Información del artículo
El papel que las bacterias grampositivas desempeñan como agentes causales de la infección intraabdominal es muy variable. Depende básicamente de la situación de base del paciente, del lugar de adquisición de la enfermedad, de su tiempo de evolución y del tratamiento antimicrobiano previo administrado. Depende igualmente de la localización y el tipo de infección. No cabe duda que los microorganismos grampositivos aerobios y facultativos constituyen la causa o parte de la causa de una alta proporción de dichas infecciones y que con frecuencia dichos microorganismos tienen mecanismos de resistencia que les hacen difícilmente tratables con antimicrobianos convencionales. El papel, en esas circunstancias, de fármacos como linezolid, ertapenem, tigeciclina y daptomicina está todavía poco estudiado. Se dispone de datos sólo para algunos de los fármacos y sólo en algunas de las indicaciones, y es evidente que se precisa más información en muchas circunstancias. Es indudable, sin embargo, que dichos antibacterianos van a tener un papel relevante en el futuro en el tratamiento de algunas infecciones intraabdominales, particularmente, en las producidas por microorganismos multirresistentes y difíciles de tartar con terapia convencional.
Palabras clave:
Infección intraabdominal
Peritonitis
Peritonitis bacteriana espontánea
Peritonitis secundaria
Peritonitis terciaria
Multirresistencia
The role played by Gram-positive bacteria as causal agents of intra-abdominal infection is highly variable, depending mainly on the patient's underlying situation, where the infection is acquired, the time since onset, and prior antibiotic therapy. Localization and type of infection are also important. There is no doubt that aerobic and facultative Gram-positive microorganisms are undoubtedly the cause or part of the cause of a high proportion of these infections and that these microorganisms frequently have resistance mechanisms that hamper treatment with conventional antimicrobial agents. The role of drugs such as linezolid, ertapenem, tigecycline and daptomycin in these circumstances has been little studied. Data are available for only a few drugs and some of the indications and in many circumstances further information is evidently required. Undoubtedly, however, these antibacterial agents will play an important role in the future in the treatment of some intra-abdominal infections, particularly those produced by multiresistant microorganisms that are hard to treat with conventional therapy.
Key words:
Intra-abdominal infection
Peritonitis
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Secondary peritonitis
Tertiary peritonitis
Drug resistance, multiple
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
A. Bedirli, O. Sakrak, E.M. Sozuer, M. Kerek, I. Guler.
Factors effecting the complications in the natural history of acute cholecystitis.
Hepatogastroenterol, 48 (2001), pp. 1275-1278
[3.]
G. Fenyo, M. Boijsen, L. Enochsson, M. Goldinger, S. Grondal, P. Lundquist, et al.
Acute abdomen calls for considerable care resources. Analysis of 3727 inpatients in the county of Stockholm during the first quarter of 1995.
Lakartidningen, 97 (2000), pp. 4008-4012
[4.]
J.F. Lee, C.K. Leow, W.Y. Lau.
Appendicitis in the elderly.
Aust N Z J Surg, 70 (2000), pp. 593-596
[5.]
L.B. Ferzoco, V. Raptopoulos, W. Silen.
Acute diverticulitis.
N Engl J Med, 338 (1998), pp. 1521-1526
[6.]
D.H. Wittmann, A.P. Walker, R.E. Condon.
Peritonitis, intra-abdominal infection, and intra-abdominal abscess.
Principles of surgery, pp. 1449-1484
[7.]
M.E. Levison, L.M. Bush.
Peritonitis and intraperitoneal abscesses.
Mandell, Douglas and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, pp. 927-950
[9.]
J.P. Correia, H.O. Conn.
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: endemic or epidemic?.
Med Clin North Am, 59 (1975), pp. 963-981
[10.]
C.M. Wilcox, W.E. Dismukes.
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. A review of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.
Medicine (Baltimore), 66 (1987), pp. 447-456
[11.]
