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Hemorragia pulmonar en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico. Características clínicas y pronóstico
Pulmonary hemorrhage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clinical manifestations and prognosis
Pablo Finucci Curi, Matilde Pierrestegui, Alberto Ortiz, Federico Ceccato, Sergio Paira
Autor para correspondencia
pairasergio@fibertel.com.ar

Autor para correspondencia.
Sección de Reumatología, Hospital J. M. Cullen, Santa Fe, Argentina
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El s&#237;ndrome de hemorragia pulmonar &#40;HP&#41; es una complicaci&#243;n rara y frecuentemente letal en el lupus eritematoso sist&#233;mico &#40;LES&#41;&#46; Su presencia se acompa&#241;a habitualmente del compromiso de otros &#243;rganos y se caracteriza cl&#237;nicamente por la presencia de disnea&#44; hemoptisis&#44; infiltrados alveolares difusos y bilaterales en la radiograf&#237;a de t&#243;rax y descenso de la hemoglobina &#40;Hb&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;4</span></a>&#46; Compromete entre el 2-5&#37; de los pacientes con LES&#44; pudiendo tambi&#233;n constituir la manifestaci&#243;n inicial de la enfermedad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Debido a la alta mortalidad y la escasez de s&#237;ntomas y signos que presenta el paciente &#40;sobre todo al inicio del cuadro&#41;&#44; es necesario un alto &#237;ndice de sospecha para su diagn&#243;stico&#44; especialmente en aquellos en que la HP es la forma de presentaci&#243;n del LES&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En este trabajo describimos las caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas y el pron&#243;stico de 11 pacientes con LES que presentaron HP&#44; y revisamos la literatura m&#233;dica de las principales series publicadas hasta la actualidad&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Pacientes y m&#233;todo</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron pacientes con diagn&#243;stico de LES &#40;criterios del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American College of Rheumatology</span> &#91;ACR&#93; de 1982&#41; y HP&#44; en seguimiento por la Secci&#243;n de Reumatolog&#237;a del Hospital J&#46; M&#46; Cullen de la ciudad de Santa Fe entre junio de 1999 y noviembre de 2011&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para definir HP los pacientes deb&#237;an cumplir al menos 4 de los criterios propuestos por Barile et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> y&#47;o presentar macr&#243;fagos cargados de hemosiderina&#47;eritrocitos &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#37;&#41; en el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bronchoalveolar lavage</span> &#40;BAL&#44; &#171;lavado broncoalveolar&#187;&#41; realizado mediante fibrobroncoscopia&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los criterios de Barile et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> son&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ca&#237;da de la Hb al menos 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dl o presencia de anemia &#40;Hb<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dl&#41; relacionada con el episodio de HP&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fallo respiratorio de r&#225;pido inicio&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hemoptisis&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infiltrados densos en tres cuartos o m&#225;s de los campos pulmonares&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hipoxemia&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se analizaron datos demogr&#225;ficos&#44; s&#237;ntomas cl&#237;nicos&#44; compromiso org&#225;nico previo y el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index</span> &#40;SLEDAI&#44; &#171;&#205;ndice de Actividad del Lupus Eritematoso Sist&#233;mico&#187;&#41; en el momento de la HP&#44; laboratorio&#44; cultivos&#44; radiograf&#237;a y&#47;o tomograf&#237;a&#44; tratamiento y pron&#243;stico relacionado con la HP&#46; Se defini&#243; el tiempo de demora diagn&#243;stica como el tiempo transcurrido en d&#237;as desde el primer signo&#47;s&#237;ntoma atribuido a HP registrado en la historia cl&#237;nica hasta la confirmaci&#243;n diagn&#243;stica mediante BAL o cumplimiento de criterios&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fueron excluidos aquellos pacientes con diagn&#243;stico confirmado de edema pulmonar&#44; tromboembolia de pulm&#243;n&#44; insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva&#44; uremia no relacionada a insuficiencia renal secundaria a colagenopat&#237;as&#44; coagulopat&#237;as distintas al s&#237;ndrome antifosfolip&#237;dico o HP por f&#225;rmacos&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El dise&#241;o del estudio fue una revisi&#243;n retrospectiva de historias cl&#237;nicas de pacientes con seguimiento longitudinal&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Resultados</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De 192 pacientes con LES&#44; 11 desarrollaron 14 episodios de HP &#40;3 fueron recurrentes&#41;&#46; Por lo tanto&#44; la HP represent&#243; el 5&#44;7&#37; del total de nuestra poblaci&#243;n de pacientes con LES&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fueron 10 mujeres y un var&#243;n&#44; con una edad media &#40;DE&#41; en el momento de la hemorragia de 29 &#40;11&#41; a&#241;os&#44; y una mediana en el tiempo de evoluci&#243;n de la enfermedad de 67 meses &#40;extremos 1-228&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La HP fue la primera manifestaci&#243;n del LES en 2 pacientes&#44; de los cuales uno present&#243; un s&#237;ndrome pulm&#243;n-ri&#241;&#243;n&#46; En el resto de los pacientes ocurri&#243; durante la evoluci&#243;n del LES&#44; en una mediana de tiempo de 46 meses &#40;extremos 12-227&#41;&#46; El tiempo medio de demora en el momento del diagn&#243;stico fue de 5 d&#237;as &#40;extremos 1-15&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De los 14 episodios de HP&#44; los s&#237;ntomas y signos cl&#237;nicos m&#225;s frecuentes fueron disnea&#44; fiebre y tos&#44; que se presentaron en 12 &#40;85&#37;&#41;&#44; 11 &#40;77&#37;&#41; y 7 &#40;50&#37;&#41; casos&#44; respectivamente&#46; Tambi&#233;n se observ&#243; hemoptisis en 5 &#40;35&#37;&#41; episodios&#44; taquicardia en 2 &#40;14&#37;&#41;&#44; palidez en uno &#40;7&#37;&#41; y dolor tor&#225;cico en otro &#40;7&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos los pacientes&#44; excepto uno&#44; presentaron otro compromiso org&#225;nico concomitante y recib&#237;an alg&#250;n tratamiento atribuido al LES &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el laboratorio&#44; en todos los episodios los pacientes tuvieron anemia o descenso de la Hb &#40;promedio de 2&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l&#59; extremos 2-4&#41;&#59; en 11 se observ&#243; hipoxemia y en 4 de los 14 episodios hubo trombocitopenia&#44; pero en ninguno fue grave &#40;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#46;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>plaquetas&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41;&#46; En el momento de la HP se determinaron anticuerpos antinucleares en 11&#47;14 episodios &#40;6 positivos&#41;&#44; anti-ADN en 7&#47;14 &#40;3 positivos&#41;&#44; anticardiolipinas en 8&#47;14 &#40;IgG 2 positivos&#44; IgM 1 positivo&#41; y AL en 7&#47;14 episodios &#40;todos negativos&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La actividad del LES&#44; medida por SLEDAI en el momento de la HP&#44; tuvo un valor medio &#40;DE&#41; de 17<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#44; con compromiso predominantemente renal&#46; En las radiograf&#237;as de t&#243;rax&#44; 12 de 14 episodios mostraron un infiltrado alveolar difuso y en 2 se observ&#243; un infiltrado lobar&#59; un paciente present&#243; infiltrado difuso y derrame pleural concomitante&#46; En 7 de 14 episodios estos hallazgos radiol&#243;gicos se reprodujeron en la tomograf&#237;a computarizada&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Solo 5 pacientes cumplieron 4 de los 5 criterios propuestos por Barile et al&#46; para definir HP&#46; El diagn&#243;stico de HP se confirm&#243; en los 14 episodios mediante fibrobroncoscopia con BAL&#44; hall&#225;ndose en el estudio citol&#243;gico macr&#243;fagos cargados con hemosiderina y&#47;o eritrocitos &#40;promedio del 40&#37; &#91;extremos 30-85&#93;&#41;&#46; Al mismo tiempo&#44; las muestras del BAL fueron procesadas para cultivo de g&#233;rmenes&#46; Se demostr&#243; infecci&#243;n bacteriana en 5 de 14 &#40;36&#37;&#41; episodios simult&#225;neamente a la HP&#44; y en 2 pacientes como complicaci&#243;n durante el ingreso&#46; Los microorganismos aislados fueron neumococos en 3 casos y estafilococos en 2&#44; mientras que los g&#233;rmenes nosocomiales fueron <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pseudomonas</span> en un caso y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acinetobacter</span> en el otro&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos los pacientes fueron tratados con glucocorticoides&#58; en 12&#47;14 episodios con metilprednisolona en pulsos&#44; y luego&#44; por v&#237;a oral en r&#233;gimen de descenso&#44; y 2 pacientes recibieron glucocorticoides orales&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; en 12 episodios se indic&#243; ciclofosfamida intravenosa&#44; y en 4&#44; recambio plasm&#225;tico por filtraci&#243;n &#40;extremos 5-10 sesiones&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; Los pacientes infectados recibieron tratamiento antibi&#243;tico espec&#237;fico&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos los pacientes ingresaron en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos&#59; 5 de ellos requirieron asistencia ventilatoria mec&#225;nica&#44; y 3&#44; hemodi&#225;lisis&#46; Se obtuvo una puntuaci&#243;n de APACHE en 9 episodios&#44; siendo el valor medio de 14 &#40;extremos 9-22&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La mortalidad general fue del 64&#37; &#40;7&#47;11 pacientes&#41;&#46; La causa de la muerte fue sepsis en 2 pacientes y HP en 5&#46; Los factores que se asociaron a una mayor mortalidad fueron infecci&#243;n&#44; ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica y di&#225;lisis&#46; De los pacientes que sobrevivieron&#44; 2 se perdieron del seguimiento un a&#241;o despu&#233;s de la HP&#44; otro falleci&#243; por neumon&#237;a a los 2 a&#241;os y el &#250;ltimo se encuentra en seguimiento actualmente&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En 1904 Osler describi&#243; a una mujer de 24 a&#241;os de edad con nefritis&#44; anemia&#44; hemoptisis e infiltrados pulmonares bilaterales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Este caso quiz&#225;s pudo haber sido el primer informe de HP en la literatura m&#233;dica&#46; Desde entonces&#44; poco m&#225;s se mencion&#243; acerca de este fen&#243;meno hasta que en 1955 Purnell et al&#46; demostraron una prevalencia relativamente alta de HP en el examen post m&#243;rtem de pacientes con LES<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En este estudio comunicamos 11 pacientes con HP y LES&#46; Hasta la actualidad se han publicado 21 estudios con series de casos &#40;sin contabilizar los <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">case reports</span>&#41;&#44; que suman en total 257 pacientes con HP asociada a LES&#46; De estos art&#237;culos resulta que la HP es una complicaci&#243;n rara pero potencialmente mortal&#44; a veces recurrente&#44; que se presenta m&#225;s en mujeres j&#243;venes en el contexto de un lupus activo con afectaci&#243;n de otros &#243;rganos&#46; Es m&#225;s frecuente durante la evoluci&#243;n&#44; pero puede ser la manifestaci&#243;n inicial del LES en aproximadamente un 20&#37; de los casos&#46; La prevalencia comunicada oscila entre el 0&#44;5-6&#44;8&#37; de los casos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5&#44;8&#8211;18</span></a>&#46; Similar a lo publicado&#44; en nuestra serie la HP fue m&#225;s frecuente en mujeres&#44; en 2 pacientes la HP se present&#243; al comienzo del LES y la prevalencia en nuestra poblaci&#243;n fue del 5&#44;7&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las manifestaciones cl&#237;nicas m&#225;s comunes fueron disnea&#44; fiebre y tos&#59; en 2 pacientes la HP fue recurrente&#46; En la literatura m&#233;dica&#44; las manifestaciones cl&#237;nicas m&#225;s descritas son disnea &#40;94&#37;&#41;&#44; fiebre &#40;63&#37;&#41;&#44; hemoptisis &#40;63&#37;&#41; y tos &#40;45&#37;&#41;&#44; que pueden acompa&#241;arse de dolor tor&#225;cico &#40;10&#37;&#41;&#44; taquicardia &#40;10&#37;&#41; y taquipnea &#40;20&#37;&#41;&#46; La hemoptisis&#44; inicialmente considerada uno de los s&#237;ntomas cl&#225;sicos de HP&#44; ha sido comunicada en las diferentes series con una frecuencia variable &#40;30-100&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;5&#44;8&#8211;10&#44;12&#8211;22</span></a>&#59; esto se debe a que la hemorragia dentro del acino pulmonar no comunica libremente con la v&#237;a a&#233;rea proximal&#44; por lo tanto&#44; no es un hallazgo de confianza aun en presencia de HP masiva<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Varios estudios analizaron la actividad de LES mediante la escala SLEDAI&#44; revelando valores elevados en ella&#44; lo cual refleja el compromiso multiorg&#225;nico en el momento de la HP&#46; Por consiguiente&#44; la mayor&#237;a de estos pacientes recib&#237;an esteroides en diferentes dosis y alg&#250;n otro inmunodepresor<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14&#44;16&#8211;24</span></a>&#46; Todos nuestros pacientes&#44; excepto uno&#44; presentaron afectaci&#243;n de otro &#243;rgano&#44; principalmente renal&#44; y valores de SLEDAI elevados&#46; Kwok et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> demostraron que la coexistencia de manifestaciones neuropsiqui&#225;tricas y SLEDAI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 son factores de riesgo independientes para el desarrollo de HP en pacientes con LES&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los cambios radiogr&#225;ficos asociados a HP en el lupus pueden ser caracter&#237;sticos&#44; pero no son espec&#237;ficos&#46; Se observan con mayor frecuencia infiltrados alveolares difusos y agudos&#44; que suelen ser perihiliares o basales con preservaci&#243;n de los &#225;pices y la periferia&#46; Sin embargo&#44; a veces se pueden presentar infiltrados unilaterales&#46; Tambi&#233;n puede coexistir derrame pleural&#44; aunque con menor frecuencia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; Se ha comunicado la presencia de extensas hemorragias&#44; con radiograf&#237;as de t&#243;rax normales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;8&#44;23</span></a>&#46; Existen datos que evidencian que el uso de la tomograf&#237;a computarizada de t&#243;rax de alta resoluci&#243;n es superior a la radiograf&#237;a de t&#243;rax para la evaluaci&#243;n de los patrones y la evoluci&#243;n de los cambios pulmonares en la HP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46; Es importante reconocer y excluir enfermedades concomitantes que tambi&#233;n pueden causar infiltrados pulmonares y un cuadro cl&#237;nico similar a la HP&#44; tales como neumonitis l&#250;pica&#44; uremia&#44; coagulopat&#237;a&#44; infarto pulmonar&#44; insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva y&#44; sobre todo&#44; infecciones&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La realizaci&#243;n de una fibrobroncoscopia con BAL tiene varios beneficios&#46; Por un lado&#44; si el BAL revela que la aspiraci&#243;n del fluido instilado es sanguinolento&#44; el diagn&#243;stico de HP es muy probable&#59; adem&#225;s&#44; la utilizaci&#243;n de escalas num&#233;ricas para cuantificar el contenido de macr&#243;fagos alveolares con hemosiderina en la muestra de BAL tambi&#233;n es un dato &#250;til para confirmar el diagn&#243;stico de HP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#8211;28</span></a>&#46; Hay que tener presente que estos hallazgos no son patognom&#243;nicos y que tambi&#233;n pueden observarse en cuadros de tromboembolia e infarto pulmonar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; Por otra parte&#44; las muestras de BAL tambi&#233;n pueden ser enviadas para examen directo y cultivos de g&#233;rmenes&#44; ya que muchas veces la HP y la infecci&#243;n pueden coexistir<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46; En nuestra serie&#44; encontramos un alto porcentaje de macr&#243;fagos cargados con hemosiderina y&#47;o eritrocitos en la cuantificaci&#243;n del BAL&#44; y se demostr&#243; infecci&#243;n bacteriana de la comunidad en 5 episodios simult&#225;neamente a la HP&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La mortalidad de la HP comunicada es alta y puede fluctuar entre un 36-90&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;5&#44;9&#8211;11&#44;13&#8211;15&#44;17&#8211;22</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; otras series han encontrado una menor mortalidad con un reconocimiento temprano y un tratamiento intensivo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;12&#44;15</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Entre los factores que contribuyen a la mortalidad de HP en LES se han descrito infecciones&#44; ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#44; di&#225;lisis y puntuaci&#243;n APACHE II y SLEDAI elevadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;13&#44;14&#44;17&#44;18&#44;21</span></a>&#46; Zamora et al&#46; informaron el uso de ciclofosfamida como un factor de mal pron&#243;stico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; no est&#225; claro si la ciclofosfamida contribuye directamente a esta observaci&#243;n o bien es un reflejo de la gravedad de la enfermedad&#59; adem&#225;s&#44; otros estudios no reflejaron este hallazgo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;14&#44;15</span></a>&#46; Hay que tener en cuenta que estos datos provienen de series publicadas con escaso n&#250;mero de pacientes&#44; quiz&#225;s por la exigua frecuencia de esta complicaci&#243;n&#46; De manera similar&#44; encontramos mayor frecuencia de mortalidad en los pacientes con infecciones&#44; di&#225;lisis y ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En un 30-57&#37; de los pacientes con HP asociada a LES se demostr&#243; infecci&#243;n &#40;en general&#44; bacteriana&#41; en el momento del ingreso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;18&#44;24</span></a>&#46; Debido a la dificultad para distinguir entre las manifestaciones de la infecci&#243;n y la actividad del LES&#44; principalmente con HP&#44; algunos autores proponen&#44; junto con el tratamiento inmunodepresor&#44; el uso emp&#237;rico de antibi&#243;ticos de amplio espectro tras la toma de cultivos y hasta obtener sus resultados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;18</span></a>&#46; En nuestros pacientes encontramos que un 36&#37; de los episodios de HP se asociaron con infecciones bacterianas&#46; Por otro lado&#44; la mayor&#237;a de las series comunican complicaciones infecciosas despu&#233;s del tratamiento inmunodepresor&#46; Cabe hacer notar la relativa alta frecuencia de infecciones f&#250;ngicas profundas &#40;sobre todo por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span>&#41;&#44; un proceso muy grave directamente asociado con una alta mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2&#44;5&#44;10&#44;13&#44;16&#44;18&#44;19&#44;22</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dada la precipitada condici&#243;n de los pacientes y la elevada mortalidad&#44; hay acuerdo general en iniciar un tratamiento temprano e intensivo combinando dosis altas de glucocorticoides en pulsos por v&#237;a intravenosa y ciclofosfamida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46; Algunas series mostraron un beneficio adicional con recambio plasm&#225;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;15&#44;21</span></a>&#46; Otras series&#44; sin embargo&#44; no mostraron mejor&#237;a en la supervivencia con el uso temprano de ciclofosfamida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> o la adici&#243;n de recambio plasm&#225;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;16&#44;17</span></a>&#46; Varios informes de casos comunicaron pacientes tratados con glucocorticoides y ciclofosfamida en pulsos asociados con rituximab&#44; con resoluci&#243;n del cuadro y sin reca&#237;das<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31&#8211;33</span></a>&#46; Posteriormente&#44; Pottier et al&#46; han comunicado el primer caso de HP en LES tratado exitosamente con rituximab sin ciclofosfamida&#44; en un paciente con intolerancia a la misma<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46; Si bien el tratamiento con rituximab en la HP asociada a LES no se puede recomendar con base en casos descritos&#44; estos datos podr&#237;an indicar beneficios potenciales de rituximab en aquellos casos recurrentes&#44; refractarios o con intolerancia a ciclofosfamida&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conjuntamente con el tratamiento espec&#237;fico&#44; las medidas de soporte hemodin&#225;mico&#44; correcci&#243;n de la hipoxemia y control de las infecciones de forma precoz contribuyen a mejorar la supervivencia en estos pacientes&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La HP contin&#250;a siendo una complicaci&#243;n rara y grave del LES&#46; La sospecha de su presencia nos obliga al r&#225;pido estudio del enfermo para realizar un diagn&#243;stico y tratamiento intensivo&#44; que han demostrado mejorar la supervivencia en este grupo de enfermos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Systemic lupus erythematosus"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Fundamento y objetivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La hemorragia pulmonar &#40;HP&#41; en el lupus eritematoso sist&#233;mico &#40;LES&#41; es una complicaci&#243;n rara pero potencialmente mortal&#44; que se presenta con mayor frecuencia en el contexto de un lupus activo con afectaci&#243;n de otros &#243;rganos&#46; El objetivo de este estudio es comunicar las caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas y el pron&#243;stico de pacientes con diagn&#243;stico de LES que presentaron HP&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Pacientes y m&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron pacientes con diagn&#243;stico de LES &#40;criterios del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American College of Rheumatology</span> de 1982&#41; y HP&#44; en seguimiento entre junio de 1999 y noviembre de 2011&#46; Se analizaron datos demogr&#225;ficos&#44; cl&#237;nicos&#44; de laboratorio&#44; tratamiento y pron&#243;stico relacionado con la HP&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Once pacientes con LES desarrollaron 14 episodios de HP&#46; La HP fue la primera manifestaci&#243;n del LES en 2 pacientes&#46; Los s&#237;ntomas y signos cl&#237;nicos m&#225;s frecuentes fueron disnea&#44; fiebre y tos&#44; que se presentaron en 12 &#40;85&#37;&#41;&#44; 11 &#40;77&#37;&#41; y 7 &#40;50&#37;&#41; pacientes&#44; respectivamente&#46; Tambi&#233;n se observ&#243; hemoptisis en 5 &#40;35&#37;&#41; episodios&#44; taquicardia en 2 &#40;14&#37;&#41;&#44; palidez en uno &#40;7&#37;&#41; y dolor tor&#225;cico en otro &#40;7&#37;&#41;&#46; Todos los pacientes presentaron otro compromiso org&#225;nico concomitante&#44; y todos fueron&#44; asimismo&#44; tratados con glucocorticoides&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; en 12 episodios se indic&#243; ciclofosfamida intravenosa&#44; y en 4&#44; recambio plasm&#225;tico&#46; La mortalidad general fue del 64&#37;&#46; Los factores que se asociaron a mayor mortalidad fueron infecci&#243;n&#44; ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica y di&#225;lisis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La HP contin&#250;a siendo una complicaci&#243;n rara y grave del LES&#46; La sospecha de su presencia nos obliga al r&#225;pido estudio del enfermo para realizar un diagn&#243;stico y tratamiento intensivo&#44; que han demostrado mejorar la supervivencia en estos pacientes&#46;</p></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Background and objective</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pulmonary hemorrhage &#40;PH&#41; in systemic lupus erythematosus &#40;SLE&#41; is a rare but potentially fatal complication that occurs most frequently in the context of active lupus with involvement of other organs&#46; The objective of this study is to report the clinical features and prognosis of patients with SLE who had PH&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients with SLE &#40;1982 American College of Rheumatology criteria&#41; and PH under monitoring between June 1999 and November 2011 were studied&#46; Demographic&#44; clinical&#44; laboratory&#44; treatment and prognosis data related to PH were analyzed&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Eleven patients with SLE developed 14 episodes of PH&#46; PH was the first manifestation of SLE in 2 patients&#46; The most frequent symptoms and clinical signs were dyspnea&#44; fever and cough&#44; which occurred in 12 &#40;85&#37;&#41;&#44; 11 &#40;77&#37;&#41; and 7 &#40;50&#37;&#41; patients&#44; respectively&#46; Hemoptysis was also observed in 5 &#40;35&#37;&#41; episodes&#44; tachycardia in 2 &#40;14&#37;&#41;&#44; pallor in one &#40;7&#37;&#41; and chest pain in one &#40;7&#37;&#41;&#46; All patients had other concomitant organ involvement&#44; and were treated with glucocorticoids&#46; In addition&#44; intravenous cyclophosphamide was indicated in 12 episodes and plasma exchange in 4&#46; Overall mortality was 64&#37;&#46; Factors associated with mortality were infection&#44; mechanical ventilation and dialysis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PH continues to be a rare and severe complication of SLE&#46; Its suspected presence forces us to quickly study these patients&#44; since early diagnosis and aggressive treatment have been shown to improve survival in them&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Background and objective"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:2 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">APACHE&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation</span> &#40;&#171;Escala de Evaluaci&#243;n Fisiol&#243;gica Aguda y de Salud&#187;&#41;&#59; AZA&#58; azatioprina&#59; BAL&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bronchoalveolar lavage</span> &#40;lavado broncoalveolar&#41;&#59; CFM&#58; ciclofosfamida&#59; CTC&#58; corticoides&#59; F&#58; femenino&#59; HCQ&#58; hidroxicloroquina&#59; HP&#58; hemorragia pulmonar&#59; LES&#58; lupus eritematoso sist&#233;mico&#59; M&#58; masculino&#59; MMF&#58; micofenolato de mofetilo&#59; ND&#58; no disponible&#59; SLEDAI&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index</span> &#40;&#171;&#205;ndice de Actividad del Lupus Eritematoso Sist&#233;mico&#187;&#41;&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Paciente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sexo&#47;edad &#40;a&#241;os&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Episodio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tiempo evoluci&#243;n de LES &#40;meses&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Presentaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Compromiso org&#225;nico previo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tratamiento previo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SLEDAI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">BAL &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">APACHE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">M&#47;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Primero&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Disnea&#44; fiebre&#44; taquicardia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Serositis&#44; mucocut&#225;neo&#44; vascular&#44; renal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HCQ&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">M&#47;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Segundo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Epistaxis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Serositis&#44; mucocut&#225;neo&#44; vascular&#44; renal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CTC&#44; HCQ&#44; CFM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">M&#47;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tercero&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fiebre&#44; tos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Serositis&#44; articular&#44; mucocut&#225;neo&#44; vascular&#44; renal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CTC&#44; HCQ&#44; CFM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">F&#47;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Primero&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Disnea&#44; fiebre&#44; tos&#44; hemoptisis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mucocut&#225;neo&#44; renal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CTC&#44; CFM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">F&#47;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Primero&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Disnea&#44; tos&#44; hemoptisis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">F&#47;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Primero&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Disnea&#44; fiebre&#44; tos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Renal concomitante&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">F&#47;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Primero&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Disnea&#44; fiebre&#44; tos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Renal&#44; hematol&#243;gico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CTC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">F&#47;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Primero&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Disnea&#44; fiebre&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Serositis&#44; articular&#44; mucocut&#225;neo&#44; hematol&#243;gico&#44; renal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CTC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">F&#47;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Primero&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Disnea&#44; fiebre&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Serositis&#44; articular&#44; mucocut&#225;neo&#44; renal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CTC&#44; HCQ&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">F&#47;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Primero&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">227&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Disnea&#44; fiebre&#44; hemoptisis&#44; palidez&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Serositis&#44; renal&#44; mucocut&#225;neo&#44; articular&#44; hematol&#243;gico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">AZA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">F&#47;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Primero&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Disnea&#44; fiebre&#44; dolor tor&#225;cico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Serositis&#44; articular&#44; mucocut&#225;neo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CTC&#44; HCQ&#44; MMF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">F&#47;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Segundo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Disnea&#44; tos&#44; hemoptisis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Serositis&#44; articular&#44; mucocut&#225;neo&#44; renal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CTC&#44; HCQ&#44; CFM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">F&#47;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Primero&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">141&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Disnea&#44; fiebre&#44; tos&#44; taquicardia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Serositis&#44; mucocut&#225;neo&#44; renal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CTC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">F&#47;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Primero&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Disnea&#44; fiebre&#44; hemoptisis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Serositis&#44; mucocut&#225;neo&#44; hematol&#243;gico&#44; renal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Paciente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Infecci&#243;n</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Di&#225;lisis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tratamiento</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Muerte&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Causa de muerte&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Inicio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Nosocomial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Germen&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Glucocorticoides&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CFM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Recambio plasm&#225;tico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neumococo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g IV<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 y 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg VO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pseudomonas</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g IV<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 y 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg VO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">SASM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g IV<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 y 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg VO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sepsis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">SARM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg VO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g IV<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 y 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg VO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g IV<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 y 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg VO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neumococo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g IV<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 y 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg VO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sepsis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g IV<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 y 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg VO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg VO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g IV<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 y 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg VO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g IV<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 y 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg VO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neumococo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g IV<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 y 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg VO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g IV<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 y 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg VO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acinetobacter</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g IV<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 y 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg VO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Complicaciones&#44; tratamiento y desenlace de los 11 pacientes</p>"
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      "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
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        0 => array:2 [
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            0 => array:3 [
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              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "G&#46; Mintz"
                            1 => "L&#46;F&#46; Galindo"
                            2 => "J&#46; Fern&#225;ndez-Diez"
                            3 => "F&#46;J&#46; Jim&#233;nez"
                            4 => "E&#46; Robles-Saavedra"
                            5 => "R&#46;D&#46; Enr&#237;quez-Casillas"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Rheumatol&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1978"
                        "volumen" => "5"
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                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
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                            "web" => "Medline"
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            1 => array:3 [
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                0 => array:2 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46;W&#46; Eagen"
                            1 => "V&#46;A&#46; Memoli"
                            2 => "J&#46;L&#46; Roberts"
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                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Medicine &#40;Baltimore&#41;&#46;"
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            2 => array:3 [
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pulmonary hemorrhage in systemic lupus erythematosus"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "C&#46;T&#46; Marino"
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                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
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                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Intern Med&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1981"
                        "volumen" => "141"
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                          0 => array:2 [
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              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Fatal pulmonary hemorrhage in systemic lupus erythematosus&#58; Occurrence without hemoptysis"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Abud-Mendoza"
                            1 => "E&#46; Diaz-Jouanen"
                            2 => "D&#46; Alarc&#243;n-Segovia"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Rheumatol"
                        "fecha" => "1985"
                        "volumen" => "12"
                        "paginaInicial" => "558"
                        "paginaFinal" => "561"
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                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4045853"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Pulmonary hemorrhage in systemic lupus erythematosus"
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "L&#46;A&#46; Barile"
                            1 => "L&#46;J&#46; Jara"
                            2 => "J&#46;F&#46; Medina-Rodr&#237;guez"
                            3 => "J&#46;L&#46; Garc&#237;a-Figueroa"
                            4 => "J&#46;M&#46; Miranda-Lim&#243;n"
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                    ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lupus"
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                        "volumen" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "445"
                        "paginaFinal" => "448"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9229363"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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            5 => array:3 [
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "On the visceral manifestations of erythema group of skin disease"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "W&#46; Osler"
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                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Med Sci"
                        "fecha" => "1904"
                        "volumen" => "127"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "23"
                      ]
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              "identificador" => "bib0035"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pulmonary lesions in disseminated lupus erythematosus"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "D&#46;C&#46; Purnell"
                            1 => "A&#46;H&#46; Baggenstoss"
                            2 => "A&#46;M&#46; Olsen"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Intern Med"
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                        "volumen" => "42"
                        "paginaInicial" => "619"
                        "paginaFinal" => "628"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14350481"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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              "identificador" => "bib0040"
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage in systemic lupus erythematosus"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "E&#46;P&#46; Schwab"
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                            2 => "B&#46; Freundlich"
                            3 => "P&#46;E&#46; Callegari"
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ISSN: 00257753
Idioma original: Español
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