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"documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Enferm Clin. 2023;33 Supl 1:S17-S21" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "The COVID-19 pandemic's impact on breastfeeding self-efficacy: A path analysis" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "S17" "paginaFinal" => "S21" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Picture 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "pl1.jpeg" "Alto" => 346 "Ancho" => 1255 "Tamanyo" => 37654 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Model of path analysis.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Dora Samaria, Lina Ayu Marcelina, Lima Florensia" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Dora" "apellidos" => "Samaria" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Lina Ayu" "apellidos" => "Marcelina" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Lima" "apellidos" => "Florensia" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130862123000074?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/11308621/00000033000000S1/v1_202302242035/S1130862123000074/v1_202302242035/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:17 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Breastfeeding culture in Balinese society: A qualitative study" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "S22" "paginaFinal" => "S26" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Francisca Shanti Kusumaningsih, Yeni Rustina, Nani Nurhaeni, Sri Murni" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Francisca Shanti" "apellidos" => "Kusumaningsih" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Yeni" "apellidos" => "Rustina" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "y_rustina@ui.ac.id" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Nani" "apellidos" => "Nurhaeni" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Sri" "apellidos" => "Murni" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Doctoral Student on Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Division of Pediatric Nursing, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Indonesia" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Social Anthropology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding for six months, but exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia, i.e., for babies aged 0–6 months, has not yet reached the set target.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Most mothers give pre-lacteal food to babies, such as formula milk, honey and water, mashed bananas, porridge, coconut water, sweet tea, plain water, and mashed rice. Bali had the highest prevalence of pre-lacteal feeding using formula milk.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The success of exclusive breastfeeding depends on family support, health worker and family relations, attitudes and norms, demographics and economic conditions, commercial pressures, and government rules and policies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Mothers with no socio-cultural background in exclusive breastfeeding may not want to breastfeed at all. Socio-cultural support is fundamental in ensuring that babies are exclusively breastfed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Research on breastfeeding culture is needed to see the link between baby care and supervision from healthcare providers, as well as the impact of local culture on breastfeeding practices. Indonesia is rich in ethnic groups and cultures, and Bali is one of the communities in Indonesia with the strongest cultural sense. Research on breastfeeding in the context of Balinese culture is still rarely found. Therefore, this study aims to identify the socio-cultural practices related to exclusive breastfeeding in Balinese society.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Method</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research is a qualitative study with an ethnographic approach. The participants’ perspectives are explored and interpreted subjectively. The research samples were selected using a purposive sampling technique. Inclusion criteria were mothers with babies aged 0–6 months, who lived with their husbands and in-laws/parents, had no medical indications that caused barriers to breastfeeding, were of a Balinese ethnicity, and resided in Badung Regency.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were collected through informal, in-depth face-to-face interviews with 22 women from September 2020 to January 2022. Participants were willing to participate in the activity after reading the information statement, receiving an explanation about the study, and signing the informed consent. The interviews were conducted at the participants’ homes two to three times. Time and place are determined by agreement with the participants. The interview questions followed the pre-prepared guidelines, but additional questions from the context were asked when needed. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Observations on the daily activities of the family members support the data from the interviews. Additionally, field notes were taken to consolidate the interview and observation data. Member check is done to maximize credibility. The interview data were analyzed thematically based on the keyword categories. Interrelated categories are defined as one research theme. All data were kept confidential, pseudonyms were used for anonymity. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee Faculty of Nursing Universitas Indonesia, with reference number: SK-272/UN2.F12.D1.2.1/ETIK.FIK.2019.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All participants are breastfeeding mothers who have babies aged 0–6 months at the time of the interview. A summary of the participants’ characteristics is presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The recurrent themes from the interview data are postnatal traditions, support for breastfeeding mothers, infant feeding, breastfeeding problems, and efforts to promote breastfeeding.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Theme 1: Postnatal traditions. The community goes through a period of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cuntaka</span> due to childbirth. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cuntaka</span> due to childbirth is applied to mothers, fathers, and babies. The duration of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cuntaka</span> period for a woman giving birth is at least 42 days (42 days in the Balinese calendar), while her husband is at least until the baby's umbilical cord is removed. Mothers are not allowed to enter the kitchen and other holy places until the baby is separated from the umbilical cord. After the umbilical cord is detached, mothers continue the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cuntaka</span> period until the baby is 42 days old. They are allowed to do activities in the kitchen but are not allowed to enter sacred places. During the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cuntaka</span> period, the fulfillment of needs, daily mother's duties, and traditional and religious activities are assisted by husbands, in-laws, and other family members. This is reflected in the following statement:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0005"><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“After giving birth, mothers are not allowed to go to the kitchen until the baby's umbilical cord is detached.” (P3)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0010"><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“(Mothers) are not allowed to go to the kitchen and holy places.” (P4)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0015"><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“The mother-in-law does the cooking, makes offerings, prepares hot water for children, and takes care of older children with the help of her husband and in-laws. Food and drink are delivered to the room.” (P2)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0020"><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“For 42 days, mothers are not allowed to enter holy places because they are still ‘dirty’ (menstruation).” (P1)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0025"><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“For 42 days, mothers are not allowed to take part in traditional and religious activities.” (P5)</p></span></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Theme 2: Support for breastfeeding mothers. This support comes from family members, living and work environments, and healthcare providers. Support from family members comes from relatives, husbands, and in-laws. The living environment includes a clean home environment, quiet and a conducive atmosphere that provides a sense of comfort for the mother. Customary regulations provide relief to mothers by freeing mothers from customary obligations. The workplace provides maternity leave to prepare for childbirth and leave the baby to work again. Support from healthcare providers includes monitoring after birth to decide whether a mother and her baby can check out from the hospital and the provision of counseling programs about breastfeeding. This is illustrated in the statement:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0030"><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“The most important support is from family members, husband, and the in-laws.” (P18)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0035"><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“A comfortable, clean environment, clean beds, clothes, and milk bottles. Conditions at home must be conducive, quiet, and not too disruptive.” (P2)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0040"><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“If the workplace allows for maternity leave, the mother can prepare before leaving the baby for work.” (P1)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0045"><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“Five-month pregnant women until giving birth and mothers with a baby aged up to three months old are released from traditional activities in the neighborhood or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Banjar</span>.” (P2)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0050"><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“After giving birth, if the milk has not come out, the mother and baby are not allowed to go home. If the milk has come out, the baby is happy to breastfeed, then both of them are allowed to go home.” (P12)</p></span></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Theme 3: Baby feeding. This theme is related to exclusive breastfeeding, reasons for feeding a baby other than breast milk, types of food and drinks other than breast milk, and age for feeding a baby other than breast milk. Exclusive breastfeeding is preferable because breast milk is better, more hygienic, and easier to give. It is reflected in the following statement:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0055"><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“Breast milk is natural, unlike formula milk. Breast milk is better, more hygienic, easier to give.” (P14)</p></span></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Meanwhile, the reason for feeding a baby other than breast milk is because the breastmilk is insufficient, and the baby keeps crying or being left for work.<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0060"><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“The baby has been feeding for a while but still not full. The milk just came out a little. It was not enough, and we had to compensate with formula milk. Without the formula the baby kept crying.” (P9)</p></span></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The types of food/drink given to babies aged 0–6 months are exclusive breast milk, a mix of breast milk and formula milk, as well as porridge, biscuits, vegetables, and fruits.<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0065"><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“(The baby) is only given breast milk until the child is six months old.” (P21)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0070"><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“If breast milk is not enough, formula milk can be added.” (P7)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0075"><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“(The baby) is only given bananas, avocados, apples, and biscuits. The main food is the homemade porridge filled with vegetables.” (P5)</p></span></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Theme 4: Breastfeeding problems. The first month after birth presents the most risk for the occurrence of breastfeeding problems. This theme covers poor milk production, problems with babies and mothers, breast problems, and lack of knowledge. This is reflected in the statement:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0080"><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“The production is not good. I have also received medicine from the doctor, but it is still lacking.” (P4)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0085"><p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“Because of the stress and lack of support, the milk does not come out.” (P12)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0090"><p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“I have a lot of milk, but the baby does not want to breastfeed. She has to be woken up often.” (P6)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0095"><p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“In the first or second week, the baby was thirsty, the nipples were sore, and the breasts were