N. Singh, J.D. Rihs, T. Gayowski, L. Mieles, V.L. Yu.
Improved detection of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis with Bactec as compared with conventional culture methods. A prospective study.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 19 (1994), pp. 1-4
[12.]
S.R. Targan, A.W. Chow, L.B. Guze.
Role of anaerobic bacteria in spontaneous peritonitis of cirrhosis: report of two cases and review of the literature.
Am J Med, 62 (1977), pp. 397-403
[13.]
E. Cholongitas, G.V. Papatheodoridis, A. Lahanas, A. Xanthaki, C. Kontou-Kastellanou, A.J. Archimandritis.
Increasing frequency of gram-positive bacteria in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
Liver Int, 25 (2005), pp. 57-61
[14.]
R.G. Sawyer, L.K. Rosenlof, R.B. Adams, A.K. May, M.D. Spengler, T.L. Pruett.
Peritonitis into the 1990s: changing pathogens and changing strategies in the critically ill.
Am Surg, 58 (1992), pp. 82-87
[15.]
G. Javid, B.A. Khan, A.H. Shah, G.M. Gulzar, M.A. Khan.
Short-course ceftriaxone therapy in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
Postgrad Med J, 74 (1998), pp. 592-595
[16.]
B. Lorber, R.M. Swenson.
The bacteriology of intra-abdominal infections.
Surg Clin North Am, 55 (1975), pp. 1349-1354
[17.]
R.M. Swenson, B. Lorber, T.C. Michaelson, E.H. Spaulding.
The bacteriology of intra-abdominal infections.
Arch Surg, 109 (1974), pp. 398-399
[18.]
J.S. Solomkin, H.H. Reinhart, E.P. Dellinger, J.M. Bohnen, O.D. Rotstein, S.B. Vogel, et al.
Results of a randomized trial comparing sequential intravenous/oral treatment with ciprofloxacin plus metronidazole to imipenem/cilastatin for intra-abdominal infections. The Intra-Abdominal Infection Study Group.
Ann Surg, 223 (1996), pp. 303-315
[19.]
P. Montravers, A. Chalfine, R. Gauzit, A. Lepape, J. Pierre Marmuse, C. Vouillot, et al.
Clinical and therapeutic features of nonpostoperative nosocomial intra-abdominal infections.
Ann Surg, 239 (2004), pp. 409-416
[20.]
J.S. Solomkin, E.P. Dellinger, N.V. Christou, R.W. Busuttil.
Results of a multicenter trial comparing imipenem/cilastatin to tobramycin/clindamycin for intra-abdominal infections.
Ann Surg, 212 (1990), pp. 581-591
[21.]
D.M. Mosdell, D.M. Morris, A. Voltura, D.E. Pitcher, M.W. Twiest, R.L. Milne, et al.
Antibiotic treatment for surgical peritonitis.
Ann Surg, 214 (1991), pp. 543-549
[22.]
G.V. Bochicchio, F. Baquero, P.R. Hsueh, D.L. Paterson, F. Rossi, T.A. Snyder, et al.
In vitro susceptibilities of Escherichia coli isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections worldwide in 2002-2004: results from SMART (Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends).
Surg Infect (Larchmt), 7 (2006), pp. 537-545
[23.]
F.P. Tally, K. McGowan, J.M. Kellum, S.L. Gorbach, T.F. O’Donnell.
A randomized comparison of cefoxitin with or without amikacin and clindamycin plus amikacin in surgical sepsis.
Ann Surg, 193 (1981), pp. 318-323
[24.]
O.D. Rotstein, T.L. Pruett, R.L. Simmons.
Microbiologic features and treatment of persistent peritonitis in patients in the intensive care unit.
Can J Surg, 29 (1986), pp. 247-250
[25.]
P.N. Heseltine, A.E. Yellin, M.D. Appleman, M.A. Gill, F.C. Chenella, J.W. Kern, et al.
Perforated and gangrenous appendicitis: an analysis of antibiotic failures.
