metricas
covid
Buscar en
Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica
Toda la web
Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Infección por virus West Nile
Información de la revista
Vol. 29. Núm. S5.
Programa Externo de Control de Calidad SEIMC. Año 2010
Páginas 21-26 (diciembre 2011)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 29. Núm. S5.
Programa Externo de Control de Calidad SEIMC. Año 2010
Páginas 21-26 (diciembre 2011)
Acceso a texto completo
Infección por virus West Nile
West Nile virus infection
Visitas
4661
Mercedes Pérez Ruiza,
Autor para correspondencia
, Sara Sanbonmatsu Gámeza, Miguel Ángel Jiménez Claverob
a Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, España
b Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, España
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen

El virus West Nile (VWN) es un arbovirus cuyos vectores habituales son mosquitos y su principal reservorio aves, aunque es capaz de infectar a numerosas especies de vertebrados, entre ellos a los caballos y al hombre. Hasta el 80% de las infecciones en humanos son asintomáticas. La presentación clínica más frecuente es el síndrome febril, aunque en algunos casos (menos del 1%) puede ocasionar enfermedad neuroinvasiva. España es una zona de alto riesgo de emergencia de VWN debido a su climatología y a que es ruta de paso de aves migratorias procedentes de África, donde es endémico, y las cuales anidan en torno a humedales en los que abundan poblaciones de posibles vectores del virus. El diagnóstico de la infección neurológica en humanos se puede realizar mediante detección de IgM en suero y/o líquido cefalorraquídeo, demostración de aumento de al menos 4 veces el título de anticuerpos IgG entre suero de fase agua y suero de fase convaleciente, o por técnicas moleculares (especialmente útiles en trasplantados). Al ser un virus de nivel 3 de bioseguridad, las técnicas que impliquen cultivo celular están restringidas a laboratorios dotados de esas medidas de seguridad, como los laboratorios de referencia. El Plan Nacional para la Vigilancia de la Encefalitis por VWN permite detectar circulación del virus en aves y vectores en zonas especialmente susceptibles, como los humedales del país, y disponer de la información para valorar el riesgo de enfermedad en caballos y humanos.

Palabras clave:
Virus West Nile
Enfermedad neuroinvasiva
Vigilancia
España
Abstract

West Nile virus (WNV) is an arbovirus usually transmitted by mosquitoes. The main reservoirs are birds, although the virus may infect several vertebrate species, such as horses and humans. Up to 80% of human infections are asymptomatic. The most frequent clinical presentation is febrile illness, and neuroinvasive disease can occur in less than 1% of cases. Spain is considered a high-risk area for the emergence of WNV due to its climate and the passage of migratory birds from Africa (where the virus is endemic). These birds nest surrounding wetlands where populations of possible vectors for the virus are abundant. Diagnosis of human neurological infections can be made by detection of IgM in serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid samples, demonstration of a four-fold increase in IgG antibodies between acute-phase and convalescentphase serum samples, or by detection of viral genome by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (especially useful in transplant recipients). Since WNV is a biosafety level 3 agent, techniques that involve cell culture are restricted to laboratories with this level of biosafety, such as reference laboratories. The National Program for the Surveillance of WNV Encephalitis allows the detection of virus circulation among birds and vectors in areas especially favorable for the virus, such as wetlands, and provides information for evaluation of the risk of disease in horses and humans.

Keywords:
West Nile virus
Neuroinvasive disease
Surveillance
Spain
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
C. Bünchen-Osmond.
Taxonomy and classification of viruses.
Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 9th ed, pp. 1273-1283
[2.]
L.D. Kramer, J. Li, P.Y. Shi.
West Nile virus.
Lancet Neurol, 6 (2007), pp. 171-181
[3.]
R.S. Lanciotti, G.D. Ebel, V. Deubel, A.J. Kerst, S. Murri, R. Meyer, et al.
Complete genome sequences and phylogenetic analysis of West Wile virus strains isolated from the United States, Europe, and the middle East.
Virology, 298 (2002), pp. 96-105
[4.]
Sirbu A, Ceianu CS, Panculescu-Gatej RI, Vázquez A, Tenorio A, Rebreanu R, et al. Outbreak of West Nile virus infection in humans, Romania, July to October 2010.
