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Fachry" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Lidwina Dewiyanti" "apellidos" => "Wea" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Yohana" "apellidos" => "Hepilita" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mardiana E." "apellidos" => "Fachry" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S113086211930436X?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/11308621/00000030000000S2/v2_202305161211/S113086211930436X/v2_202305161211/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1130862119304346" "issn" => "11308621" "doi" => "10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.07.081" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-03-01" "aid" => "1150" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U." "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Enferm Clin. 2020;30 Supl 2:213-7" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Quality life of PROLANIS participants using WHOQOL BREF Indonesian version: A community in primary health care" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "213" "paginaFinal" => "217" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Sitti Andriani Anwar, Dian Sidik Arsyad, Indra Dwinata, Jumriani Ansar, Muhammad Rachmat" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sitti Andriani" "apellidos" => "Anwar" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Dian Sidik" "apellidos" => "Arsyad" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Indra" "apellidos" => "Dwinata" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jumriani" "apellidos" => "Ansar" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Muhammad" "apellidos" => "Rachmat" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130862119304346?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/11308621/00000030000000S2/v2_202305161211/S1130862119304346/v2_202305161211/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:16 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "English language mastery as an ease factor to access health information in industrial revolution 4.0: A local challenge for global opportunities" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "218" "paginaFinal" => "221" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Golda Juliet Tulung" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Golda Juliet" "apellidos" => "Tulung" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "gtulung@unsrat.ac.id" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Postgraduate Studies Program, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Language is the main key for the access to information and technology in general. English language in particular has become an international language in which its mastery is very important in today's world of globalization in Industrial Revolution 4.0. The impact of globalization on various human lives is so obvious, and this includes the health sector with its use of the internet as an increasingly source of health-related information.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> There is a mutual reinforcing trend between English and the emergence of the internet as the global communication channel,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> since people can access health information quickly, conveniently, and privately through the internet and of course, with the English language. Thus, access to health information in Industrial Revolution 4.0 is eased by English language mastery.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Universities as the provider of human resources are more challenged with this demand of English language mastery for the access to information and technology in general and to health information in particular. The challenge in improving the quality of human resources with good commands of English should be faced with careful preparation; and this has also affected Indonesia as a developing country. Consequently, reliable and competitive human resources must be prepared through education, i.e. universities in Indonesia, including the ones in North Sulawesi.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Access to information and technology needed for qualified human resources is open or made ease through the mastery of English as an international language. Having good commads of English language is an added value to the success in today's global society because English has become very important as a language of communication around the world or as an international language.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a> Although Indonesia still makes the English language as a foreign language, the worlds of higher education and business require highly competitive human resources who are good in English considering the flood of information that usually uses English in this era of Industrial Revolution 4.0. In other words, good English skills are necessary in this global society of today's massive information and sophisticated technology, including health-related information. One way to measure one's English mastery is through TOEFL test, a standardized and internationally recognized English proficiency test. This research is to describe university students’ English proficiency based on the TOEFL score, the differences by gender, and how this affects their access to health information. Therefore, the problems of this study are formulated as follow: what is the English mastery of the university students; how is it different between female and male students; and how does it influence their access to health information?</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research is a descriptive study that describes the results of students’ English language proficiency in one of the universities in Manado, its differences by gender, and its influence on the students’ access to health information. The method used was quantitative method. In this study, the population was all students at the university with a sampling technique in the form of purposive sampling. The fifth semester students of the English Department were sampled because they were deemed to have mastered the English language as they had been taught English language skills and English-related subjects for four semesters. There were 77 students in total, consisting of 47 females and 30 males. The instrument in this study was the TOEFL Prediction test with three main components of Listening Comprehension, Structure and Written Expression, and Reading Comprehension. The data collected were the scores of students’ TOEFL Prediction test. The data obtained from each variable were analyzed by using descriptive statistics in the form of frequency, percentage, minimum, maximum, median, and average. The level of students’ proficiency was analyzed based on Carson et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> This data analysis was conducted to see the students’ English language mastery in general and the gender differences in particular, as well as the influence on their access to health information.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study examined the university students’ mastery of English language as a vital tool for the access to information and technology in today's era of Industrial Revolution 4.0. The results show three important points related to the mastery of the English language:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The highest TOEFL Prediction score achieved by the students is 537 and the lowest score is 323, but the average score is only 415.78.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2.</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the students’ level of English mastery, 58.44% is still at Elementary level, 24.68% in Low Intermediate level, 15.58% in High Intermediate level, and 1.30% in Advanced level.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3.</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For comparison of students’ English mastery level by sex, 14.29% of male students and 44.16% of female students are still at Elementary level, 14.29% of male students and 10.39% of female students are at Low Intermediate level, 10.39% of male students and 5.19% of female students are at High Intermediate level, and 0% of male students and 1.30% of female students are at Advanced level.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This means that the average level of English mastery of the students is still in the Elementary level although there are a few students who have managed to achieve above-average scores. In terms of gender differences, the percentage of male students mastering the English language based on TOEFL score is a bit higher than that of female students, but the highest score belongs to a female student who could reach the Advanced level. These results indicate that the average students may still have difficulty to access health information due to their low level of English proficiency.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Discussion</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The position of English as an international language has historically been inseparable from the demographic, economic and political power of English-speaking countries.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> But the use of English in international functions today shows the importance of mastering English for one's own development and even the development of a country. English as an international language helps open domestic and international opportunities because large access to information in cyberspace can be opened in English, including health-related information that is increasingly accessible in the internet.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> All of this proves the vital role of English and shows strong reasons for its mastery in this era of Industrial Revolution 4.0. However, several studies on health-related information have shown that on line health information has generally low readability; in other words, the information is on average difficult to read.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,9</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In general, mastery of a language can be interpreted as a person's ability to use language for a variety of communicative purposes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> People who master a language are those who understand that language without difficulty, can express a variety of ideas clearly in words and writing, and can interact with others. Mastery of English language can be measured through English proficiency test to see the overall language competence. TOEFL is one of the English proficiency tests used by many educational institutions as an indicator of the ability of students who want to attend academic activities and work in which English is the medium.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Universities as the provider of human resources need to make sure that they will be able to supply qualified graduates who master the international language as the key access for information and technology in general and health-related information in particular. As the results of this study show, the average student score is only 415.78 meaning the average students’ mastery is still in Elementary level. Therefore, they most probably still have difficulty to access health information, particularly since health-related information has low readability. Efforts should be made in order to increase their proficiency level.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In terms of gender difference, recent decades have produced a lot of research on gender issues. Language and gender studies have evolved into discourse and gender studies. The different approaches are very clear. The use of language itself is a social practice that shapes other practices in society. The relationship between existing social practices is a reciprocal or two-way relationship. That is, language affects and is influenced by social practices, including matters relating to gender. So, language plays a big part in gender issues. Research on language and gender and theoretical changes is the result of changes in the existing world so as to produce differences in academic perspectives on gender and language.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Gender is understood as something multi-faceted, ever-changing, and often contested.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since the 1970s, sociolinguists have been attracted to the relationship between language and gender, and they assume that all behavioral variations, including success in foreign language learning, can be explained by cultural factors such as gender differences built by society.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Gender has a significant role in social interaction; gender affects people's perceptions. Moreover, in society, people's behavior is assessed through gender norms. Gender has a significant role in social interaction; gender affects people's perceptions. Moreover, in society, people's behavior is assessed through gender norms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,13,14</span></a> Studies that examines gender from this perspective challenges some of the existence of language learning, such as women's superiority in language learning and male dominance in gender-mixed classes. The present study indicates gender differences in terms of university students’ language proficiency based on the results of their TOEFL scores. It seems that the assumptions to favor female learning in acquiring the language they are exposed to and of female superiority in language development are partly refuted and supported: the percentage of male students mastering the English language based on TOEFL score is a bit higher than that of female students, but the highest score belongs to a female student. It is believed that if the influence of language and gender factors is further investigated, more insights will be found in relation to the learning process and more specifically to the levels of their language proficiency.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conclusions</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this era of Industrial Revolution 4.0 with the impact of globalization, education, particularly provided in universities, is a vital tool for achieving student empowerment in opportunities and resources distribution. This includes the English language mastery that is an ease factor to access the massive information and sophisticated technology in the health sector. However, the English language mastery is still a challenge for the university students in Manado. The average elementary proficiency level that was found in the study suggests a recommendation for improving the English courses in the university. Differences between female and male students in the English mastery that appear to favor female learning in acquiring the language they are exposed to and assumptions of female superiority in language development are partly supported and refuted as this study uncover its results. Overall, this study indicates that average students may still have difficulty to access health information in today's Industrial Revolution 4.0 and so efforts should be done for their improvement in global opportunities.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1898988" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1642801" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conflict of interests" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2019-05-29" "fechaAceptado" => "2019-07-15" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1642801" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "English language mastery" 1 => "Access to health information" 2 => "University students" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Access to health information in Industrial Revolution 4.0 is eased by English language mastery. This study aims to describe university students’ English proficiency based on their TOEFL prediction scores and to explain how it can influence their access to health information.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This research is a descriptive study that describes the results of students’ English language proficiency in one of the universities in Manado, Indonesia. The method used was quantitative method. The instrument in this study was the TOEFL Prediction test with three main components of Listening Comprehension, Structure and Written Expression, and Reading Comprehension. The data analysis was conducted statistically to see the students’ English proficiency levels and in particular the differences between female and male students.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">English mastery is needed for the access to health information in Industrial Revolution 4.0. The average proficiency level of the university students is still a bit low with the average score of 415.78, although there are a few students who have managed to achieve above-average scores. This indicates that average students may still have difficulty to access health information. In terms of gender differences, the percentage of male students mastering the language is a bit higher than that of female students, but the highest score belongs to a female student.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">English language mastery for the access to health information in Industrial Revolution 4.0 is still a challenge for university students, particularly in Manado. Efforts are needed to increase their language proficiency level for global opportunities.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Women and Societal Perspective on Quality of Life (WOSQUAL-2019). 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English language mastery as an ease factor to access health information in industrial revolution 4.0: A local challenge for global opportunities
Golda Juliet Tulung
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Postgraduate Studies Program, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia