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Hipertensión pulmonar en pacientes en hemodiálisis: prevalencia y factores asociados
Pulmonary hypertension in hemodialysis patients: Prevalence and associated factors
Javier Requea,
Autor para correspondencia
je.reque.s@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, Borja Quirogaa, Caridad Ruizb, Maria Teresa Villaverdeb, Almudena Vegaa, Soraya Abada, Nayara Panizoa, J. Manuel López-Gómeza
a Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España
b Clínica de hemodiálisis DIALCENTRO, Madrid, España
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La hipertensi&#243;n pulmonar &#40;HTP&#41; es un trastorno de naturaleza progresiva y a veces fatal que puede deberse a alteraciones cardiopulmonares subyacentes&#44; a una alteraci&#243;n intr&#237;nseca del &#225;rbol vascular pulmonar o a una combinaci&#243;n de ambos factores&#46; Independientemente de su etiolog&#237;a&#44; el aumento mantenido de la presi&#243;n en la vascularizaci&#243;n pulmonar produce alteraciones en la arquitectura de los vasos y grados variables de disfunci&#243;n ventricular derecha<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> lo que se traduce a mediano y largo plazo en un impacto negativo sobre la supervivencia de los pacientes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La exploraci&#243;n de elecci&#243;n para el diagn&#243;stico de HTP es el cateterismo cardiaco derecho &#40;CCD&#41;&#44; en el que se define HTP cuando la presi&#243;n media de arteria pulmonar se encuentra por encima de 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg en reposo&#44; valores entre 8 y 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg son considerados normales y a&#250;n existe controversia cuando la presi&#243;n est&#225; entre 21 y 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica habitual se recomienda el uso de la ecocardiograf&#237;a doppler transtor&#225;cica para el diagn&#243;stico de esta entidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> debido a su elevada correlaci&#243;n con el CCD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#44; por su coste-efectividad y por ser una prueba no invasiva y mucho m&#225;s accesible que el CCD&#46; Aunque mediante la ecocardiograf&#237;a tambi&#233;n es posible realizar una estimaci&#243;n de la presi&#243;n arterial pulmonar media&#44; lo que se reporta por consenso y ha demostrado mayor precisi&#243;n es la presi&#243;n sist&#243;lica de arteria pulmonar &#40;PSAP&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aunque te&#243;ricamente los factores predisponentes para el desarrollo de HTP son muy prevalentes entre los pacientes en hemodi&#225;lisis &#40;HD&#41; y adem&#225;s esta complicaci&#243;n puede desempe&#241;ar un papel importante en la evoluci&#243;n&#44; es un tema muy poco estudiado hasta la actualidad&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la prevalencia de HTP en pacientes en HD&#44; as&#237; como su posible asociaci&#243;n con otros factores cl&#237;nicos&#44; anal&#237;ticos y otros propios del tratamiento renal sustitutivo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inicialmente reclutamos 286 pacientes prevalentes en HD&#44; mayores de 18 a&#241;os con un m&#237;nimo de 6 meses de tratamiento renal sustitutivo&#44; cl&#237;nicamente estables&#44; es decir&#44; sin cambios en el acceso vascular en los &#250;ltimos 3 meses y sin necesidad de ingresos hospitalarios o atenci&#243;n en urgencias durante el mes previo al reclutamiento&#46; En total se excluyeron 84 pacientes&#44; 25 de ellos porque no ten&#237;an un ecocardiograma reciente&#44; 45 porque no se les hab&#237;a realizado la estimaci&#243;n de la PSAP y 14 porque no cumpl&#237;an los criterios de estabilidad cl&#237;nica&#46; Finalmente se incluyeron 202 pacientes en el estudio&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recogimos datos de filiaci&#243;n y antecedentes de comorbilidad&#59; los antecedentes cardiovasculares recogidos de la historia fueron&#58; cardiacos &#40;insuficiencia cardiaca&#44; angina e infarto agudo de miocardio&#41;&#44; ictus y episodios vasculares perif&#233;ricos&#46; Asimismo se recogieron par&#225;metros anal&#237;ticos de rutina&#44; marcadores inflamatorios &#40;prote&#237;na C reactiva determinada mediante turbidimetr&#237;a&#41; y tratamientos concomitantes&#46; Para valorar el estado de hidrataci&#243;n&#44; determinamos el fragmento N terminal del p&#233;ptido natriur&#233;tico cerebral &#40;NT-proBNP&#41; mediante el inmunoan&#225;lisis de electroquimioluminiscencia ECLIA usando el analizador Roche&#47;Hitachi Cobas E601&#174;&#46; Se determinaron tambi&#233;n los niveles s&#233;ricos de troponina T de alta sensibilidad utilizando el mismo m&#233;todo y analizador&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se recogieron los datos de un ecocardiograma doppler-2D realizado dentro del a&#241;o previo a la inclusi&#243;n&#46; Por protocolo&#44; todos los ecocardiogramas en pacientes en HD se realizan el d&#237;a interdi&#225;lisis&#46; El c&#225;lculo de la PSAP mediante ecocardiograf&#237;a se basa en la ecuaci&#243;n del Bernoulli modificada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#58; PSAP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;VRT&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PAD&#46; Donde VRT es la velocidad m&#225;xima del jet de insuficiencia tricusp&#237;dea y PAD es la presi&#243;n en la aur&#237;cula derecha que se estima mediante el di&#225;metro de la vena cava superior conforme recomendaciones de la sociedad americana de ecocardiograf&#237;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; El l&#237;mite alto de la normalidad se suele establecer entre 30 y 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg en base a un amplio estudio poblacional<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; Los datos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos recogidos adem&#225;s de la PSAP fueron&#58; disfunci&#243;n sist&#243;lica&#44; definida como una fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo inferior al 55&#37;&#59; disfunci&#243;n diast&#243;lica definida de acuerdo a los par&#225;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de las gu&#237;as de la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American Heart Association</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a>&#46; Definimos HTP como una PSAP por encima de 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El estudio cuenta con la aprobaci&#243;n del comit&#233; de &#233;tica del hospital&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los datos se analizaron con el programa SPSS v20&#46;0 &#40;IBM&#44; Munich&#44; Alemania&#41;&#44; las variables de distribuci&#243;n normal se expresan como media y desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar y las no param&#233;tricas como mediana y rango intercuart&#237;lico&#46; Determinamos las diferencias entre grupos mediante la prueba de t de Student&#44; Chi cuadrado y U-Mann-Whitney seg&#250;n corresponda&#46; Para analizar las variables relacionadas con la HTP realizamos una regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica&#44; incluyendo en el modelo multivariante aquellas que resultaron inicialmente significativas en el an&#225;lisis univariante&#46; La correlaci&#243;n entre PSAP y el Nt-ProBNP se estableci&#243; mediante un an&#225;lisis de Pearson&#46; La significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica se estableci&#243; como un valor de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Resultados</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La media de PSAP de toda la poblaci&#243;n estudiada fue de 32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; La prevalencia de HTP fue del 37&#44;1&#37; &#40;75 pacientes&#41; y dentro de este grupo la media de PSAP fue de 46<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; Cuando seleccionamos a los pacientes con HTP y establecemos el punto de corte en 55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; encontramos que 59 &#40;29&#44;7&#37;&#41; ten&#237;an HTP moderada &#40;entre 35-54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#41; y 16 &#40;7&#44;9&#37;&#41; presentaban HTP grave &#40;&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dividiendo a los pacientes seg&#250;n tengan o no HTP &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#44; encontramos que aquellos pacientes con HTP ten&#237;an mayor edad &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; m&#225;s tiempo en tratamiento renal sustitutivo &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04&#41;&#44; mayor presencia de disfunci&#243;n sist&#243;lica &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;006&#41;&#44; disfunci&#243;n