J Infect Dis, 148 (1983), pp. 322-329
[26.]
D.L. Dunn, R.L. Simmons.
The role of anaerobic bacteria in intraabdominal infections.
Rev Infect Dis, 6 (1984), pp. S139-S146
[27.]
N. Safdar, D.G. Maki.
The commonality of risk factors for nosocomial colonization and infection with antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus, gram-negative bacilli, Clostridium difficile, and Candida.
Ann Intern Med, 136 (2002), pp. 834-844
[28.]
K.L. McClean, G.J. Sheehan, G.K. Harding.
Intraabdominal infection: a review.
Clin Infect Dis, 19 (1994), pp. 100-116
[29.]
P.M. Shah, R. Asanger, F.M. Kahan.
Incidence of multi-resistance in gram-negative aerobes from intensive care units of 10 German hospitals.
Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 78 (1991), pp. 22-34
[30.]
J.S. Solomkin.
Antibiotic resistance in postoperative infections.
Crit Care Med, 29 (2001), pp. N97-N99
[31.]
J.M. Tellado, A. Sitges-Serra, F. Barcenilla, M. Palomar, R. Serrano, J. Barberán, et al.
Guidelines for the empirical antibiotic treatment of intraabdominal infections.
Rev Esp Quimioter, 18 (2005), pp. 179-186
[32.]
J.E. Mazuski, R.G. Sawyer, A.B. Nathens, J.T. DiPiro, M. Schein, K.A. Kudsk, et al.
The surgical infection society guidelines on antimicrobial therapy for intra-abdominal infections: an executive summary.
Surg Infect (Larchmt), 3 (2002), pp. 161-173
[33.]
J.A. García-Rodríguez, J.E. García Sanchez, E. García Sanchez.
Role of enterococci in intra-abdominal infection and possible implications in the therapeutic choice.
Rev Clin Esp, 195 (1995), pp. 28-34
[34.]
L.A. Rocha, J.R. Azanza, J.L. Balibrea, M. Cainzos, J.A. García-Rodríguez, M. Gomis, et al.
Guidelines for empirical antibiotic treatment of intraabdominal infections. Spanish Society of Chemotherapy.
Rev Esp Quimioter, 13 (2000), pp. 65-72
[35.]
J.E. Mazuski.
The Surgical Infection Society Guidelines on Antimicrobial Therapy for Intra-Abdominal Infections: Evidence for the Recommendations.
Surg Infect (Larchmt), 3 (2002), pp. 175-233
[36.]
J.S. Solomkin, J.E. Mazuski, E.J. Baron, R.G. Sawyer, A.B. Nathens, J.T. DiPiro, et al.
Guidelines for the selection of anti-infective agents for complicated intra-abdominal infections.
Clin Infect Dis, 37 (2003), pp. 997-1005
[37.]
A. Sitges-Serra, M.J. López, M. Girvent, S. Almirall, J.J. Sancho.
Postoperative enterococcal infection after treatment of complicated intra-abdominal sepsis.
Br J Surg, 89 (2002), pp. 361-367
[38.]
R.J. Burnett, D.C. Haverstock, E.P. Dellinger, H.H. Reinhart, J.M. Bohnen, O.D. Rotstein, et al.
Definition of the role of Enterococcus in intraabdominal infection: analysis of a prospective randomized trial.
Surgery, 118 (1995), pp. 716-721
[39.]
S.J. Pelletier, D.P. Raymond, T.D. Crabtree, T.G. Gleason, T.L. Pruett, R.G. Sawyer.
Outcome analysis of intraabdominal infection with resistant gram-positive organisms.
Surg Infect (Larchmt), 3 (2002), pp. 11-19
[40.]
P. Montravers, J. Mohler, L. Saint Julien, C. Carbon.
Evidence of the proinflammatory role of Enterococcus faecalis in polymicrobial peritonitis in rats.
Infect Immun, 65 (1997), pp. 144-149
[41.]
A. Rohrborn, H. Wacha, U. Schoffel, A. Billing, P. Aeberhard, B. Gebhard, et al.
Coverage of enterococci in community acquired secondary peritonitis: results of a randomized trial.
Surg Infect (Larchmt), 1 (2000), pp. 95-107
[42.]
A.P. Walker, R.L. Nichols, R.F. Wilson, B.A. Bivens, D.D. Trunkey, C.E. Edmiston Jr, et al.
Efficacy of a beta-lactamase inhibitor combination for serious intraabdominal infections.
Ann Surg, 217 (1993), pp. 115-121
[43.]
S.M. Cohn, P.A. Lipsett, T.G. Buchman, W.G. Cheadle, J.W. Milsom, S. O’Marro, et al.
Comparison of intravenous/oral ciprofloxacin plus metronidazole versus piperacillin/tazobactam in the treatment of complicated intraabdominal infections.
Ann Surg, 232 (2000), pp. 254-262
[44.]
B. Ohlin, A. Cederberg, H. Forssell, J.H. Solhaug, E. Tveit.
Piperacillin/tazobactam compared with cefuroxime/ metronidazole in the treatment of intraabdominal infections.
Eur J Surg, 165 (1999), pp. 875-884
[45.]
P.F. Wong, A.D. Gilliam, S. Kumar, J. Shenfine, G.N. O’Dair, D.J. Leaper.
Antibiotic regimens for secondary peritonitis of gastrointestinal origin in adults.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2 (2005),
[46.]
A.W. Chow, L.B. Guze.
Bacteroidaceae bacteremia: clinical experience with 112 patients.
Medicine (Baltimore), 53 (1974), pp. 93-126
[47.]
M.E. Falagas, L. Barefoot, J. Griffith, R. Ruthazar, D.R. Snydman.
Risk factors leading to clinical failure in the treatment of intra-abdominal or skin/soft tissue infections.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 15 (1996), pp. 913-921
[48.]
K. Krobot, D. Yin, Q. Zhang, S. Sen, A. Altendorf-Hofmann, J. Scheele, et al.
Effect of inappropriate initial empiric antibiotic therapy on outcome of patients with community-acquired intra-abdominal infections requiring surgery.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 23 (2004), pp. 682-687
[49.]
J.M. Tellado, S.E. Wilson.
Empiric treatment of nosocomial intra-abdominal infections: a focus on the carbapenems.
Surg Infect (Larchmt), 6 (2005), pp. 329-343
[50.]
R.N. Garrison, D.E. Fry, S. Berberich, H.C. Polk Jr.
Enterococcal bacteremia: clinical implications and determinants of death.
Ann Surg, 196 (1982), pp. 43-47
[51.]
D.T. Barrall, P.R. Kenney, G.J. Slotman, K.W. Burchard.
Enterococcal bacteremia in surgical patients.
Arch Surg, 120 (1985), pp. 57-63
[52.]
R.L. Nichols, A.C. Muzik.
Enterococcal infections in surgical patients: the mystery continues.
Clin Infect Dis, 15 (1992), pp. 72-76
[53.]
E.N. Vergis, M.K. Hayden, J.W. Chow, D.R. Snydman, M.J. Zervos, P.K. Linden, et al.
Determinants of vancomycin resistance and mortality rates in enterococcal bacteremia. a prospective multicenter study.
Ann Intern Med, 135 (2001), pp. 484-492
[54.]
S. Harbarth, J. Garbino, J. Pugin, J.A. Romand, D. Lew, D. Pittet.
Inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy and its effect on survival in a clinical trial of immunomodulating therapy for severe sepsis.
Am J Med, 115 (2003), pp. 529-535
[55.]
S. Harbarth, I. Uckay.
Are there patients with peritonitis who require empiric therapy for Enterococcus?.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 23 (2004), pp. 73-77
[56.]
S. Blot, J.J. de Waele.
Critical issues in the clinical management of complicated intra-abdominal infections.
Drugs, 65 (2005), pp. 1611-1620
[57.]