[5.]
A.E. Platonov, M.V. Fedorova, L.S. Karan, T.A. Shopenskaya, O.V. Platonova, V.I. Zhuravlev.
Epidemiology of West Nile infection in Volgograd, Russia, in relation to climate change and mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) bionomics.
Parasitol Res, 103 (2008), pp. S45-S53
[6.]
A. Papa, T. Bakonyi, K. Xanthopoulou, A. Vázquez, A. Tenorio, N. Nowotny.
Genetic characterization of West Nile virus lineage 2, Greece, 2010.
Emerg Infect Dis, 17 (2011), pp. 920-922
[7.]
T. Bakonyi, Z. Hubálek, I. Rudolf, N. Nowotny.
Novel flavivirus or new lineage of West Nile virus, central Europe.
Emerg Infect Dis, 11 (2005), pp. 225-231
[8.]
D.K. Lvov, A.M. Butenko, V.L. Gromashevsky, A.I. Kovtunov, A.G. Prilipov, R. Kinney, et al.
West Nile virus and other zoonotic viruses in Russia: examples of emergingreemerging situations.
Arch Virol Suppl, 18 (2004), pp. 85-96
[9.]
V.P. Bondre, R.S. Jadi, A.C. Mishra, P.N. Yergolkar, V.A. Arankalle.
West Nile virus isolates from India: evidence for a distinct genetic lineage.
J Gen Virol., 88 (2007), pp. 875-884
[10.]
A. Vázquez, M.P. Sánchez-Seco, S. Ruiz, F. Molero, L. Hernández, J. Moreno, et al.
Putative new lineage of West Nile virus, Spain.
Emerg Infect Dis, 16 (2010), pp. 549-552
[11.]
Z. Hubalek, J. Halouzka.
West Nile fever a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe.
Emerg Infect Dis, 5 (1999), pp. 643-650
[12.]
N. Komar, S. Langevin, S. Hinten, N. Nemeth, E. Edwards, D. Hettler, et al.
Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus.
Emerg Infect Dis, 9 (2003), pp. 311-322
[13.]
R.B. Tesh, M. Siirin, H. Guzmán, A.P. Travassos da Rosa, X. Wu, T. Duan, et al.
Persistent West Nile virus infection in the golden hamster: studies on its mechanism and possible implications for other flavivirus infections.
J Infect Dis, 192 (2005), pp. 287-295
[14.]
R.D. McAbee, E.N. Green, J. Holeman, J. Christiansen, N. Frye, K. Dealey, et al.
Identification of Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes in a hybrid zone of West Nile virus transmission in Fresno County, California.
Am J Trop Med Hyg, 78 (2008), pp. 303-310
[15.]
R.S. Nasci, H.M. Savage, D.J. White, J.R. Miller, B.C. Cropp, M.S. Godsey, et al.
West Nile virus in overwintering Culex mosquitoes, New York City, 2000.
Emerg Infect Dis, 7 (2001), pp. 742-744
[16.]
E.W. Cupp, H.K. Hassan, X. Yue, W.K. Oldland, B.M. Lilley, T.R. Unnasch.
West Nile virus infection in mosquitoes in the mid-south USA, 2002–2005.
J Med Entomol, 44 (2007), pp. 117-125
[17.]
S.L. Rossi, T.M. Ross, J.D. Evans.
West Nile virus.
Clin Lab Med, 30 (2010), pp. 47-65
[18.]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Intrauterine West Nile virus infection-New York, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51:1135-6.
[19.]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). West Nile virus transmission via organ transplantation and blood transfusion - Louisiana, 2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58:1263-7.
[20.]
C. Rhee, E.F. Eaton, W. Concepcion, B.G. Blackburn.
West Nile virus encephalitis acquired via liver transplantation and clinical response to intravenous immunoglobulin: case report and review of the literature.
Transpl Infect Dis, 13 (2011), pp. 312-317
[21.]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). West Nile virus activity -United States, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59:769-72.
[22.]
E.A. Gould, S. Higgs.
Impact of climate change and other factors on emerging arbovirus diseases.
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 103 (2009), pp. 109-121
[23.]
D. Ghosh, R. Guha.
Using a neural network for mining interpretable relationships of West Nile risk factors.
