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Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Vacunación frente a la tos ferina en el adolescente y el adulto
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Vol. 26. Núm. S1.
Vacunas: presente y futuro
Páginas 12-19 (enero 2008)
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Vol. 26. Núm. S1.
Vacunas: presente y futuro
Páginas 12-19 (enero 2008)
Vacunas: presente y futuro
Acceso a texto completo
Vacunación frente a la tos ferina en el adolescente y el adulto
Whooping cough vaccination in adolescents and adults
Visitas
2731
Magda Campins Martía,
Autor para correspondencia
mcampins@vhebron.net

Correspondencia: Dra. M. Campins Martí. Doctor Roux, 103, ático. 08017 Barcelona. España.
, Fernando A. Moraga Llopb
a Servicio de Medicina Preventiva y Epidemiología. Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Barcelona. España
b Área Pediátrica. Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Barcelona. España
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La tos ferina continúa siendo un problema importante de salud pública, a pesar de que se dispone de vacunas eficaces desde hace más de 50 años. En los últimos años se ha observado un resurgimiento de esta infección en algunos países, incluso en los que disponen de coberturas vacunales elevadas, que se asocia con un aumento de casos en adolescentes y adultos. Este incremento se explica por la disminución de la inmunidad vacunal y natural con el paso del tiempo, y por el descenso de la incidencia de la enfermedad debido a las campañas de vacunación, lo que ha producido una disminución del efecto booster inducido por la infección natural. Las vacunas antipertusis confieren una inmunidad de corta duración; a los 4 años de la última dosis, la eficacia vacunal es del 84% y disminuye hasta el 46% a los 7 años. Por tanto, si se considera que en la mayoría de los países la última dosis de vacuna DTP se administra a los 4-6 años de edad, es previsible que, si no hay una exposición natural a Bordetella pertussis, sólo la mitad de los inmunizados estarán protegidos al llegar a la adolescencia, y el número de personas susceptibles aumentará con la edad. La reciente comercialización de vacunas acelulares con componente antigénico reducido, para uso en adolescentes y adultos (dTpa), va a permitir un mejor control de esta infección. La vacunación universal de los adolescentes es ya una realidad en algunos países. Las estrategias de vacunación del adulto son más difíciles de implementar, aunque hay un amplio consenso en los grupos de riesgo prioritarios.

Palabras clave:
Tos ferina
Vacuna acelular de la tos ferina
Adolescentes
Adultos
Vacuna dTpa

Whooping cough continues to be a major public health problem, even though effective vaccines have been available for more than 50 years. In the last few years, there has been a re-emergence of this infection in some countries, even in those with high vaccination coverage, associated with an increase in cases in adolescents and adults. This increase is explained by the decrease in natural and vaccine immunity with the passage of time and by the reduction in the incidence of this disease due to vaccination campaigns, which have reduced the booster effect induced by natural infection. Pertussis vaccines confer short-term immunity; 4 years after the last dose, vaccine efficacy is 84%, decreasing to 46% after 7 years. Therefore, since the last dose of the diphtheria-tetanuspertussis (DTP) vaccine is administered at the age of 4-6 years in most countries, if there is no natural exposure to Bordetella pertussis, only half of the vaccinated individuals will be protected on reaching adolescence, and the number of susceptible individuals will increase with age. The recent entry on to the market of acellular vaccines with a reduced antigenic component for use in adolescents and adults (DTaP), will allow better control of this infection. Universal vaccination of adolescents is already being carried out in many countries. Vaccination strategies in adults are more difficult to implement, although there is wide consensus in priority risk groups.

Key words:
Pertussis
Pertussis vaccine
Adolescents
Adults
DTaP vaccine
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