F.M. Tedla, M. Salifu, E.A. Friedman.
Successful treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal peritonitis with linezolid in a kidney transplant patient: a case report and review of the literature.
Perit Dial Int, 24 (2004), pp. 70-72
[58.]
N.M. Allcock, T.S. Krueger, H.J. Manley, V.K. Kumar, J. Abdallah.
Linezolid disposition during peritonitis: a case report.
Perit Dial Int, 24 (2004), pp. 68-70
[59.]
D.D. DePestel, C.A. Peloquin, P.L. Carver.
Peritoneal dialysis fluid concentrations of linezolid in the treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium peritonitis.
Pharmacotherapy, 23 (2003), pp. 1322-1326
[60.]
H.J. Manley, M.L. McClaran, A. Bedenbaugh, C.A. Peloquin.
Linezolid stability in peritoneal dialysis solutions.
Perit Dial Int, 22 (2002), pp. 419-422
[61.]
E.M. Bailey, M.D. Faber, D.A. Nafziger.
Linezolid for treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal peritonitis.
Am J Kidney Dis, 38 (2001), pp. E20
[62.]
S. Tsiodras, H.S. Gold, G. Sakoulas, G.M. Eliopoulos, C. Wennersten, L. Venkataraman, et al.
Linezolid resistance in a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus.
Lancet, 358 (2001), pp. 207-208
[63.]
P.M. Shah, R.D. Isaacs.
Ertapenem, the first of a new group of carbapenems.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 52 (2003), pp. 538-542
[64.]
H.M. Wexler.
In vitro activity of ertapenem: review of recent studies.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 53 (2004), pp. ii11-ii21
[65.]
D.M. Livermore, S. Mushtaq, M. Warner.
Selectivity of ertapenem for Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants cross-resistant to other carbapenems.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 55 (2005), pp. 306-311
[66.]
A.S. Dela Pena, W. Asperger, F. Kockerling, R. Raz, R. Kafka, B. Warren, et al.
Efficacy and safety of ertapenem versus piperacillin-tazobactam for the treatment of intra-abdominal infections requiring surgical intervention.
J Gastrointest Surg, 10 (2006), pp. 567-574
[67.]
H. Teppler, A.R. Meibohm, G.L. Woods.
Management of complicated appendicitis and comparison of outcome with other primary sites of intra-abdominal infection: results of a trial comparing ertapenem and piperacillin-tazobactam.
J Chemother, 16 (2004), pp. 62-69
[68.]
J. Solomkin, H. Teppler, D.R. Graham, R.M. Gesser, A.R. Meibohm, S. Roy, et al.
Treatment of polymicrobial infections: post hoc analysis of three trials comparing ertapenem and piperacillin-tazobactam.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 53 (2004), pp. ii51-ii57
[69.]
E.J. Goldstein, D.R. Snydman.
Intra-abdominal infections: review of the bacteriology, antimicrobial susceptibility and the role of ertapenem in their therapy.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 53 (2004), pp. ii29-ii36
[70.]
J.S. Solomkin, A.E. Yellin, O.D. Rotstein, N.V. Christou, E.P. Dellinger, J.M. Tellado, et al.
Ertapenem versus piperacillin/tazobactam in the treatment of complicated intraabdominal infections: results of a double-blind, randomized comparative phase III trial.
Ann Surg, 237 (2003), pp. 235-245
[71.]
K.J. Eagye, J.L. Kuti, D.P. Nicolau.
Evaluating empiric treatment options for secondary peritonitis using pharmacodynamic profiling.
Surg Infect (Larchmt), 8 (2007), pp. 215-226
[72.]
A.E. Yellin, J.M. Hassett, A. Fernández, J. Geib, B. Adeyi, G.L. Woods, et al.
Ertapenem monotherapy versus combination therapy with ceftriaxone plus metronidazole for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections in adults.
Int J Antimicrob Agents, 20 (2002), pp. 165-173
[73.]
J. Tellado, G.L. Woods, R. Gesser, K. McCarroll, H. Teppler.
Ertapenem versus piperacillin-tazobactam for treatment of mixed anaerobic complicated intra-abdominal, complicated skin and skin structure, and acute pelvic infections.
Surg Infect (Larchmt), 3 (2002), pp. 303-314
[74.]
G.G. Zhanel, J.A. Karlowsky, E. Rubinstein, D.J. Hoban.
Tigecycline: a novel glycylcycline antibiotic.
Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, 4 (2006), pp. 9-25
[75.]
M.H. Wilcox.
Tigecycline and the need for a new broad-spectrum antibiotic class.
Surg Infect (Larchmt), 7 (2006), pp. 69-80
[76.]
M.H. Scheetz, P. Reddy, D.P. Nicolau, G.A. Noskin, M.J. Postelnick, V. Stosor, et al.
Peritoneal fluid penetration of tigecycline.
Ann Pharmacother, 40 (2006), pp. 2064-2067
[77.]
W.E. Rose, M.J. Rybak.
Tigecycline: first of a new class of antimicrobial agents.
Pharmacotherapy, 26 (2006), pp. 1099-1110
[78.]
P. Fomin, M. Beuran, A. Gradauskas, G. Barauskas, A. Datsenko, N. Dartois, et al.
Tigecycline is efficacious in the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections.
Int J Surg, 3 (2005), pp. 35-47
[79.]
E.C. Nannini, S.R. Pai, K.V. Singh, B.E. Murray.
Activity of tigecycline (GAR-936), a novel glycylcycline, against Enterococci in the mouse peritonitis model.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 47 (2003), pp. 529-532
[80.]
S. Homer-Vanniasinkam.
Treatment of intra-abdominal and skin and soft tissue infections: The role of the glycylcyclines.
Int J Surg, 4 (2006), pp. 45-52
[81.]
A.B. Nathens, O.D. Rotstein, J.C. Marshall.
Tertiary peritonitis: clinical features of a complex nosocomial infection.
World J Surg, 22 (1998), pp. 158-163
[82.]
P.H. Reemst, H. van Goor, R.J. Goris.
SIRS, MODS and tertiary peritonitis.
Eur J Surg Suppl, 47-8 (1996),
[83.]
R.W. Motson, L.W. Way.
Cholecystitis.
The biliary tract, pp. 121
[84.]
C.Y. Chen, C.L. Lu, P.C. Lee, S.S. Wang, F.Y. Chang, S.D. Lee.
The risk factors for gallstone disease among senior citizens: an Oriental study.
Hepatogastroenterology, 46 (1999), pp. 1607-1612
[85.]
A.E. Yellin, T.V. Berne, M.D. Appleman, P.N. Heseltine, M.A. Gill, M.P. Okamoto, et al.
A randomized study of cefepime versus the combination of gentamicin and mezlocillin as an adjunct to surgical treatment in patients with acute cholecystitis.
Surg Gynecol Obstet, 177 (1993), pp. 23-29
[86.]
H.S. Bjornson.
Microbiology of surgical infection.
Surgical infections, pp. 1-14
[87.]
W.T. Chang, K.T. Lee, S.R. Wang, S.C. Chuang, K.K. Kuo, J.S. Chen, et al.
Bacteriology and antimicrobial susceptibility in biliary tract disease: an audit of 10-year's experience.
Kaohsiung J Med Sci, 18 (2002), pp. 221-228
[88.]
J.M. Badia, R.C.N. Williamson.
Antibióticos e infección biliar.
Cir Esp, 76 (2004), pp. 203-206
[89.]
S. Michaud, A.M. Bourgault, C. Gaudreau.
Epidemiology of enterococcal bacteremia in a referral center for hepatobiliary diseases.
Infection, 28 (2000), pp. 361-366
[90.]
P.C. Bornman, J.I. van Beljon, J.E. Krige.
Management of cholangitis.
J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg, 10 (2003), pp. 406-414
[91.]
W.A. Qureshi.
Approach to the patient who has suspected acute bacterial cholangitis.
Gastroenterol Clin North Am, 35 (2006), pp. 409-423
[92.]
G.G. Zhanel, R. Wiebe, L. Dilay, K. Thomson, E. Rubinstein, D.J. Hoban, et al.
Comparative review of the carbapenems.
Drugs, 67 (2007), pp. 1027-1052
[93.]
E. Maseda, R. Una, P. Ureta, C. Royo.
Enterococcus faecium cholangitis resistant to vancomycin and quinupristin-dalfopristin.
Med Clin (Barc), 119 (2002), pp. 276-277
[94.]
M. Gearhart, J. Martin, S. Rudich, M. Thomas, D. Wetzel, J. Solomkin, et al.
Consequences of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus in liver transplant recipients: a matched control study.
Clin Transplant, 19 (2005), pp. 711-716
[95.]
B. Hoffmeister, J. Ockenga, G. Schachschal, N. Suttorp, J. Seybold.
Rapid development of secondary sclerosing cholangitis due to vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
J Infect, 54 (2007), pp. e65-e68
[96.]
F.F. Chou, S.M. Sheen-Chen, Y.S. Chen, M.C. Chen.
Single and multiple pyogenic liver abscesses: clinical course, etiology, and results of treatment.
World J Surg, 21 (1997), pp. 384-388
[97.]
T. Hau.
Infections of the liver and the spleen.
Surgical infectious diseases, pp. 1031-1058
[98.]
X. Corbella, M. Vadillo, J. Torras, M. Pujol, A. Rafecas, F. Gudiol.
Presentation, diagnosis and treatment of pyogenic liver abscess: analysis of a series of 63 cases.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 13 (1995), pp. 80-84
[99.]
I.S. Chiang, T.J. Lin, I.C. Chiang, M.S. Tsai.
Splenic abscesses: review of 29 cases.
Kaohsiung J Med Sci, 19 (2003), pp. 510-515
[100.]
L.L. Ooi, S.S. Leong.
Splenic abscesses from 1987 to 1995.
Am J Surg, 174 (1997), pp. 87-93
[101.]
J.H. Ranson, F.C. Spencer.
Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of pancreatic abscess.
Surgery, 82 (1977), pp. 99-106
[102.]
E. Klar, A.L. Warshaw.
Infections of the pancreas.
Surgical infectious diseases, pp. 1059-1070
[103.]
C.C. Tung, F.C. Chen, C.J. Lo.
Splenic abscess: an easily overlooked disease?.
Am Surg, 72 (2006), pp. 322-325
[104.]
E. Zerem, J. Bergsland.
Ultrasound guided percutaneous treatment for splenic abscesses: the significance in treatment of critically ill patients.
World J Gastroenterol, 12 (2006), pp. 7341-7345
[105.]
M.W. Buchler, B. Gloor, C.A. Muller, H. Friess, C.A. Seiler, W. Uhl.
Acute necrotizing pancreatitis: treatment strategy according to the status of infection.
Ann Surg, 232 (2000), pp. 619-626
[106.]
C.S. Joels, B.D. Matthews, L.B. Sigmon, R. Hasan, C.E. Lohr, K.W. Kercher, et al.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of surgical patients with vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections.
Am Surg, 69 (2003), pp. 514-519
[107.]
S. Swoboda, S. Fritz, M.E. Martignoni, R.A. Feldhues, T. Hoppe-Tichy, M.W. Buchler, et al.
Varying linezolid susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates during therapy: a case report.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 56 (2005), pp. 787-789
[108.]
F.S. Taccone, H. Rodríguez-Villalobos, D. de Backer, V. de Moor, J. Deviere, J.L. Vincent, et al.
Successful treatment of septic shock due to pan-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii using combined antimicrobial therapy including tigecycline.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 25 (2006), pp. 257-260
Copyright © 2008. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
