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Editorial
Hiperuricemia y gota: impacto de la ecografía
Hyperuricemia and gout: The impact of ultrasonography
Juan García Puiga,
Autor para correspondencia
juangarciapuig@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, Eugenio de Miguelb
a Unidad Metabólico-Vascular, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, España
b Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, España
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hiperuricemia es el aumento de la concentraci&#243;n s&#233;rica de urato monos&#243;dico &#40;&#225;cido &#250;rico&#41;&#46; La gota es secundaria a la respuesta inflamatoria que suscita el dep&#243;sito de urato monos&#243;dico en los tejidos&#46; La gota es la artropat&#237;a inflamatoria m&#225;s frecuente en la poblaci&#243;n general&#46; La prevalencia de hiperuricemia y de gota aumentan con la edad y dependen de la poblaci&#243;n objeto de estudio&#46; En el &#225;rea de Madrid y en poblaci&#243;n general&#44; nosotros hemos hallado una prevalencia de hiperuricemia &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#41; del 11&#44;3&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37; 8&#44;3-13&#44;9&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; La prevalencia de gota alcanza al 7&#37; de los hombres con m&#225;s de 65 a&#241;os y al 3&#37; de las mujeres con m&#225;s de 85 a&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; En el a&#241;o 2010 se estim&#243; que los a&#241;os de vida con discapacidad por la gota se hab&#237;an incrementado de 76&#46;000 &#40;IC 95&#37; 48-112&#41; en 1990 a 114&#46;000 &#40;IC 95&#37; 72-167&#41; en el a&#241;o 2010<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; Este aumento de la prevalencia de hiperuricemia y de gota puede relacionarse con la epidemia de sobrepeso y obesidad de los pa&#237;ses desarrollados&#44; y con las modificaciones diet&#233;ticas tendentes a un mayor consumo de alimentos ricos en purinas&#44; bebidas con alcohol &#40;cerveza&#41; y refrescos edulcorados con fructosa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a>&#46; En la mayor&#237;a de los enfermos&#44; el aumento de la concentraci&#243;n s&#233;rica de uratos &#40;hiperuricemia&#41; se debe a una disminuci&#243;n de la excreci&#243;n renal de &#225;cido &#250;rico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> que&#44; en muchos casos&#44; est&#225; determinada por un aumento o disminuci&#243;n de la funcionalidad de ciertos transportadores renales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> e intestinales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; La hiperuricemia no solo conlleva un mayor riesgo de gota&#59; tambi&#233;n se ha asociado a enfermedades cardiacas&#44; renales&#44; y puede ser expresi&#243;n de una aterosclerosis generalizada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; Parece oportuno conocer la fase o estadio en que puede hallarse un determinado paciente con hiperuricemia y&#47;o gota&#44; en toda su extensi&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Toda enfermedad discurre por diversos estadios evolutivos&#59; de ah&#237; la diversidad de manifestaciones cl&#237;nicas&#46; La expresi&#243;n cl&#237;nica m&#225;s t&#237;pica de la gota es una crisis inflamatoria aguda &#40;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41; que compromete la primera articulaci&#243;n metatarsofal&#225;ngica del primer dedo del pie &#40;podagra&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; La presentaci&#243;n inicial puede afectar a otras articulaciones&#44; como antepi&#233;&#44; tobillos&#44; rodillas&#44; codos&#44; mu&#241;ecas&#44; metacarpofal&#225;ngicas o interfal&#225;ngicas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; La patogenia del proceso inflamatorio reside en la fagocitosis de cristales de urato monos&#243;dico&#44; depositados en las articulaciones &#40;&#171;microtofos&#187;&#41;&#44; que pueden permanecer asintom&#225;ticos durante muchos a&#241;os&#46; Diversas t&#233;cnicas de imagen han demostrado que muchos pacientes con gota &#40;Rx&#44; TC simple o de energ&#237;a dual&#44; RM&#44; ecograf&#237;a&#41; y con hiperuricemia asintom&#225;tica &#40;ecograf&#237;a&#44; TC de energ&#237;a dual&#41;&#44; aparentemente no tof&#225;cea&#44; presentan dep&#243;sitos de urato monos&#243;dico &#40;&#171;microtofos&#187;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; Esto ha llevado a una nueva clasificaci&#243;n de la hiperuricemia y de la gota en 4 estadios &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#44; lo que supone una cierta revoluci&#243;n conceptual para el diagn&#243;stico y tratamiento de la hiperuricemia y de la gota&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La hiperuricemia asintom&#225;tica se asocia con frecuencia a situaciones que aumentan el riesgo vascular &#40;obesidad&#44; hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#44; diabetes&#44; dislipidemia&#44; s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; y tambi&#233;n se ha postulado como factor de riesgo vascular independiente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; Con independencia de su etiopatogenia&#44; la hiperuricemia asintom&#225;tica se considera una entidad benigna que solo ocasionalmente evoluciona a gota&#46; La probabilidad de que esto suceda es proporcional a las concentraciones s&#233;ricas de uratos y el tiempo de evoluci&#243;n&#46; Cuando la uricemia es<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#44; al cabo de 5 a&#241;os se produce gota en cerca del 50&#37; de los enfermos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; Las gu&#237;as europeas y americanas no recomiendan tratamiento hipouricemiante en sujetos con hiperuricemia asintom&#225;tica<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#8211;21</span></a>&#46; Hace a&#241;os nosotros hipotetizamos que una uricemia elevada de forma prolongada &#40;&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#44; l&#237;mite de solubilidad en suero&#41; podr&#237;a dar lugar a cristales de urato monos&#243;dico con la inflamaci&#243;n subsiguiente&#46; Documentamos por primera vez que un tercio de los enfermos con hiperuricemia asintom&#225;tica presentan dep&#243;sitos silentes de urato monos&#243;dico &#40;&#171;microtofos&#187;&#41; y que un 25&#37; de estos enfermos muestran signos de inflamaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; Posteriormente&#44; otros 3 estudios en pacientes con hiperuricemia asintom&#225;tica prolongada &#40;&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 a&#241;os&#41; han confirmado dep&#243;sitos de urato monos&#243;dico en el 34-42&#37;&#44; y presentan inflamaci&#243;n evidente &#40;signo doppler&#41; el 24&#37; de estos enfermos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#8211;25</span></a>&#46; Estas observaciones promueven 2 importantes preguntas&#58; a&#41; si un enfermo con &#171;hiperuricemia asintom&#225;tica&#187; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#44; A&#41; presenta tofos&#44; &#191;deber&#237;a ser considerado un enfermo con gota asintom&#225;tica o gota tof&#225;cea &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#44; B o D&#41;&#63;&#44; y b&#41; si un enfermo presenta tofos asintom&#225;ticos con evidencia de inflamaci&#243;n &#40;signo doppler&#41;&#44; &#191;deber&#237;a ser tratado con f&#225;rmacos hipouricemiantes&#63; Si la respuesta a ambas preguntas es afirmativa&#44; estar&#237;amos ante un gran cambio de paradigma&#59; ser&#237;a conveniente efectuar una ecograf&#237;a articular &#40;articulaciones de rodillas y metatarsofal&#225;ngicas&#41; a todo enfermo con hiperuricemia asintom&#225;tica de larga evoluci&#243;n&#46; La gesti&#243;n de los recursos necesarios debe considerar que esta exploraci&#243;n puede realizarse en menos de 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los cl&#237;nicos sabemos bien que las manifestaciones de las enfermedades dependen&#44; en gran medida&#44; de la sagacidad del observador y de la disponibilidad de pruebas complementarias&#46; En una revisi&#243;n de 14 estudios&#44; cerca de la mitad de los enfermos con gota presentaban tofos cuando fueron examinados con ecograf&#237;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46; Por tanto&#44; el diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de &#171;gota no tof&#225;cea&#187; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#44; C&#41;&#44; hoy en d&#237;a&#44; es cuestionable si no se realiza una ecograf&#237;a&#46; &#191;Qu&#233; supondr&#237;a implantar el examen ecogr&#225;fico de rodillas y metatarsofal&#225;ngicas a todo paciente con gota&#63; Mencionaremos 2 beneficios aparentes&#58; a&#41; modificar&#237;a la clasificaci&#243;n &#40;un paciente con gota no tof&#225;cea ser&#237;a reclasificado en el grupo de gota tof&#225;cea &#91;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#44; C pasar&#237;a a D&#93;&#41;&#44; y b&#41; en los pacientes con dep&#243;sitos de uratos el tratamiento hipouricemiante se modular&#237;a en 2 aspectos&#46; Por un lado&#44; procurar&#237;amos mantener la uricemia inferior a 5&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl para conseguir una completa reabsorci&#243;n de los tofos lo antes posible&#46; Incluso a los 2 a&#241;os de haber iniciado el tratamiento hipouricemiante muchos enfermos con gota presentan tofos y signos de inflamaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46; Por otro lado&#44; el hallazgo de tofos y signos de inflamaci&#243;n obliga a que el tratamiento hipouricemiante se acompa&#241;e de una profilaxis adecuada para prevenir crisis de inflamaci&#243;n aguda&#44; supuestamente desencadenadas por la reabsorci&#243;n de los cristales de urato<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; El seguimiento ecogr&#225;fico&#44; cuando se detectan tofos&#44; permitir&#237;a conocer su evoluci&#243;n y establecer&#58; a&#41; la intensidad del tratamiento hipouricemiante&#44; y b&#41; si es aconsejable mantener un tratamiento preventivo de crisis de gota aguda<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46; La disponibilidad actual de la ecograf&#237;a hace prever que en no mucho tiempo podremos disponer de los estudios necesarios para verificar estos posibles &#171;beneficios aparentes&#187;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Una reflexi&#243;n final&#58; las t&#233;cnicas de imagen pueden ayudar a una mejor clasificaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica de la hiperuricemia asintom&#225;tica y de la gota&#44; y tal vez a llevar a cabo un tratamiento m&#225;s racional&#44; pero nunca sustituir&#225;n al buen juicio cl&#237;nico y al tratamiento individualizado&#46; En esto consiste el arte de la medicina&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hiperuricemia</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>A&#46; Pacientes con aumento de la concentraci&#243;n s&#233;rica de uratos&#44; sin evidencia de dep&#243;sitos de urato monos&#243;dico&#46; Ejemplos&#58; insuficiencia cardiaca&#44; s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>B&#46; Pacientes con aumento de la concentraci&#243;n s&#233;rica de uratos&#44; y evidencia de dep&#243;sitos de urato monos&#243;dico&#46; Ejemplos&#58; mismos enfermos de A&#44; con &#171;microtofos&#187;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gota</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C&#46; Pacientes que refieren alguna crisis caracter&#237;stica de gota&#44; sin evidencia de dep&#243;sitos de urato monos&#243;dico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#46; Pacientes que refieren alguna crisis caracter&#237;stica de gota&#44; con evidencia de dep&#243;sitos de urato monos&#243;dico &#40;&#171;tofos o microtofos&#187;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estadios cl&#237;nicos en los que puede clasificarse a los enfermos con hiperuricemia o gota&#44; cuando se emplean t&#233;cnicas de imagen &#40;como la ecograf&#237;a&#41;</p>"
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ISSN: 00257753
Idioma original: Español
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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos