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Hematoma epidural agudo como presentación de carcinoma hepatocelular: a propósito de un caso y revisión de la literatura
Acute epidural haematoma as a presentation of hepatocellular carcinoma: Case report and literature review
Ana Delgado Maroto
Autor para correspondencia
anadmgr@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, María del Moral Martínez, Carmelo Diéguez Castillo, Francisco Javier Casado Caballero
Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Digestivo, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, España
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procedi&#233;ndose a intubaci&#243;n orotraqueal y realizaci&#243;n de tomograf&#237;a computarizada &#40;TC&#41; craneal con contraste intravenoso&#46; La TC &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41; informa de la presencia de un hematoma epidural agudo &#40;HEA&#41; frontoparietal izquierdo de 85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>42<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm con fen&#243;menos expansivos intracraneales asociados e hidrocefalia hipertensiva en ventr&#237;culo contralateral&#44; probablemente secundario a lesi&#243;n osteol&#237;tica de la b&#243;veda craneal sugerente de etiolog&#237;a metast&#225;sica&#46; La paciente es intervenida de forma urgente por neurocirug&#237;a&#44; procedi&#233;ndose a la realizaci&#243;n de una craneotom&#237;a frontotemporal izquierda&#44; evacuaci&#243;n del hematoma y resecci&#243;n tumoral&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La paciente presenta mala evoluci&#243;n cl&#237;nica&#44; con Glasgow mantenido en 3-4 y anuria&#46; Desde el punto de vista digestivo&#44; se realiza ecograf&#237;a abdominal objetiv&#225;ndose cirrosis hep&#225;tica con lesi&#243;n focal heterog&#233;nea en segmento II de 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#44; trombosis parcial tumoral de la vena porta con flujo hepat&#243;fugo y ascitis leve&#46; En el estudio anal&#237;tico destaca la presencia del ant&#237;geno y anticuerpo del VHC positivos&#44; con alfafetoprote&#237;na elevada &#40;2&#46;476<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#41;&#46; Seg&#250;n los datos cl&#237;nicos-anal&#237;ticos&#44; presenta un estadio Child-Pugh C14 y MELD-24&#46; La anatom&#237;a patol&#243;gica de la lesi&#243;n tumoral craneal &#40;&#243;sea y epidural&#41; informa de la presencia de c&#233;lulas tumorales epiteliales con abundante citoplasma eosin&#243;filo&#44; n&#250;cleo prominente y disposici&#243;n trabecular&#44; compatible con met&#225;stasis de carcinoma hepatocelular &#40;CHC&#41;&#46; Finalmente&#44; fallece 4 d&#237;as despu&#233;s de la intervenci&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La incidencia de CHC es inferior al 5&#37;&#44; localiz&#225;ndose com&#250;nmente en pulm&#243;n &#40;34-70&#37;&#41; y n&#243;dulos linf&#225;ticos &#40;16-40&#37;&#41;&#46; Las met&#225;stasis &#243;seas suponen el 1&#44;6-16&#37;&#44; generalmente en v&#233;rtebras&#44; pelvis y costillas&#44; siendo inusual en cr&#225;neo &#40;0&#44;4-1&#44;6&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El desarrollo de un HEA suele ser secundario a traumatismos craneales&#44; aunque puede aparecer de forma espont&#225;nea en el contexto de enfermedades neopl&#225;sicas&#44; infecciones&#44; malformaciones vasculares o des&#243;rdenes en la coagulaci&#243;n&#46; La hemorragia intracraneal secundaria a met&#225;stasis es infrecuente&#44; con una incidencia del 0&#44;9-11&#37;&#46; Suelen localizarse a nivel intratumoral o intracerebral&#44; muy raramente a nivel epidural<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6-8</span></a>&#46; La formaci&#243;n de un HEA espont&#225;neo secundario a met&#225;stasis de CHC es muy rara&#46; En la literatura revisada hemos encontrado publicados solo 8 casos que recogemos en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2-9</span></a>&#46; Seg&#250;n esta revisi&#243;n generalmente se trata de pacientes varones de origen asi&#225;tico&#44; con o sin hepatopat&#237;a previa conocida&#44; que presentan cuadro de cefalea y deterioro mental agudo&#46; El diagn&#243;stico de HEA se realiza mediante TC&#44; aunque solo en la mitad de los casos se observan lesiones &#243;seas&#46; Todos son intervenidos y el pron&#243;stico es malo&#44; bien por el cuadro de HEA o por disfunci&#243;n hep&#225;tica&#46; Cabe destacar que este es el primer caso descrito en una mujer&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la revisi&#243;n de la literatura realizada por Hsieh et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#44; recogen un total de 68 casos de met&#225;stasis craneales por CHC&#46; La forma m&#225;s habitual de presentaci&#243;n es tumoraci&#243;n subcut&#225;nea&#44; aunque el 10&#37; de los pacientes presentan eventos hemorr&#225;gicos intracraneales&#46; Se desconoce el motivo por el que este tipo de met&#225;stasis provocan HEA&#44; aunque la hip&#243;tesis m&#225;s aceptada sostiene que es debido a la rotura de la vascularizaci&#243;n del tejido peritumoral secundario al crecimiento tumoral<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En conclusi&#243;n&#44; debemos pensar en la existencia de met&#225;stasis craneales en pacientes con hepatocarcinoma&#44; m&#225;s a&#250;n si presenta cl&#237;nica neurol&#243;gica&#46; No debemos olvidar el riesgo de hematoma epidural agudo fulminante&#46;</p></span>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Autor y a&#241;o de publicaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Edad &#40;a&#241;os&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sexo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Origen&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cl&#237;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CHC conocido previo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hallazgos en TC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hallazgos en cirug&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Evoluci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Nakagawa et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#44; 1992&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Var&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Jap&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cefalea y deterioro mental agudo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hematoma epidural agudo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tumor &#243;seo hemorr&#225;gico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fallecimiento 2 meses despu&#233;s por fallo hep&#225;tico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Nakao et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#44; 1992&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Var&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Jap&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cefalea y tumoraci&#243;n craneal dolorosa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tumor &#243;seo y masa epidural&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hematoma cr&#243;nico epidural y tumor &#243;seo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fallecimiento 6 meses despu&#233;s por fallo hep&#225;tico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hayashi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#44; 2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Var&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Jap&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cefalea y hemiparesia izquierda&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#193;rea hiperdensa lenticular&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tumor &#243;seo y hematoma epidural&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fallecimiento 2 meses despu&#233;s por fallo hep&#225;tico y neumon&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mclver et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#44; 2001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Var&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EE&#46;UU&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cefalea y hemiparesia izquierda&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lesi&#243;n l&#237;tica &#243;sea y hematoma epidural agudo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tumor &#243;seo y hematoma epidural&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico y tratamiento con quimioterapia paliativa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Kanai et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#44; 2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Var&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Jap&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cefalea&#44; deterioro mental agudo y tumoraci&#243;n craneal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lesi&#243;n l&#237;tica &#243;sea y hematoma epidural agudo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tumor &#243;seo y hematoma epidural&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fallecimiento 3 semanas despu&#233;s por fallo hep&#225;tico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Woo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#44; 2010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Var&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Corea del Sur&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cefalea y deterioro mental agudo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hematoma epidural agudo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tumor &#243;seo&#44; hematoma epidural y subdural&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fallecimiento 5 d&#237;as despu&#233;s por fallo multiorg&#225;nico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Kim et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#44; 2010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Var&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Corea del Sur&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Deterioro mental agudo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hematoma epidural agudo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tumor &#243;seo y dural&#44; y hematoma epidural&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Estado vegetativo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Kim et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#44; 2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Var&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Corea del Sur&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cefalea&#44; deterioro mental agudo y v&#243;mitos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lesi&#243;n l&#237;tica &#243;sea y hematoma epidural agudo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tumor &#243;seo y hematoma epidural agudo y cr&#243;nico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fallecimiento 4 meses despu&#233;s por fallo hep&#225;tico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Este caso&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mujer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tailandia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cefalea y deterioro mental agudo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lesi&#243;n l&#237;tica &#243;sea y hematoma epidural agudo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tumor &#243;seo y hematoma epidural&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fallecimiento 4 d&#237;as despu&#233;s por fallo multiorg&#225;nico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 02105705
Idioma original: Español
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