diast&#243;lica &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41;&#44; valvulopat&#237;a mitral &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41; y doble valvulopat&#237;a mitral y a&#243;rtica &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Entre las variables anal&#237;ticas &#250;nicamente encontramos diferencias significativas en los niveles de Nt-ProBNP que fueron 3 veces m&#225;s altos en los pacientes con HTP &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; No se hallaron diferencias significativas en cuanto a la etiolog&#237;a de enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica o el acceso vascular en uso en ambos grupos&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41; encontramos una asociaci&#243;n positiva entre la presencia de HTP y la edad &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; el tiempo en tratamiento renal sustitutivo &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41;&#44; la presencia de disfunci&#243;n sist&#243;lica &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;007&#41;&#44; disfunci&#243;n diast&#243;lica &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;&#44; valvulopat&#237;a mitral &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41; y doble lesi&#243;n mitral y a&#243;rtica &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;007&#41;&#46; Entre los par&#225;metros anal&#237;ticos realizados encontramos relaci&#243;n entre HTP y los niveles de Nt-ProBNP &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figura 1</a> muestra la recta de regresi&#243;n entre los niveles de Nt-ProBNP y la PSAP &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; La <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">figura 2</a> representa la mediana de Nt-ProBNP en los grupos de pacientes establecidos seg&#250;n la gravedad de la HTP&#46; La mediana de Nt-proBNP en los pacientes sin HTP fue de 2&#46;099 &#40;804&#8211;6575<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;L&#41;&#59; de 5&#46;039 &#40;1&#46;885&#8211;11&#46;782<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;L&#41; en pacientes con HTP moderada y de 11&#46;513 &#40;6&#46;083&#8211;30&#46;903<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;L&#41; en aquellos con HTP grave&#44; siendo las diferencias intergrupos estad&#237;sticamente significativas &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En un modelo multivariante mostrado en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#44; ajustado para edad&#44; diabetes&#44; hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#44; dislipidemia&#44; disfunci&#243;n sist&#243;lica y disfunci&#243;n diast&#243;lica&#44; &#250;nicamente mantuvieron su asociaci&#243;n positiva e independiente&#58; la edad &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;008&#41; la valvulopat&#237;a mitral &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41;&#44; la doble valvulopat&#237;a mitral y a&#243;rtica &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41; y el tiempo en tratamiento renal sustitutivo &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;03&#41; mientras que la disfunci&#243;n sist&#243;lica mantuvo una tendencia pr&#243;xima a la significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;06&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestro estudio demuestra que la prevalencia de HTP en pacientes en HD es alta&#44; afectando a m&#225;s de un tercio de toda la poblaci&#243;n estudiada&#46; Los principales determinantes de la presi&#243;n arterial pulmonar son el gasto cardiaco&#44; la resistencia vascular pulmonar y la presi&#243;n de enclavamiento capilar pulmonar que equivale a la presi&#243;n en la aur&#237;cula izquierda<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; Todas estas variables se encuentran alteradas en mayor o menor medida en pacientes con enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica y muy especialmente en di&#225;lisis&#46; As&#237;&#44; el estado hiperdin&#225;mico que condiciona la f&#237;stula arteriovenosa&#44; la anemia o la propia sobrecarga de volumen&#44; frecuente en estos pacientes&#44; aumentan el gasto cardiaco<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a>&#46; En un estudio realizado en 42 pacientes en HD se demuestra una mayor prevalencia de HPT en aquellos que ten&#237;an una f&#237;stula arteriovenosa y&#44; tras la oclusi&#243;n