Soc Sci Med, 72 (2011), pp. 418-429
[24.]
P. Reiter.
West Nile virus in Europe: understanding the present to gauge the future.
Euro Surveill, 15 (2010), pp. 19508
[25.]
T.F. Tsai, F. Popovici, C. Cernescu, G.L. Campbell, N.I. Neldecu.
West Nile encephalitis epidemia in southeastern Romania.
Lancet, 352 (1998), pp. 767-771
[26.]
A.E. Platonov, G.A. Shipulin, O.Y. Shipulina, E.N. Tyutyunnik, T.I. Frolochkina, R.S. Lanciotti, et al.
Outbreak of West Nile virus infection, Volgograd Region, Russia, 1999.
Emerg Infect Dis, 7 (2001), pp. 128-132
[27.]
M.S. Green, M. Weinberger, J. Ben-Ezer, H. Bin, E. Mendelson, D. Gandacu, et al.
Longterm Death Rates, West Nile virus epidemic, Israel, 2000.
Emerg Infect Dis, 11 (2005), pp. 1754-1757
[28.]
P. Calistri, A. Giovannini, Z. Hubalek, A. Ionescu, F. Monaco, G. Savini, et al.
Epidemiology of West Nile virus in europe and in the mediterranean basin.
Open Virol J, 4 (2010), pp. 29-37
[29.]
A. Papa, K. Danis, A. Baka, A. Bakas, G. Dougas, T. Lytras, et al.
Ongoing outbreak of West Nile virus infections in humans in Greece, July-August 2010.
Euro Surveill, 15 (2010), pp. 19644
[30.]
J. Figuerola, R. Soriguer, G. Rojo, C. Gómez Tejedor, M.A. Jiménez-Clavero.
Seroconversion in wild birds and local circulation of West Nile virus, Spain.
Emerg Infect Dis, 13 (2007), pp. 1915-1917
[31.]
J. Figuerola, M.A. Jiménez-Clavero, G. López, C. Rubio, R. Soriguer, C. Gómez-Tejedor, et al.
Size matters: West Nile virus neutralizing antibodies in resident and migratory birds in Spain.
Vet Microbiol, 132 (2008), pp. 39-46
[32.]
M.A. Jiménez-Clavero, F. Llorente, E. Sotelo, R. Soriguer, C. Gómez-Tejedor, J. Figuerola.
West Nile virus serosurveillance in horses in Doñana, Spain, 2005 to 2008.
Vet Rec, 167 (2010), pp. 379-380
[33.]
D. Kaptoul, P.F. Viladrich, C. Domingo, J. Niubó, S. Martínez-Yélamos, F. De Ory, et al.
West Nile virus in Spain: report of the first diagnosed case (in Spain) in a human with aseptic meningitis.
Scand J Infect Dis, 39 (2007), pp. 70-71
[34.]
Consejería de Agricultura y Pesca. Dirección General de la Producción Agrícola y Ganadera. Junta de Andalucía. Focos declarados de encefalitis del Nilo Occidental (West Nile) en Andalucía, 2010 [consultado 6-6-2011]. Disponible en: http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/agriculturaypesca/portal/export/sites/default/comun/galerias/galeriaDescargas/cap/agricultura-ganaderia/Ganaderia/Microsoft_Word_-_Focos_a_Web_01.10.2010.docxmanuel.fernandez.mor-17x.pdf.
[35.]
Secretaría General de Medio Rural. Dirección General de Recursos Agrícolas y Ganaderos. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. Plan de Vigilancia de la Encefalitis del Oeste del Nilo, 2010 (West Nile) en España. Disponible en: http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/agriculturaypesca/portal/export/sites/default/comun/galerias/galeriaDescargas/cap/agricultura-ganaderia/Ganaderia/PLAN_DE_VIGILANCIA_WN._2010.pdf.
[36.]
J.J. Sejvar.
The long-term outcomes of human West Nile virus infection.
Clin Infect Dis, 44 (2007), pp. 1617-1624
[37.]
J.T. Watson, P.E. Pertel, R.C. Jones, A.M. Siston, W.S. Paul, C.C. Austin, et al.
Clinical characteristics and functional outcomes of West Nile Fever.