swollen. They could not adjust when the baby sleeps and drinks. Then, there was also misperception when the milk only came out a little.” (P1)</p></span></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Theme 5: Efforts to promote breastfeeding. This theme includes the efforts made by mothers to be able to provide exclusive breastfeeding. These efforts cover mental preparation and food for breastfeeding mothers. A mother's mental preparation is done by motivating herself, obtaining information during pregnancy and childbirth by sharing with relatives or friends, attending pregnancy classes, being informed by healthcare providers, and searching for information on the Internet or social media. This is reflected in the following statement:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0100"><p id="spar0120" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“I always motivate myself, also have to be healthy physically and mentally.” (P10)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0105"><p id="spar0125" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“I have attended a pregnancy class, obtained information from the midwife, searching on the Internet. I also follow Instagram accounts (about pregnancy).” (P12)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0110"><p id="spar0130" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“Information sought is related to foods and vitamins to boost breast milk, breastfeeding problems, storing and giving breast milk.” (P21)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0115"><p id="spar0135" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“… mother's mental readiness, reading literature, sharing with more experienced mothers, attending classes before giving birth, asking midwives, asking lactation counselors about how to store and give breast milk to her baby.” (P1)</p></span></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During breastfeeding, recommended foods to increase milk production include moringa leaf vegetables, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">katuk</span> leaves, almond milk, fruits, vegetables, and vitamins. Meanwhile, foods to avoid are spicy and strongly seasoned foods.<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0120"><p id="spar0140" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“I eat only clear vegetables, moringa stuffed with onions, to facilitate breast milk. Katuk leaves can be good too. I also take breast milk booster vitamins.” (P2)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0125"><p id="spar0145" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“… I eat all kinds of food, but I avoid spicy and strongly seasoned foods. I also take breast milk booster, drink almond and soy milk, and eat fruit and vegetables.” (P1)</p></span></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Discussion</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results showed that people still practice postnatal traditions. Tradition and belief develop as something that leads people's behavior to practice according to the traditions or beliefs that exist in their environment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Balinese people always try to maintain balance within themselves and keep inner purity by doing activities to benefit spirituality. The view of imbalance in the cycle of human life is expressed as a state of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cuntaka</span>.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Parents are considered <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cuntaka</span> or psychologically dirty because, during this time, the baby's parents tend to worry or think about the safety and well-being of their baby, so they cannot focus on activities that require inner purity. After undergoing quarantine for 42 days, the mental condition of the baby's parents can be considered stable. To mark the end of this quarantine period, the baby's parents perform a purification ceremony. After the ceremony, the father, mother, and baby may be taken to a family place of worship, to the kitchen, and to a water source—places considered sacred by the Balinese.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Balinese life cannot be separated from traditional and religious activities. During the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cuntaka</span> period, the mother's activities are limited, and the fulfillment of daily needs is assisted by other family members. The mother becomes more focused on the recovery and care of her baby.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Support from family, living and work environments and healthcare providers is needed to maintain breastfeeding. In addition, the opinions of family members and healthcare providers are important in influencing a mother's decision to breastfeed. Mothers who believe their families or healthcare providers support breastfeeding will have a higher breastfeeding initiative. Likewise, breastfeeding can be discouraged by a father's, mother-in-law's, and doctor's perception that it is okay to give formula milk in addition to breastfeeding.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Inadequate hospital discharge planning can also cause a low rate of exclusive breastfeeding.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Breastfeeding is a natural process, but implementing exclusive breastfeeding is not always easy. Choosing the type of food for babies is an important decision that parents must make. Parents give breast milk because it is better, more hygienic, and easier to give. However, some parents give pre-lacteal foods because they feel breast milk is not enough. The most common reason for non-exclusive breastfeeding was the mother's feeling that she did not have enough milk. Infants that were not exclusively breastfed were most commonly fed formula/animal milk or castor oil/ghee.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the first month after birth, there are often some breastfeeding problems such as cracked or sore nipples, insufficient milk production, and breast engorgement. The problems occurred mainly during the first week and the rest of the first month.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Breast milk production concerns mothers in the first few weeks after birth. This is the biggest reason for mothers to give up early or decide to give additional food/drink to the baby.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The baby's behaviors and lack of knowledge about normal breastfeeding patterns can also be a problem. Meanwhile, mothers tend to think that a baby does not need to be breastfed much when, in fact, babies should eat more often. Therefore, assessing the adequacy of breast milk can be done by assessing the baby's needs and checking the signs of adequacy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Efforts to increase breastfeeding can be done by providing a positive breastfeeding experience. This affects attitudes toward breastfeeding, increasing self-confidence and desire to breastfeed. Mothers find out about breastfeeding so they can be prepared in case of breastfeeding problems.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Another effort is to consume nutritious foods. Foods are often classified into recommended and not recommended foods for mothers. Spicy food is avoided by pregnant and lactating women because it is feared that it can cause abdominal pain in pregnant women and diarrhea in infants. Breastfeeding mothers consume <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">katuk</span> leaves/star gooseberry leaves because it is believed to increase the amount of breast milk.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, some limitations must be considered in interpreting the results of this study. Participants were asked about breastfeeding culture on days one to six months after delivery. There could be a degree of recall bias associated with interview timing and a social desirability bias that made some respondents report their breastfeeding was not as exactly as it was.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Postnatal traditions, support for breastfeeding mothers, exclusive breastfeeding, and efforts to promote breastfeeding are cultures in society that can support exclusive breastfeeding. While feeding a baby other than breast milk and breastfeeding problems hinder exclusive breastfeeding. Families, traditional/religious leaders, and health workers must always collaborate to maximize exclusive breastfeeding.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Funding</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research is funded by Directorate of Research and Development, Universitas Indonesia under PUTI Doktor (Grant No. NKB-3205/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2020).</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1854343" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Aim" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Result" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1612210" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2022-10-02" "fechaAceptado" => "2022-12-15" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1612210" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Culture" 1 => "Exclusive breastfeeding" 2 => "Mothers" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Aim</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study aims to identify breastfeeding traditions in Balinese society.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study uses a qualitative method with purposive and snowball sampling techniques. In-depth interviews were conducted face-to-face at the participants’ homes. The participants were 22 mothers with babies in the North Badung area, Bali. All interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using a content analysis approach.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Result</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Five major themes were identified: (1) postnatal traditions; (2) support for breastfeeding mothers; (3) infant feeding; (4) breastfeeding problems; and (5) efforts to promote breastfeeding.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Postnatal traditions, support for breastfeeding mothers, exclusive breastfeeding, and efforts to promote breastfeeding are cultures in society that can support exclusive breastfeeding. While feeding a baby other than breast milk and breastfeeding problems hinder exclusive breastfeeding. Families, traditional/religious leaders, and health workers must always collaborate to maximize exclusive breastfeeding.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Aim" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Result" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Peer-review under the responsibility of the scientific committee of “The 4th Udayana International Nursing Conference (4th INC)”. Full text and its content are under the responsibility of the authors of the article.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristic \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20–30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 (54) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31–39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 (46) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Occupation</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Farmer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (13.64) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Private employees \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (27.27) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Housewife \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13 (59.09) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Last education</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Elementary school \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (9.09) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Junior high school \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (59.09) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>High school \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 (68.18) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bachelor \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (9.09) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Breastfeeding status</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Exclusive breastfeeding \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (27.27) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Non-exclusive breastfeeding \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 (72.73) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Antenatal care</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>>9 times \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22 (100) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0150" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Characteristics of breastfeeding mothers (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>22).</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:14 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0075" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "BAPPENAS, UNICEF. 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Breastfeeding culture in Balinese society: A qualitative study
Francisca Shanti Kusumaningsiha,b, Yeni Rustinac,
, Nani Nurhaenic, Sri Murnid
Autor para correspondencia
a Doctoral Student on Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
b Division of Pediatric Nursing, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Indonesia
c Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
d Department of Social Anthropology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia