Bufotenine use in drug facilitated sexual assault

Navarro Escayola, Esperanza; Vega Vega, Clara; Hernando Torrecilla, Cristina

doi:10.1016/j.medcle.2022.06.012

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The most commonly involved are those with central nervous system depressant effects, such as alcohol, GHB or benzodiazepines. Recently, however, other less common substances, such as bufotenine, have also been used.We would like to report 2 cases studied at the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences of Alicante in which bufotenine was used. The chemical-toxicological analyses were carried out at the National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences in Barcelona.Bufotenine is a hallucinogenic tryptamine with effects similar to those of LSD. It is a natural alkaloid found in the skin glands of the toad Bufo alvarius, in plants and in the seeds of certain South American legumes. It has also been found naturally and in small concentrations, secreted by the pineal gland, in the human body and in other mammals. It causes visual disturbances, alterations in the perception of time and space, as well as nausea, nystagmus and mydriasis. It also stimulates the heart rate and causes hypertension.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a>It is consumed orally, sublingually and smoked, as well as by atomizing bufotenine and inhaling it as a fine powder, as "snuff".<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a>The first victim was a 20-year-old male who attended a private party at a private home. He had voluntarily consumed alcohol and cocaine. At one point, when he refused to have sex with one of the party participants and suspected that he had put some substance in his glass without his consent, he went to the police.The second victim was an 18-year-old female who reported having been sexually assaulted by 3 men in a house where a party was being held. She had voluntarily consumed alcohol at the party.The toxicological result of the contents of victim No. 1’s glass, which was not ingested by the victim, was positive for ethanol and bufotenine and the analysis of victim No. 2’s urine was positive for benzodiazepines (nordazepam, oxazepam and temazepam), ethanol (1.70±0.20g/l) and bufotenine.In case No. 1, the vulnerable state of the victim, who was at the time of the events under the influence of alcohol and drugs of abuse (the result of the toxicological analysis of his urine was positive for cocaine and metabolites), made it easier for the assailant to slip bufotenine into his drink at a given moment. If he had consumed the contents of the glass, he would have probably been the victim of a DFSA.Ethanol was found in the urinalysis of victim No. 2, which the victim admitted having taken voluntarily before the events. However, she denied having consumed bufotenine and benzodiazepines. Ethanol is the substance most commonly associated with DFSA,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a> which is considered to be a major factor in victim vulnerability, as it influences the victim's critical judgement in giving consent to sexual intercourse. The use of alcohol with benzodiazepines produces a potentiation of their CNS depressant effects.Bufotenine has so far not been linked to sexual assault and is rarely mentioned in the toxicology literature. It has been linked to a death following ingestion of ayahuasca, which either contained, or was mixed by the deceased, with 5-Meo-DMT (bufotenine precursor).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">4</a> It has also been mentioned in a case of robbery with chemical submission of a male,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">5</a> in which the victim consumed a concoction containing bufotenine (he reported having taken ayahuasca and 24h later a drink with "no smell or taste").In recent years, the use of plant preparations containing tryptamines has become fashionable in mystical shamanic ceremonies. Other synthetic derivatives of tryptamine have been used for recreational purposes. Vegetable preparations may be mixed with synthetic tryptamines or other active ingredients that increase their potency and that may be unknown to the consumer.In the 2 cases reported, the victims did not admit to having voluntarily consumed bufotenine. This illustrates a possible emerging use of bufotenine in drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) in a leisure setting that need not be related to rituals or specific cultural groups.Conflict of interestsThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflict of interests" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nuevas drogas psicoactivas" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "H. Dolengevich Segal" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "2015" "editorial" => "Editorial Entheos" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Madrid" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Productos naturales alucinógenos. Costumbres, usos y efectos" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "C.S. Albornoz" 1 => "P. Ponce de León" 2 => "L.G. Sacur" 3 => "S.L. Argüello" 4 => "S.R. Elías" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:2 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "2013" "editorial" => "Cátedra de Toxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Argentina" ] ] 1 => array:1 [ "WWW" => array:1 [ "link" => "https://www.yumpu.com/es/document/wiew/13491933/productos-naturales-alucinógenos-costumbres-usos-y-efectos" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Estudio prospectivo de la sumisión química con finalidad sexual en Barcelona" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A. Xifró Collsamata" 1 => "A. Pujol Robinat" 2 => "E. Barbería Markalain" 3 => "A. Arroyo Fernández" 4 => "A. Bertomeu Ruiz" 5 => "F. 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Fowler" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/jat/29.8.838" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Anal Toxicol" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "29" "paginaInicial" => "838" "paginaFinal" => "841" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16356341" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sumisión química por ayahuasca" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "C. Fernández Alonso" 1 => "C. Megía Morales" 2 => "A.E. Santiago Sáez" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.medcli.2020.11.022" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Med Clín (Barc)" "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "157" "paginaInicial" => "e325" "paginaFinal" => "e326" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33380367" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/23870206/0000015900000010/v2_202301310819/S2387020622005071/v2_202301310819/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "43309" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Letters to the Editor" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/23870206/0000015900000010/v2_202301310819/S2387020622005071/v2_202301310819/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2387020622005071?idApp=UINPBA00004N"]

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Vol. 159. Issue 10.