Ann Intern Med, 141 (2004), pp. 360-365
[38.]
R.L. Debiasi.
West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease.
Curr Infect Dis Rep., (2011),
[39.]
K.L. Tyler.
West Nile virus infection in the United States.
Arch Neurol, 61 (2004), pp. 1190-1195
[40.]
E.B. Hayes, D.J. Gubler.
West Nile virus: epidemiology and clinical features of an emerging epidemic in the United States.
[41.]
D. Nash, F. Mostashari, A. Fine, J. Miller, D. O’Leary, K. Murray, et al.
The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999.
N Engl J Med, 344 (2001), pp. 1807-1814
[42.]
J.J. Sejvar, M.B. Haddad, B.C. Tierney, G.L. Campbell, A.A. Marfin, J.A. Van Gerpen, et al.
Neurologic manifestations and outcome of West Nile virus infection.
JAMA, 290 (2003), pp. 511-515
[43.]
A.V. Bode, J.J. Sejvar, W.J. Pape, G.L. Campbell, A.A. Marfin.
West Nile virus disease: a descriptive study of 228 patients hospitalized in a 4-county region of Colorado in 2003.
Clin Infect Dis, 42 (2006), pp. 1234-1240
[44.]
K.A. Gyure.
West Nile virus infections.
J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 68 (2009), pp. 1053-1060
[45.]
S.A. Fischer.
Emerging viruses in transplantation: there is more to infection after transplant than CMV and EBV.
Transplantation, 86 (2008), pp. 1327-1339
[46.]
J. Li, J.A. Loeb, M.E. Shy, A.K. Shah, A.C. Tselis, W.J. Kupski, et al.
Asymmetric flaccid paralysis: a neuromuscular presentation of West Nile virus infection.
Ann Neurol, 53 (2003), pp. 703-710
[47.]
J.J. Sejvar, A.V. Bode, A.A. Marfin, G.L. Campbell, D. Ewing, M. Mazowiecki, et al.
West Nile virus-associated flaccid paralysis.
Emerg Infect Dis, 11 (2005), pp. 1021-1027
[48.]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Neuroinvasive and Non-Neuroinvasive Domestic Arboviral Diseases. 2004 case definition. Disponible en: http://www.cdc.gov/osels/ph_surveillance/nndss/casedef/arboviral_2004.htm.
[49.]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory-acquired West Nile virus infections-United States, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51:1133-5.
[50.]
US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institutes of Health. HHS Publication No. (CDC) 21-1112. Revised December 2009. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories. 5th ed. [consultado 27-5-2011]. Disponible en: http://www.cdc.gov/biosafety/publications/bmbl5/BMBL.pdf.
[51.]
G. Tardei, S. Ruta, V. Chitu, C. Rossi, T.F. Tsai, C. Cernescu.
Evaluation of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG enzyme immunoassays in serologic diagnosis of West Nile Virus infection.
J Clin Microbiol, 38 (2000), pp. 2232-2239
[52.]
European Network for Diagnostics of “Imported” Viral Diseases (ENIVD). Viruses, diagnostics, and quality assurance. Commercial diagnostic tests. Last update: 28 July, 2010 [consultado 6-6-2011]. Disponible en: http://www.enivd.de/index.htm.
[53.]
Pedrosa-Corral I, Sanbonmatsu S, Pérez-Olmo C, Sampedro A, Pérez-Ruiz M, Sánchez-Seco MP, et al. Vigilancia de infección humana por virus del Nilo Occidental (VNO) en el contexto de un brote de infección en caballos en Andalucía. XI Congreso SEIMC. Málaga; 2011. Abstract 194 [consultado 10-6-2011] Disponible en: https://intranet.pacifico-meetings.com/amsysweb/PublicacionOnline.iface?id=41
[54.]
M.A. Jiménez-Clavero, M. Agüero, G. Rojo, C. Gómez-Tejedor.
A new fluorogenic realtime RT-PCR assay for detection of lineage 1 and lineage 2 West Nile viruses.
J Vet Diagn Invest, 18 (2006), pp. 459-462
[55.]
C.G. Hayes.
West Nile virus.
The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology, pp. 59-88
Copyright © 2011. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
Descargar PDF
Opciones de artículo
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos