthy middle-aged men: the 22 year follow-up results of the Helsinky Policemen Study.
Circulation, 98 (1998), pp. 398-404
[23.]
T.T. Brown, S.R. Cole, X. Li, L.A. Kingsley, F.J. Palella, S.A. Riddler, et al.
Antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence and incidence of diabetes mellitus in the multicenter AIDS cohort study.
Arch Intern Med, 165 (2005), pp. 1179-1184
[24.]
K. Samaras, H. Wand, M. Law, S. Emery, D. Cooper, A. Carr.
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antirretroviral therapy using International Diabetes Foundation and Adult Treatment Panel III Criteria.
Diabetes Care, 30 (2007), pp. 113-119
[25.]
C. Jericó, H. Knobel, M. Montero, J. Ordóñez-Llanos, A. Guelar, J.L. Gimeno, et al.
Metabolic syndrome among HIV-infected patients.
Diabetes Care, 28 (2005), pp. 144-149
[26.]
K. Mondy, E.T. Overton, J. Grubb, S. Tong, W. Seyfried, W. Powderly, et al.
Metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected patients from an urban, Midwestern US outpatient population.
Clin Infect Dis, 44 (2007), pp. 726-734
[27.]
T. Joy, H.M. Keogh, C. Hadigan, H. Lee, S.E. Dolan, K. Fitch, et al.
Dietary fat intake and relationship to serum lipid levels in HIV-infected patients with metabolic abnormalities in the HAART era.
[28.]
B. Lau, A.R. Sharrett, L.A. Kingsley, W. Post, F.J. Palella, B. Visscher, et al.
C-reactive protein is a marker for human immunodeficiency virus disease progression.
Arch Intern Med, 166 (2006), pp. 64-70
[29.]
K. Hernia, D. Kitchb, M. Dubec, R. Zackinb, R.A. Parkerb, D. Sprecherd, et al.
C-reactive protein levels over time and cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected individuals suppressed on an indinavir-based regimen: AIDS Clinical Trials Group 5056s.
AIDS, 18 (2004), pp. 2434-2437
[30.]
J.G. Feldman, P. Goldwasser, S. Colman, J. DeHovitz, H. Minkoff.
C-reactive protein is an independent predictor of mortality in women with HIV-1 infection.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 32 (2003), pp. 210-214
[31.]
V.A. Triant, J.B. Meigs, S.K. Grinspoon.
Association of C-reactive protein and HIV infection with acute myocardial infarction.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 51 (2009), pp. 268-273
[32.]
M. Bekken, I. Os, L. Sandvik, O. Oektedalen.
Microalbuminuria associated with indicators of infl amatory activity in an HIV-positive population.
Nephrol Dial Transplant, 23 (2008), pp. 3130-3137
[33.]
O. Moreno-Pérez, A. Picó Alfonso, J. Portilla.
Hipogonadismo, disfunción eréctil y disfunción endotelial en varones con infección por el VIH.
Med Clin, 132 (2009), pp. 311-321
[34.]
D.G. Hackam, S.S. Anand.
Emerging risk factors for atherosclerotic vascular disease. A critical review of the evidence.
JAMA, 290 (2003), pp. 932-940
[35.]
G. Guaraldi, P. Ventura, E. Garlassi, G. Orlando, N. Squillace, G. Nardini, et al.
Hyperhomocysteinaemia in HIV-infected patients: determinants of variability and correlations with predictors of cardiovascular disease.
[36.]
V.V. Joshi, B. Pawel, E. Connor, L. Sharer, J.M. Oleske, S. Morrison, et al.
Arteriopathy in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Pediatr Pathol, 7 (1987), pp. 26-75
[37.]
K. De Gaetano Donati, R. Rabagliati, L. Iacoviello, R. Cauda.
HIV infection, HAART and endothelial adhesión molecules: current perspectives.
Lancet Infectious Dis, 4 (2004), pp. 213-222
[38.]
M.G. Shlipak, J.H. Ix, K. Bibbins-Domingo, F. Lin, M.A. Whooley.
Biomarkers to predict recurrent cardiovascular disease: the Heart and Soul Study.
Am J Med, 121 (2008), pp. 50-57
[39.]
L.H. Kuller, R. Tracy, W. Belloso, S. De Wit, F. Drummond, H.C. Lane, et al.
Infl ammatory and coagulation biomarkers and mortality in patients with HIV infection.
[40.]
A. Prasad, J. Zhu, J.P. Halcox, M.A. Waclawiw, S.E. Epstein, A.A. Quyyumi.
Predisposition to atherosclerosis by infections: role of endothelial dysfunction.
Circulation, 106 (2002), pp. 184-190
[41.]
M. Seigneur, J. Constans, A. Blann, M. Renard, J.L. Pellegrin, J. Amiral, et al.
Soluble adhesión molecules and endothelial cell damage in HIV infected-patients.
Thromb Haemost, 77 (1997), pp. 646-649
[42.]
M.W. Lorenz, S. Von Kegler, H. Steinmetz, H.S. Markus, M. Sitzer.
Carotid intima-media thickening indicates a higher vascular risk across a wide age range: prospective data from the Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression Study (CAPS).
[43.]
M.W. Lorenz, H.S. Markus, M.L. Bots, M. Rosvall, M. Sitzer.
Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Circulation, 115 (2007), pp. 459-467
[44.]
P.Y. Hsue, J.C. Lo, A. Franklin, A.F. Bolger, J.N. Martin, S.G. Deeks, et al.
Progression of Atherosclerosis as Assessed by carotid Intima-Media Thickness in patients with HIV infection.
Circulation, 109 (2004), pp. 1603-1608
[45.]
J.S. Currier, M.A. Kendall, W.K. Henry, B. Alston-Smith, F.J. Torriani, P. Tebas, et al.
Progression of carotid artery intima-media thickening in HIV-infected and uninfected adults.
[46.]
P. Maggi, F. Perilli, A. Lillo, M. Gargiulo, S. Ferraro, B. Grisorio, et al.
Rapid progression of carotid lesions in HAART-treated HIV-1 patients.
Atherosclerosis, 192 (2007), pp. 407-412
[47.]
R. Roberts.
Genetics of premature myocardial infarction.
Curr Atheroscler Rep, 10 (2008), pp. 186-193
[48.]
A. Helgadottir, A. Manolescu, G. Thorleifsson, S. Gretarsdottir, H. Jonsdottir, U. Thorsteinsdottir, et al.
The gene encoding 5-lipoxygenase activating protein confers risk of myocardial infarction and stroke.
Nat Genet, 36 (2004), pp. 233-239
[49.]
K. Ranade, W.J. Geese, M. Noor, O. Flint, P. Tebas, K. Mulligan, et al.
Genetic analysis implicates resistin in HIV lipodystrophy.
[50.]
M. Guardiola, R. Ferré, J. Salazar, C. Alonso-Villaverde, B. Coll, S. Parra, et al.
Protease inhibitor-associated dyslipidemia in HIV-infected patients is strongly infl uenced by the APOA5-1131T->C gene variation.
Clin Chem, 52 (2006), pp. 1914-1919
[51.]
M.G. Law, N. Friis-Moller, W.M. El-Sadr, R. Weber, P. Reiss, A. D’Arminio Monforte, et al.
The use of the Framingham equation of predict myocardial infarctions in HIVinfected patients: comparison with observed events in the D:A:D study.
Copyright © 2009. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
Descargar PDF
Opciones de artículo
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos