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Recaída en el sistema nervioso central en el linfoma B difuso de célula grande: factores de riesgo
Central nervous system relapse in diffuse large B cell lymphoma: Risk factors
Juan-Manuel Sancho
Autor para correspondencia
jsancho@iconcologia.net

Autor para correspondencia.
, Josep-Maria Ribera, en representación del Grupo de Trabajo sobre Diagnóstico, Prevención y Tratamiento de la Infiltración del SNC en pacientes con LBDCG
Servicio de Hematología Clínica, Institut Català d’Oncologia-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut de Recerca contra la Leucemia Josep Carreras, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, España
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aunque casi la mitad pueden tener afecci&#243;n extraganglionar&#46; En la biopsia ganglionar se observa una infiltraci&#243;n difusa de c&#233;lulas de tama&#241;o grande&#44; que tienen un origen celular de fenotipo B&#44; y que de forma caracter&#237;stica expresan en su membrana el ant&#237;geno CD20&#46; Mediante t&#233;cnicas de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">microarrays</span> &#40;micromatrices&#41; se han podido identificar 2 perfiles bien diferenciados de expresi&#243;n g&#233;nica&#58; LBDCG de perfil centrogerminal y LBDCG de perfil de c&#233;lula B activada&#44; con un comportamiento cl&#237;nico y pron&#243;stico diferentes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El pron&#243;stico depende de factores derivados del paciente&#44; del linfoma y su extensi&#243;n&#44; y del tratamiento&#46; El &#237;ndice pron&#243;stico internacional &#40;IPI&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> considera 5 factores con influencia pron&#243;stica desfavorable&#58; edad &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60 a&#241;os frente a<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60 a&#241;os&#41;&#44; estado general del paciente &#40;mediante la escala del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group</span>&#44; 2-4 frente a 0-1&#41;&#44; estadio de Ann Arbor &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iii</span>-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iv</span> frente a <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span>-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span>&#41;&#44; n&#250;mero de localizaciones extraganglionares &#40;&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 frente a<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41; y valor de lactato deshidrogenasa &#40;LDH&#41; s&#233;rica&#46; As&#237;&#44; se consideran de buen pron&#243;stico los pacientes con un valor de IPI de 0 a 2&#44; mientras que el pron&#243;stico empeora en los pacientes con IPI de 3 a 5 puntos&#46; Existe un IPI simplificado&#44; el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">age-adjusted</span> IPI &#40;aaIPI&#44; &#171;IPI ajustado a la edad&#187;&#41;&#44; en el que &#250;nicamente se asigna un punto al mal estado general&#44; valores de LDH s&#233;rica elevados y estadio de Ann Arbor avanzado&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El tratamiento est&#225;ndar en los pacientes con LBDCG se basa en la pauta de inmunoquimioterapia R-CHOP o similar a R-CHOP&#44; en la que se combina el anticuerpo monoclonal anti-CD20 rituximab con la cl&#225;sica pauta CHOP &#40;que incluye ciclofosfamida&#44; doxorrubicina&#44; vincristina y prednisona&#41;&#44; administrada cada 21 d&#237;as hasta un total de 6-8 ciclos&#46; Con este tratamiento se consiguen tasas de respuesta completa superiores al 75&#37;&#44; y de supervivencia libre de episodios a largo plazo de en torno al 63-74&#37;&#44; en funci&#243;n del pron&#243;stico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Reca&#237;da en sistema nervioso central en linfoma B difuso de c&#233;lula grande</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La reca&#237;da neuromen&#237;ngea en pacientes con linfoma es una complicaci&#243;n que ocurre en aproximadamente un 5&#37; de los pacientes &#40;con gran variabilidad seg&#250;n el subtipo de linfoma&#41;&#44; generalmente en el transcurso de enfermedad progresiva&#46; Los LNH pueden invadir el sistema nervioso central &#40;SNC&#41; como infiltraci&#243;n men&#237;ngea o intraparenquimatosa&#46; La localizaci&#243;n&#44; aunque heterog&#233;nea&#44; tiende a situarse de manera preferente en la base del cr&#225;neo y alrededor del cord&#243;n medular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#44; y entre los mecanismos de infiltraci&#243;n neuromen&#237;ngea se han citado la extensi&#243;n hemat&#243;gena&#44; la extensi&#243;n directa desde localizaciones tumorales contiguas y la migraci&#243;n centr&#237;peta siguiendo los espacios perineurales o perivasculares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; El pron&#243;stico tras la infiltraci&#243;n en el SNC es p&#233;simo&#44; y los pacientes que la padecen tienen un deterioro en su calidad de vida tanto por la propia infiltraci&#243;n como por la toxicidad derivada de los tratamientos dirigidos contra el SNC &#40;radioterapia&#44; quimioterapia intratecal &#91;IT&#93; y quimioterapia sist&#233;mica a dosis elevadas&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los factores de riesgo de la reca&#237;da neuromen&#237;ngea en pacientes con linfoma han sido identificados a trav&#233;s del an&#225;lisis de grandes series&#46; El subtipo histol&#243;gico es el principal factor de riesgo&#44; de modo que los subtipos histol&#243;gicos de alto grado de malignidad&#44; como el linfoma linfobl&#225;stico o el de Burkitt&#44; deben recibir sistem&#225;ticamente profilaxis de la infiltraci&#243;n neuromen&#237;ngea debido a su bien conocida propensi&#243;n a infiltrar el SNC&#46; En el extremo opuesto se sit&#250;an los linfomas de bajo grado de malignidad&#44; cuyo riesgo de infiltraci&#243;n es bajo y para los que no se recomienda profilaxis del SNC&#46; El grupo que genera m&#225;s controversia en lo que a la profilaxis neuromen&#237;ngea se refiere est&#225; constituido por otros linfomas agresivos&#44; especialmente el LBDCG&#44; con tasas de reca&#237;da en el SNC de en torno al 5&#37;&#44; en los que no hay consenso sobre cu&#225;ndo debe administrarse dicha profilaxis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dado el mal pron&#243;stico de las reca&#237;das en el SNC&#44; con una supervivencia inferior a 6 meses<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;11</span></a>&#44; resulta esencial la identificaci&#243;n de los pacientes con riesgo de reca&#237;da cara a decidir cu&#225;ndo y c&#243;mo administrar profilaxis&#44; especialmente en aquellos con LBDCG&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la b&#250;squeda de factores de riesgo conlleva dificultades&#44; tales como la naturaleza retrospectiva de la mayor&#237;a de los estudios&#44; la inclusi&#243;n de otros linfomas agresivos distintos del LBDCG&#44; el hecho de que la reca&#237;da en el SNC no es un acontecimiento frecuente en el LBDCG&#44; y la heterogeneidad del tipo y los criterios de profilaxis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#44; que no permiten la comparaci&#243;n entre los distintos estudios&#46; A ello se a&#241;ade el impacto de las nuevas t&#233;cnicas diagn&#243;sticas&#44; como la citofluorometr&#237;a multiparam&#233;trica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; o los nuevos tratamientos desarrollados en la pasada d&#233;cada&#44; especialmente rituximab&#44; cuya influencia en las reca&#237;das neuromen&#237;ngeas no est&#225; a&#250;n clara&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respecto a la influencia de la incorporaci&#243;n de rituximab al tratamiento est&#225;ndar del LBDCG&#44; varios estudios han demostrado una disminuci&#243;n en la frecuencia de reca&#237;da en el SNC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11&#44;13&#8211;16</span></a> respecto a la era previa a rituximab&#44; lo que evidencia que el mejor control sist&#233;mico del linfoma podr&#237;a proteger contra la infiltraci&#243;n en el SNC&#46; Se ha observado&#44; asimismo&#44; un cambio en el patr&#243;n de las reca&#237;das neuromen&#237;ngeas&#44; con predominio de las parenquimatosas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11&#44;13&#44;14&#44;17&#8211;19</span></a>&#44; las aisladas en el SNC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;19&#44;20</span></a>&#44; o las m&#225;s tard&#237;as&#46; No obstante&#44; esta tendencia a una menor frecuencia de reca&#237;das en el SNC no ha sido corroborada por otros autores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;18&#44;20&#8211;23</span></a>&#46; En cualquier caso&#44; un reciente metaan&#225;lisis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> observ&#243; una disminuci&#243;n significativa en la incidencia de reca&#237;da neuromen&#237;ngea en los pacientes que recibieron rituximab &#40;4&#44;7 comparado con 5&#44;7&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">odds ratio</span> 0&#44;7&#44; intervalo de confianza del 95&#37; 0&#44;54-0&#44;91&#41;&#44; y en este mismo sentido se pronuncian las recientes gu&#237;as brit&#225;nicas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">tablas 1 y 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Factores de riesgo de reca&#237;da en el sistema nervioso central en la era previa a rituximab y de rituximab</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la era previa a la introducci&#243;n de rituximab&#44; varios estudios retrospectivos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#8211;29</span></a> describieron una mayor frecuencia de reca&#237;das en el SNC en pacientes con valores elevados de LDH s&#233;rica y&#47;o presencia de m&#225;s de una localizaci&#243;n extraganglionar afectada por el linfoma&#46; En el trabajo de Van Besien et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#44; con m&#225;s de 600 pacientes con linfoma B&#44; se observ&#243; reca&#237;da neuromen&#237;ngea en 24 &#40;4&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#44; aunque solo 11 ten&#237;an un valor de LDH s&#233;rica elevado y m&#225;s de una localizaci&#243;n extraganglionar&#46; Estos mismos factores se describieron en un amplio estudio franc&#233;s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#44; aunque tras introducir el IPI en el an&#225;lisis multivariante&#44; solo este se asoci&#243; a mayor riesgo de reca&#237;da en el SNC&#46; El IPI tambi&#233;n fue un factor de riesgo de reca&#237;da neuromen&#237;ngea en un estudio del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Southwest Oncology Group</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#44; junto con m&#225;s de una localizaci&#243;n extraganglionar&#44; mientras que en otro amplio estudio n&#243;rdico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> se muestra un modelo de riesgo de reca&#237;da en el SNC basado en 5 factores independientes&#44; que incluyen&#44; entre otros&#44; un valor de LDH s&#233;rica elevado y la infiltraci&#243;n de m&#225;s de una localizaci&#243;n extraganglionar &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ya en la era de la inmunoquimioterapia&#44; un estudio franc&#233;s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> realizado en pacientes de edad superior a 60 a&#241;os con LBDCG aleatorizados a R-CHOP o CHOP encontr&#243; que el &#250;nico factor de riesgo de reca&#237;da en el SNC fue un aaIPI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44; que estaba presente en todos los pacientes que recayeron en el SNC&#44; aunque tambi&#233;n en m&#225;s del 60&#37; del total de los pacientes del estudio&#46; Tras excluir el aaIPI del an&#225;lisis&#44; un valor de LDH s&#233;rica incrementado y un mal estado general &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">performance status</span> &#91;PS&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#41; fueron factores predictivos independientes de reca&#237;da en el SNC&#46; En otro estudio similar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#44; tambi&#233;n en pacientes mayores de 60 a&#241;os con LBDCG&#44; se aleatoriz&#243; a quimioterapia con R-CHOP o CHOP administrada cada 14 d&#237;as&#44; con profilaxis de SNC con quimioterapia IT en pacientes de alto riesgo&#46; Cuando se analizaron solo los pacientes tratados con R-CHOP&#44; los factores de riesgo independientes asociados con reca&#237;da en el SNC fueron&#58; m&#225;s de una localizaci&#243;n extraganglionar&#44; LDH s&#233;rica elevada y un PS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46; Esta combinaci&#243;n de factores de riesgo estaba presente en el 4&#44;8&#37; de los pacientes&#44; en los que la probabilidad de reca&#237;da fue de un 33&#44;5&#37; comparada con solo un 2&#44;8&#37; en el resto de los pacientes que recibieron R-CHOP&#46; Asimismo&#44; en una revisi&#243;n de 2&#46;196 pacientes con linfoma B agresivo tratados con ensayos cl&#237;nicos del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">German High-Grade Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> se observ&#243; que la LDH s&#233;rica elevada y la afecci&#243;n de m&#225;s de una localizaci&#243;n extraganglionar se asociaron con reca&#237;da en el SNC &#40;an&#225;lisis multivariante&#41;&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la combinaci&#243;n de estos factores de riesgo fracas&#243; en predecir la reca&#237;da neuromen&#237;ngea en m&#225;s del 70&#37; de los casos&#46; Un valor de LDH s&#233;rica elevado ha sido descrito tambi&#233;n como factor de riesgo de reca&#237;da neuromen&#237;ngea en otros estudios de la era posrituximab<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;21</span></a>&#44; as&#237; como la infiltraci&#243;n de m&#225;s de una localizaci&#243;n extraganglionar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> y un IPI intermedio-alto o alto<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;19&#44;21</span></a>&#46; En un metaan&#225;lisis reciente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#44; tanto la LDH s&#233;rica elevada como la presencia de m&#225;s de una localizaci&#243;n extraganglionar fueron factores de riesgo independientes de reca&#237;da neuromen&#237;ngea &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a>&#41;&#46; Estos resultados han llevado a que en una reciente revisi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> se recomiende considerar como pacientes de alto riesgo de reca&#237;da en el SNC a aquellos con LDH s&#233;rica elevada y m&#225;s de una localizaci&#243;n extraganglionar&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Afecci&#243;n extraganglionar como factor de riesgo de reca&#237;da en el sistema nervioso central</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respecto a la infiltraci&#243;n testicular&#44; ya sea como localizaci&#243;n primaria del linfoma o como extensi&#243;n de un linfoma ganglionar diseminado&#44; la evidencia de un mayor riesgo de reca&#237;da en el SNC es clara tanto en estudios de la era pre como posrituximab<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;17&#44;22&#44;33&#8211;36</span></a>&#46; En el que es probablemente el estudio con mayor n&#250;mero de pacientes &#40;373 linfomas primarios de test&#237;culo&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#44; la frecuencia de reca&#237;da neuromen&#237;ngea fue del 15&#37; &#40;solo el 18&#37; de los pacientes recibieron profilaxis IT&#41;&#44; similar a la de otro estudio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#46; Tambi&#233;n la infiltraci&#243;n de mama supone un riesgo incrementado de reca&#237;das en el SNC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;30&#44;37&#8211;39</span></a>&#46; Un estudio retrospectivo de varios centros de EE&#46; UU&#46; con 76 pacientes con linfoma primario de mama<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> revel&#243; un 16&#37; de reca&#237;das neuromen&#237;ngeas &#40;la profilaxis del SNC solo se administr&#243; a un 9&#37; del total&#41;&#44; resultado id&#233;ntico al de otro estudio coreano<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> &#40;16&#37; de reca&#237;das neuromen&#237;ngeas comparadas con 0 en un grupo control de linfomas ganglionares en estadio <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span>-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span>&#41; y similar a otro franc&#233;s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recientemente&#44; algunos estudios han relacionado la infiltraci&#243;n renal por linfoma con un mayor riesgo de reca&#237;da neuromen&#237;ngea&#46; En un gran estudio retrospectivo canadiense<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> de 2&#46;656 pacientes diagnosticados de LBDCG&#44; 52 &#40;2&#37;&#41; ten&#237;an infiltraci&#243;n renal por el linfoma&#44; y 20 &#40;36&#37;&#41; de estos&#44; infiltraci&#243;n en el SNC &#40;16 como reca&#237;da&#41;&#46; En la misma l&#237;nea&#44; Tai et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> observaron que la infiltraci&#243;n renal por linfoma fue el factor de riesgo m&#225;s potente de reca&#237;da en el SNC&#44; superior incluso a la infiltraci&#243;n de mama o la testicular&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La evidencia en relaci&#243;n con otras localizaciones es menos clara&#46; No parece que la infiltraci&#243;n de m&#233;dula &#243;sea se asocie a una mayor reca&#237;da neuromen&#237;ngea&#46; A pesar de los resultados de alg&#250;n estudio de la era previa a rituximab<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#44; un trabajo m&#225;s reciente que investig&#243; espec&#237;ficamente la infiltraci&#243;n de m&#233;dula &#243;sea en LBDCG encontr&#243; que esta solo se asoci&#243; a mayor riesgo de reca&#237;da en el SNC si se acompa&#241;aba de LDH elevada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; en un reciente metaan&#225;lisis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#44; tanto la infiltraci&#243;n de m&#233;dula &#243;sea como la testicular constituyeron factores independientes de riesgo de reca&#237;da neuromen&#237;ngea&#46; Otra localizaci&#243;n extraganglionar que se ha asociado a un mayor riesgo de reca&#237;da en el SNC es el espacio epidural&#44; aunque la evidencia procede de estudios antiguos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; En un amplio estudio retrospectivo japon&#233;s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#44; la infiltraci&#243;n &#243;sea o la de gl&#225;ndula suprarrenal constituyeron&#44; adem&#225;s de la afecci&#243;n de mama&#44; factores de riesgo independientes de reca&#237;da en el SNC&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Uno de los factores que tradicionalmente ha guiado la administraci&#243;n de profilaxis de las reca&#237;das en el SNC es la afecci&#243;n extraganglionar craneofacial &#40;&#243;rbita&#44; senos paranasales y cavidad oral&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; un reciente estudio del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">German High-Grade Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a> no encontr&#243; diferencias en la incidencia acumulada de enfermedad en el SNC entre pacientes con y sin afecci&#243;n craneofacial &#40;1&#44;6 frente a 3&#44;4&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;682&#41; en pacientes tratados con rituximab&#44; mientras que en la era previa a rituximab la infiltraci&#243;n neuromen&#237;ngea fue m&#225;s frecuente &#40;4&#44;2 frente a 2&#44;8&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;038&#41;&#46; Tampoco se observaron diferencias en la frecuencia de infiltraci&#243;n en el SNC en funci&#243;n de la profilaxis IT con metotrexato &#40;4&#44;2&#37; en los que recibieron profilaxis frente a 2&#44;3&#37; en los que no la recibieron&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;981&#41;&#46; Esto llev&#243; a los autores a plantear que rituximab elimina el riesgo de reca&#237;da neuromen&#237;ngea en pacientes con infiltraci&#243;n extraganglionar craneofacial&#44; hallazgo similar al de otro reciente estudio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Otros factores de riesgo de reca&#237;da en el sistema nervioso central</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Existe controversia en cuanto a considerar la enfermedad voluminosa como factor de riesgo de reca&#237;da neuromen&#237;ngea<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;23</span></a>&#46; Respecto a la biolog&#237;a del linfoma&#44; no hay evidencia que demuestre la posible influencia del origen de la c&#233;lula B &#40;centrogerminal o c&#233;lula B activada&#41; sobre la infiltraci&#243;n en el SNC&#44; pero&#44; en cambio&#44; varios estudios han descrito un elevado porcentaje de infiltraci&#243;n en el SNC en pacientes con LBDCG y reordenamiento del gen <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">MYC</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44&#8211;46</span></a>&#46; Basada en estos resultados&#44; una reciente revisi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> recomienda considerar como de alto riesgo de reca&#237;da neuromen&#237;ngea a los pacientes con LBDCG y reordenamientos del gen <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">MYC</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La infiltraci&#243;n en el SNC en pacientes con LBDCG es una complicaci&#243;n relativamente poco frecuente que se asocia a mal pron&#243;stico&#46; El conocimiento de los factores de riesgo de dicha infiltraci&#243;n es fundamental para determinar qu&#233; pacientes podr&#237;an beneficiarse de recibir una profilaxis y&#44; a la vez&#44; excluir de recibirla a aquellos que apenas tienen riesgo de reca&#237;da neuromen&#237;ngea&#46; La informaci&#243;n disponible en la bibliograf&#237;a procede en su mayor&#237;a de estudios retrospectivos y heterog&#233;neos en cuanto a la poblaci&#243;n de pacientes incluida&#44; el tratamiento sist&#233;mico y los criterios para administrar profilaxis de la reca&#237;da en el SNC&#46; La evidencia parece apoyar la hip&#243;tesis de que tras la introducci&#243;n de la inmunoquimioterapia basada en rituximab se ha observado una tendencia a una menor frecuencia de reca&#237;das en el SNC&#46; La coexistencia de valores de LDH s&#233;rica elevados junto con m&#225;s de una localizaci&#243;n extraganglionar parecen constituir factores de riesgo asociados a una mayor frecuencia de reca&#237;da neuromen&#237;ngea en estudios tanto de la era pre como de la posrituximab&#44; aunque administrar profilaxis solo en presencia de ambos factores no parece suficiente para prevenir todas las reca&#237;das&#46; Los pacientes con infiltraci&#243;n testicular o de mama tienen un elevado riesgo de reca&#237;da&#44; por lo que la administraci&#243;n de profilaxis en estos casos es obligatoria&#46; Asimismo&#44; deber&#237;a considerarse la profilaxis en casos de LBDCG e infiltraci&#243;n renal o epidural&#44; o en aquellos que presenten reordenamientos del gen <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">MYC</span>&#44; aunque posiblemente hagan falta m&#225;s estudios que investiguen estos aspectos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este trabajo ha sido financiado en parte con una ayuda no restringida de Mundipharma Espa&#241;a y la beca RD12-0036-029 de RTIOCC&#44; Instituto Carlos III&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener conflictos de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Reca&#237;da en sistema nervioso central en linfoma B difuso de c&#233;lula grande"
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0015"
          "titulo" => "Factores de riesgo de reca&#237;da en el sistema nervioso central en la era previa a rituximab y de rituximab"
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0020"
          "titulo" => "Afecci&#243;n extraganglionar como factor de riesgo de reca&#237;da en el sistema nervioso central"
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0025"
          "titulo" => "Otros factores de riesgo de reca&#237;da en el sistema nervioso central"
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0030"
          "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
        ]
        10 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0035"
          "titulo" => "Financiaci&#243;n"
        ]
        11 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0040"
          "titulo" => "Conflicto de intereses"
        ]
        12 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2014-11-04"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2014-12-11"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec610842"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Sistema nervioso central"
            1 => "Linfoma B difuso de c&#233;lula grande"
            2 => "Reca&#237;da"
            3 => "Profilaxis"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec610841"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Central nervous system"
            1 => "Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma"
            2 => "Relapse"
            3 => "Prophylaxis"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La infiltraci&#243;n del sistema nervioso central &#40;SNC&#41; en pacientes con linfoma es una complicaci&#243;n que se asocia&#44; casi invariablemente&#44; a un pron&#243;stico mortal&#46; El conocimiento de los factores de riesgo de dicha infiltraci&#243;n es fundamental para determinar qu&#233; pacientes podr&#237;an beneficiarse de recibir una profilaxis&#46; Mientras que los pacientes con linfoma muy agresivo &#40;como linfoma linfobl&#225;stico y linfoma de Burkitt&#41; deben recibir sistem&#225;ticamente profilaxis del SNC por su elevado riesgo de reca&#237;da neuromen&#237;ngea &#40;25-30&#37;&#41;&#44; los pacientes con linfoma indolente &#40;folicular o marginal&#44; por ejemplo&#41; no la reciben pr&#225;cticamente nunca debido a su bajo riesgo de reca&#237;da en el SNC&#46; Sin embargo&#44; existe controversia sobre cu&#225;ndo debe administrarse en pacientes con linfoma B difuso de c&#233;lula grande &#40;LBDCG&#41;&#44; el subtipo m&#225;s frecuente de linfoma&#46; La informaci&#243;n disponible en la bibliograf&#237;a procede en su mayor&#237;a de estudios retrospectivos y heterog&#233;neos&#46; La evidencia parece apoyar la hip&#243;tesis de que la inmunoquimioterapia basada en rituximab reduce las reca&#237;das en el SNC&#46; La coexistencia de valores de lactato deshidrogenasa s&#233;rica elevados junto con m&#225;s de una localizaci&#243;n extraganglionar son factores de riesgo asociados con una mayor frecuencia de reca&#237;da neuromen&#237;ngea&#44; aunque una estrategia basada solo en administrar profilaxis en presencia de ambos factores no previene todas las reca&#237;das&#46; Los pacientes con infiltraci&#243;n testicular y de mama tienen un elevado riesgo de reca&#237;da en el SNC y deben recibir profilaxis&#46; Podr&#237;a considerarse&#44; asimismo&#44; la profilaxis de la reca&#237;da neuromen&#237;ngea en casos de LBDCG con infiltraci&#243;n renal o del espacio epidural&#44; o en aquellos que presenten reordenamientos del gen <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">MYC</span>&#44; aunque hacen falta m&#225;s estudios que investiguen estos aspectos&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Central nervous system &#40;CNS&#41; involvement by lymphoma is a complication associated&#44; almost invariably&#44; with a poor prognosis&#46; The knowledge of the risk factors for CNS relapse is important to determine which patients could benefit from prophylaxis&#46; Thus&#44; patients with very aggressive lymphomas &#40;such as lymphoblastic lymphoma or Burkitt&#39;s lymphoma&#41; must systematically receive CNS prophylaxis due to a high CNS relapse rate &#40;25-30&#37;&#41;&#44; while in patients with indolent lymphoma &#40;such as follicular lymphoma or marginal lymphoma&#41; prophylaxis is unnecessary&#46; However&#44; the question about CNS prophylaxis in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma &#40;DLBCL&#41;&#44; the most common type of lymphoma&#44; remains controversial&#46; The information available is extensive&#44; mainly based on retrospective and heterogeneous studies&#46; There seems that immunochemotherapy based on rituximab reduces the CNS relapse rate&#46; On the other hand&#44; patients with increased serum lactate dehydrogenase plus more than one extranodal involvement seem to have a higher risk of CNS relapse&#44; but a prophylaxis strategy based only on the presence of these 2 factors does not prevent all CNS relapses&#46; Patients with involvement of testes or breast have high risk of CNS relapse and prophylaxis is mandatory&#46; Finally&#44; CNS prophylaxis could be considered in patients with DLBCL and renal or epidural space involvement&#44; as well as in those cases with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">MYC</span> rearrangements&#44; although additional studies are necessary&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:3 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9674;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0030">Los nombres de los componentes del Grupo de Trabajo sobre Diagn&#243;stico&#44; Prevenci&#243;n y Tratamiento de la Infiltraci&#243;n del SNC en pacientes con LBDCG est&#225;n relacionados en el <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0045">Anexo</a>&#46;</p>"
        "identificador" => "fn1"
      ]
    ]
    "apendice" => array:1 [
      0 => array:1 [
        "seccion" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "apendice" => "<p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Grupo de Trabajo sobre Diagn&#243;stico&#44; Prevenci&#243;n y Tratamiento de la Infiltraci&#243;n del SNC en pacientes con LBDCG&#58; Francisco-Javier Pe&#241;alver&#44; Juan-Manuel Sancho&#44; Alberto Orfao&#44; Adolfo de la Fuente&#44; Maite Olave&#44; Alejandro Mart&#237;n Garc&#237;a-Sancho&#44; Carlos Panizo&#44; Elena P&#233;rez-Ceballos&#44; Antonio Salar&#46;</p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Anexo"
            "identificador" => "sec0045"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:4 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">aaIPI&#58; &#237;ndice pron&#243;stico internacional ajustado a la edad&#59; CHOEP&#58; ciclofosfamida&#44; adriamicina&#44; vincristina&#44; etop&#243;sido y prednisona&#59; CHOP&#58; ciclofosfamida&#44; adriamicina&#44; vincristina y prednisona&#59; IPI&#58; &#237;ndice pron&#243;stico internacional&#59; IT&#58; intratecal&#59; LBDCG&#58; linfoma B difuso de c&#233;lula grande&#59; MO&#58; m&#233;dula &#243;sea&#59; R&#58; rituximab&#59; SNC&#58; sistema nervioso central&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
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              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Autores y referencia &#40;a&#241;o&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N&#250;mero de pacientes y tipo de linfoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Incidencia de reca&#237;da en SNC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tipo de reca&#237;da en SNC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Uso y tipo de profilaxis del SNC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Criterios para realizar profilaxis del SNC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Boehme et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> &#40;2009&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;217 linfomas de c&#233;lulas B &#40;944 LBDCG&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">58 reca&#237;das en SNC&#58; 6&#44;9&#37; &#40;CHOP&#41; y 4&#44;1&#37; &#40;R-CHOP&#41; &#40;incidencia acumulada a 2 a&#241;os&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Parenquimatosa o intraespinal en 38&#47;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Metotrexato IT los d&#237;as 1 y 5 en los 2 primeros ciclos de quimioterapia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Infiltraci&#243;n de MO&#44; test&#237;culo&#44; cabeza o cuello &#40;senos paranasales&#44; &#243;rbita&#44; cavidad oral&#44; lengua y gl&#225;ndulas salivales&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Shimazu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> &#40;2009&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">403 LBDCG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">42 reca&#237;das en SNC&#58; 13&#44;3&#37; &#40;CHOP&#41; y 8&#44;4&#37; &#40;R-CHOP&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Parenquimatosa en 32&#47;42&#44; men&#237;ngea en 10&#47;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Metotrexato IT &#40;solo en 18 pacientes&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Infiltraci&#243;n de senos paranasales&#44; test&#237;culo o v&#233;rtebras&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Villa et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> &#40;2010&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">435 LBDCG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31 reca&#237;das en SNC&#58; 9&#44;7&#37; &#40;CHOP&#41; y 6&#44;4&#37; &#40;R-CHOP&#41;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;085 &#40;probabilidad de reca&#237;da en SNC a 3 a&#241;os&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Parenquimatosa &#40;65&#37; en R-CHOP frente a 25&#37; en CHOP&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Metotrexato IT alterno con citarabina IT &#40;6 dosis&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antes de 2002 si infiltraci&#243;n de MO o sangre perif&#233;rica&#44; espacio epidural&#44; test&#237;culo o senos paranasales&#46; Despu&#233;s de 2002 si infiltraci&#243;n de senos paranasales&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mitrovic et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> &#40;2012&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;197 LBDCG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">38 reca&#237;das en SNC&#58; 3&#44;7&#37; &#40;similar a CHOP&#41; y 2&#44;1&#37; &#40;similar a R-CHOP&#41;&#46; Incidencia acumulada de reca&#237;da en SNC a 5 a&#241;os 3&#44;6 frente a 2&#44;2&#37; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;049&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Parenquimatosa en la rama de R-CHOP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Schmitz et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> &#40;2012&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;210 linfomas agresivos de c&#233;lulas B &#40;1&#46;809 LBDCG&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">56 reca&#237;das en SNC&#58; 1-13&#44;2&#37; &#40;quimioterapia sin R&#41; y 0-9&#44;7&#37; &#40;R-quimioterapia&#41;&#46; aaIPI 0-1&#58; 1-2&#44;6&#37; &#40;quimioterapia&#41; frente a 0-0&#44;5&#37; &#40;R-quimioterapia&#41;&#46; aaIPI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#58; 4&#44;6-13&#44;2&#37; &#40;quimioterapia&#41; frente a 4&#44;2-9&#44;7&#37; &#40;R-quimioterapia&#41; &#40;CHOP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>etop&#243;sido&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Metotrexato IT los d&#237;as 1 y 15 de los 2 primeros ciclos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">En los estudios <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">High</span>-CHOEP y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mega</span>-CHOEP&#58; a pacientes con infiltraci&#243;n de cabeza y cuello &#40;incluyendo senos paranasales&#44; &#243;rbita&#44; cavidad oral&#44; lengua y gl&#225;ndulas salivales&#41;&#44; MO o test&#237;culo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tomita et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> &#40;2012&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;221 LBDCG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">82 episodios en SNC&#58; 6&#44;7&#37; &#40;R-CHOP&#41; &#40;probabilidad acumulada a 5 a&#241;os 8&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Zhang et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> &#40;2014&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;911 LBDCG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#44;7&#37; &#40;quimioterapia&#41; y 4&#44;7&#37; &#40;R-quimioterapia&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudios que demuestran la disminuci&#243;n de reca&#237;das en el sistema nervioso central en linfoma B difuso de c&#233;lula grande tras la introducci&#243;n de rituximab</p>"
        ]
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CHOP&#58; ciclofosfamida&#44; adriamicina&#44; vincristina y prednisona&#59; IT&#58; intratecal&#59; LBDCG&#58; linfoma B difuso de c&#233;lula grande&#59; MO&#58; m&#233;dula &#243;sea&#59; R&#58; rituximab&#59; SNC&#58; sistema nervioso central&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Autores y referencia &#40;a&#241;o&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N&#250;mero de casos y tipo de linfoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Incidencia de reca&#237;da en SNC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tipo de reca&#237;da en SNC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Uso y tipo de profilaxis del SNC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Criterios para realizar profilaxis del SNC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Feugier et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> &#40;2004&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">399 LBDCG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20 reca&#237;das en SNC&#58; 4&#44;6&#37; &#40;CHOP&#41; y 5&#44;4&#37; &#40;R-CHOP&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yamamoto et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> &#40;2010&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">375 LBDCG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 reca&#237;das en SNC&#58; 2&#44;9&#37; &#40;CHOP&#41; y 3&#44;9&#37; &#40;R-CHOP&#41; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;71&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Chihara et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> &#40;2011&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">386 LBDCG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24 reca&#237;das en SNC&#58; 7&#44;3&#37; &#40;CHOP&#41; y 5&#44;3&#37; &#40;R-CHOP&#41;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;42 &#40;incidencia acumulada a 5 a&#241;os&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Men&#237;ngea en 15&#47;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Metotrexato o citarabina IT<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 dosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Test&#237;culo &#40;despu&#233;s de 1999&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tai et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> &#40;2011&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">499 LBDCG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30 reca&#237;das en SNC&#58; 5&#44;1&#37; &#40;CHOP&#41; y 6&#37; &#40;R-CHOP&#41; &#40;incidencia acumulada a 2 a&#241;os&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Profilaxis IT en 82 pacientes a juicio del m&#233;dico y preferencia del paciente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 localizaci&#243;n extranodal&#44; seno orbitario&#44; espacio nasal posterior&#44; mama&#44; test&#237;culo&#44; MO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cao et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> &#40;2012&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">315 LBDCG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 reca&#237;das en SNC&#58; 3&#44;03&#37; &#40;CHOP&#41; y 3&#44;33&#37; &#40;R-CHOP&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Parenquimatosa en 9&#47;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Deng et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> &#40;2013&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">599 LBDCG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">32 reca&#237;das en SNC&#58; 6&#44;5&#37; &#40;CHOP&#41; y 4&#44;3&#37; &#40;R-CHOP&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudios que no demuestran la disminuci&#243;n de reca&#237;das en el sistema nervioso central en linfoma B difuso de c&#233;lula grande tras la introducci&#243;n de rituximab</p>"
        ]
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        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 3"
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        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">cytaBOM&#58; citarabina&#44; bleomicina&#44; vincristina y metotrexato&#59; IPI&#58; &#237;ndice pron&#243;stico internacional&#59; IT&#58; intratecal&#59; LDH&#58; lactato deshidrogenasa&#59; m-BACOD&#58; metotrexato&#44; bleomicina&#44; ciclofosfamida y etop&#243;sido&#59; proMACE&#58; prednisona&#44; metotrexato&#44; doxorrubicina&#44; ciclofosfamida y etop&#243;sido&#59; SNC&#58; sistema nervioso central&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Autores y referencia &#40;a&#241;o&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N&#250;mero de casos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reca&#237;da en SNC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Factores de riesgo &#40;an&#225;lisis multivariante&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Comentario&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Van Besien et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> &#40;1998&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">605<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#44;5&#37; &#40;24 pacientes&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">LDH elevada&#59;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 localizaci&#243;n extraganglionar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No profilaxis del SNC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Haioun et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> &#40;2000&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">974<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">IPI elevado&#59; LDH elevada&#59;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 localizaci&#243;n extraganglionar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Profilaxis del SNC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hollender et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> &#40;2002&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;514&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#44;2&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">LDH elevada&#59;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 localizaci&#243;n extraganglionar&#59; alb&#250;mina<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l&#59; edad<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60 a&#241;os&#59; afecci&#243;n retroperitoneal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Boehme et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> &#40;2007&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;693<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">LDH elevada&#59;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 localizaci&#243;n extraganglionar&#59; no administraci&#243;n de etop&#243;sido&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Profilaxis del SNC &#40;IT&#41; en un 4&#44;2&#37; seg&#250;n criterio m&#233;dico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bernstein et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> &#40;2009&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">899<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">IPI&#59;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 localizaci&#243;n extraganglionar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Profilaxis del SNC solo si quimioterapia sist&#233;mica con m-BACOD o proMACE-cytaBOM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Histolog&#237;a agresiva&#46;</p>"
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            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Solo 11 de los 24 pacientes ten&#237;an lactato deshidrogenasa elevada y m&#225;s de una localizaci&#243;n extraganglionar&#46;</p>"
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0015"
              "etiqueta" => "c"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Tras extraer el &#237;ndice pron&#243;stico internacional&#46;</p>"
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            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0020"
              "etiqueta" => "d"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Reca&#237;da en el sistema nervioso central en el subgrupo de alto grado &#40;no incluye linfoma linfobl&#225;stico ni linfoma de Burkitt&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Factores de riesgo de reca&#237;da en el sistema nervioso central en linfomas en la era previa a rituximab</p>"
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      3 => array:7 [
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        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">aaIPI&#58; &#237;ndice pron&#243;stico internacional ajustado a la edad&#59; CHOEP&#58; ciclofosfamida&#44; adriamicina&#44; vincristina&#44; etop&#243;sido y prednisona&#59; CHOP&#58; ciclofosfamida&#44; adriamicina&#44; vincristina y prednisona&#59; ECOG&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group</span>&#59; IPI&#58; &#237;ndice pron&#243;stico internacional&#59; IT&#58; intratecal&#59; LBDCG&#58; linfoma B difuso de c&#233;lula grande&#59; LDH&#58; lactado deshidrogenasa&#59; MO&#58; m&#233;dula &#243;sea&#59; PS&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">performance status&#59;</span> R&#58; rituximab&#59; RC&#58; respuesta completa&#59; SNC&#58; sistema nervioso central&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Autores y referencia &#40;a&#241;o&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N&#250;mero de pacientes y tipo de linfoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reca&#237;da en SNC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Factores de riesgo de reca&#237;da en SNC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Comentario&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Feugier et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> &#40;2004&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">399 LBDCG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#44;4&#37; &#40;en los tratados con R-CHOP&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">aaIPI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 &#40;LDH y PS tras excluir aaIPI&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No se administra profilaxis del SNC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Boehme et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> &#40;2009&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;217 linfomas de c&#233;lulas B &#40;944 LBDCG&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#44;1&#37; &#40;en los tratados con R-CHOP&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Serie global&#58;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 localizaci&#243;n extraganglionar&#59; signos B&#59; LDH &#40;no significativo&#41; &#40;an&#225;lisis multivariante&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pacientes tratados con R-CHOP</span>&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 localizaci&#243;n extraganglionar&#59; LDH&#59; ECOG<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Se administra profilaxis del SNC con metotrexato IT en los 2 primeros ciclos de quimioterapia en pacientes con infiltraci&#243;n extraganglionar de cabeza y cuello o testicular&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Shimazu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> &#40;2009&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">403 LBDCG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&#44;4&#37; &#40;en los tratados con R-CHOP&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60 a&#241;os&#59; LDH&#59;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 localizaci&#243;n extraganglionar&#59; MO&#59; no R &#40;an&#225;lisis multivariante&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Se administra profilaxis con metotrexato IT solo en un grupo muy reducido &#40;18 pacientes&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Villa et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> &#40;2010&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">435 LBDCG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#44;4&#37; &#40;en los tratados con R-CHOP&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Test&#237;culo&#59; ri&#241;&#243;n&#59; estadio <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iv&#59;</span> no R&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Metotrexato IT alterno con citarabina IT &#40;6 dosis&#41; si afecci&#243;n senos paranasales&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yamamoto et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> &#40;2010&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">375 LBDCG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;9&#37; &#40;en los tratados con R-CHOP&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ninguno en el an&#225;lisis multivariante &#40;en an&#225;lisis univariante&#58; LDH&#44; IPI elevado&#44; MO&#44; reca&#237;da sist&#233;mica&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No se administra profilaxis del SNC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Chihara et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> &#40;2011&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">386 LBDCG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#44;3&#37; &#40;en los tratados con R-CHOP&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Enfermedad voluminosa&#59; linfocitos<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;000&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#59; infiltraci&#243;n extraganglionar &#40;an&#225;lisis multivariante de riesgos competitivos&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Profilaxis con metotrexato o citarabina IT solo si infiltraci&#243;n testicular&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tai et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> &#40;2011&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">499 LBDCG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#37; &#40;en los tratados con R-CHOP&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECOG<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#59; no RC&#59; test&#237;culo&#59; ri&#241;&#243;n&#59; mama &#40;an&#225;lisis multivariante&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Profilaxis IT seg&#250;n criterio m&#233;dico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Schmitz et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> &#40;2012&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;210 linfomas agresivos de c&#233;lulas B &#40;1&#46;809 LBDCG&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Serie global&#58;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 localizaci&#243;n extraganglionar&#59; LDH&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">En pacientes tratados con R-quimioterapia&#58;</span> estadio <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iii</span>-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iv&#59;</span> LDH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Profilaxis del SNC con metotrexato IT los d&#237;as 1 y 15 de los 2 primeros ciclos en estudios <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">High</span>-CHOEP y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mega</span>-CHOEP en pacientes de alto riesgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tomita et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> &#40;2012&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;221 LBDCG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#44;7&#37; &#40;en los tratados con R-CHOP&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60 a&#241;os&#59; gl&#225;ndula suprarrenal&#59; &#243;seo&#59; mama&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No se administra profilaxis del SNC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Guirguis et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> &#40;2012&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">217 LBDCG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;7&#37; &#40;en los tratados con R-CHOP&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Test&#237;culo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Profilaxis del SNC en casos de alto riesgo &#40;con metotrexato IT y por v&#237;a intravenosa&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Kumar et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> &#40;2012&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">989 LBDCG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#37; &#40;en los tratados con R-CHOP&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">IPI intermedio-alto y alto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">La profilaxis del SNC no disminuye reca&#237;da&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Zhang et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> &#40;2014&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;911 LBDCG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#44;7&#37; &#40;en los tratados con R-quimioterapia&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Estadio III&#47;IV&#59; IPI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#59; PS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#59; LDH elevada&#59;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 localizaci&#243;n extraganglionar&#59; MO&#59; test&#237;culo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Metaan&#225;lisis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">En algunos estudios se incluyen otras histolog&#237;as de linfoma B agresivo&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Factores de riesgo de reca&#237;da en el sistema nervioso central en linfoma B difuso de c&#233;lula grande<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> tras la introducci&#243;n de rituximab</p>"
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            1 => array:3 [
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              "etiqueta" => "2"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Long-term outcome of patients in the LNH-98&#46;5 trial&#44; the first randomized study comparing rituximab-CHOP to standard CHOP chemotherapy in DLBCL patients&#58; A study by the Groupe d&#8217;Etudes des Lymphomes de l&#8217;Adulte"
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            3 => array:3 [
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                      "titulo" => "CHOP-like chemotherapy with or without rituximab in young patients with good-prognosis diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma&#58; 6-year results of an open-label randomized study of the MabThera International Trial &#40;MInT&#41; Group"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
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                            0 => "M&#46; Pfreundschuh"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Six versus eight cycles of bi-weekly CHOP-14 with or without rituximab in elderly patients with aggressive CD20&#43; B-cell lymphomas&#58; A randomised controlled trial &#40;RICOVER-60&#41;"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
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                            1 => "J&#46; Schubert"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70002-0"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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            5 => array:3 [
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                0 => array:2 [
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                            0 => "N&#46; Colocci"
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            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0265"
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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