de la misma o el trasplante renal&#44; la presi&#243;n pulmonar disminu&#237;a considerablemente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; hecho que no se confirma en nuestro estudio en el que basalmente no encontramos diferencias en cuanto al acceso vascular en uso en los pacientes con HTP y sin ella&#59; tampoco encontramos diferencias en la localizaci&#243;n de la f&#237;stula &#40;distal o proximal&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La resistencia vascular pulmonar se ve frecuentemente alterada por 3 factores en este grupo de pacientes&#46; Primero por la disfunci&#243;n endotelial y la producci&#243;n de distintas mol&#233;culas vasoactivas por parte del endotelio en estado ur&#233;mico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a>&#44; entre ellas&#44; cabe mencionar a la dimetilarginina asim&#233;trica y endotelina-1 que se encuentran en concentraciones elevadas en pacientes con enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a>&#59; dimetilarginina asim&#233;trica es un inhibidor end&#243;geno de la s&#237;ntesis de &#243;xido n&#237;trico&#44; un vasodilatador por excelencia&#44; mientras que la endotelina-1 es un potente vasoconstrictor&#46; En segundo lugar&#44; la calcificaci&#243;n vascular&#44; tan frecuentemente descrita en la enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica no es una enfermedad exclusiva de la circulaci&#243;n sist&#233;mica&#44; pudiendo verse afectada con mucha frecuencia la vascularizaci&#243;n pulmonar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46; Estudios realizados en animales muestran que la exposici&#243;n prolongada a los efectos de la parathormona induce calcificaci&#243;n vascular pulmonar lo que se manifiesta por disminuci&#243;n de la capacidad de difusi&#243;n y la compliance vascular&#44; alteraciones que revierten tras la paratiroidectom&#237;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#59; sin embargo en nuestro estudio no encontramos diferencias significativas en los niveles de parathormona&#44; calcio y f&#243;sforo entre los pacientes con HTP y sin ella&#46; Similares hallazgos fueron reportados por Amin et al&#46; en un estudio realizado en 15 pacientes en HD en el que adem&#225;s se analizaba el grado de calcificaci&#243;n vascular pulmonar mediante gamagraf&#237;a con difosfatos marcados con tecnecio<span class="elsevierStyleSup">99</span>&#44; no encontr&#225;ndose diferencias significativas entre los pacientes con y sin HTP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; En tercer lugar&#44; se ha postulado que las complicaciones tromb&#243;ticas del acceso vascular y su tratamiento podr&#237;an producir microembolismos subcl&#237;nicos en la vascularizaci&#243;n pulmonar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#59;en un estudio de 88 pacientes en HD&#44; aquellos que hab&#237;an requerido trombectom&#237;a tuvieron un riesgo discretamente superior de HTP &#40;OR 1&#44;5&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;14&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#44; aunque esta asociaci&#243;n no alcanz&#243; la significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica&#46; En nuestro estudio no encontramos diferencias en la prevalencia de HTP con arreglo al tipo de acceso vascular en uso y no disponemos de datos referentes a los episodios tromb&#243;ticos de las f&#237;stulas&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por &#250;ltimo&#44; la presi&#243;n de enclavamiento capilar pulmonar est&#225; determinada principalmente por las presiones de llenado de cavidades izquierdas que a su vez se alteran en la disfunci&#243;n sist&#243;lica&#44; diast&#243;lica o la valvulopat&#237;a mitral&#44; dolencias muy frecuentes entre los pacientes con enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica&#46; En nuestro estudio encontramos una mayor prevalencia de todas estas alteraciones en el grupo de pacientes con HTP&#44; poniendo de manifiesto su relevancia en la fisiopatolog&#237;a de esta entidad&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El estado de hidrataci&#243;n tambi&#233;n desempe&#241;a un papel importante en el desarrollo de HTP como se puede deducir de los datos obtenidos en nuestro estudio&#44; en el que la mediana de Nt-ProBNP de los pacientes con HTP triplica a la de los pacientes sin HTP y es mayor cuanto m&#225;s grave es la HTP&#46; Dos estudios basados en ecocardiograf&#237;a demostraron que pacientes con HTP tienen presiones de llenado de cavidades izquierdas aumentadas con valores estimados de presi&#243;n de enclavamiento y tama&#241;o auricular izquierdo tambi&#233;n altos&#44; lo que muestra un estado cr&#243;nico de sobrecarga de volumen<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;26</span></a>&#46; Las concentraciones de Nt-ProBNP son un buen marcador pron&#243;stico de HTP independientemente de la funci&#243;n renal&#44; como lo confirman los datos de un reciente estudio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46; Un dato llamativo en nuestro estudio es que tras el ajuste por otras variables ecocardiogr&#225;ficas las diferencias en las concentraciones de Nt-ProBNP pierden poder estad&#237;stico&#44; lo que podr&#237;a significar que una vez establecida la HTP los marcadores de volumen pierden relevancia&#46; Tambi&#233;n llama la atenci&#243;n que aunque la mediana de la ganancia de peso interdial&#237;tica es ligeramente mayor en los pacientes con HTP&#44; esta diferencia no alcanza la significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica&#44; lo que evidencia que es m&#225;s relevante el estado cr&#243;nico de sobrehidrataci&#243;n que eventuales transgresiones de la restricci&#243;n h&#237;drica&#44; aunque usualmente los pacientes sobrehidratados suelen ser aquellos que incumplen esta restricci&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Como limitaciones del estudio debemos mencionar que no se ha realizado una medici&#243;n directa de la PSAP mediante CCD sino una estimaci&#243;n mediante ecocardiograf&#237;a doppler y que al tratarse de una medici&#243;n indirecta podr&#237;a tener cierto grado de inexactitud&#59; sin embargo&#44; como se mencion&#243; anteriormente&#44; algunos autores han demostrado que la presi&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo derecho valorada a trav&#233;s del flujo de regurgitaci&#243;n tricusp&#237;deo mantiene muy buena correlaci&#243;n con los datos obtenidos simult&#225;neamente con CCD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Por otro lado&#44; es importante destacar que uno de los requisitos indispensables para estimar la PSAP mediante ecocardiograf&#237;a es tener al menos cierto grado de insuficiencia tricusp&#237;dea&#44; lo que podr&#237;a llevar a infradiagnosticar esta dolencia en algunos pacientes&#44; aunque algunos estudios evidencian que el 80&#37; de los pacientes con PSAP por encima de 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg y aproximadamente el 96&#37; de aquellos con PSAP por encima de 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg tienen alg&#250;n grado de insuficiencia tricusp&#237;dea<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#44; somos conscientes de que algunos pacientes podr&#237;an no haber sido detectados con esta t&#233;cnica&#46; No se ha analizado la etiolog&#237;a de la HTP&#44; por tanto&#44; no es posible determinar si esta se debe a disfunci&#243;n sist&#243;lica&#44; diast&#243;lica&#44; sobrecarga de volumen o a una combinaci&#243;n de estos factores&#46; Al tratarse de un estudio observacional &#250;nicamente es posible establecer factores asociados y no una relaci&#243;n de causalidad&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El resumen&#44; podemos concluir que la prevalencia de HTP es alta entre los pacientes en HD&#46; Uno de los principales determinantes de esta elevada prevalencia es la sobrecarga cr&#243;nica de volumen por lo que es recomendable la detecci&#243;n y correcci&#243;n precoz de esta complicaci&#243;n&#46; La ecocardiograf&#237;a es una t&#233;cnica no invasiva y &#250;til para la detecci&#243;n de HTP&#44; y la estimaci&#243;n de la PSAP deber&#237;a realizarse de manera rutinaria&#46; Son necesarios m&#225;s estudios para determinar si un mejor control de la volemia en los pacientes en HD podr&#237;a mejorar la HTP&#46; Tambi&#233;n son necesarios m&#225;s estudios que analicen el impacto que la HTP puede tener sobre la morbimortalidad de estos pacientes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2015-03-18"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2015-06-25"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec640004"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Hipertensi&#243;n pulmonar"
            1 => "Hemodi&#225;lisis"
            2 => "Riesgo cardiovascular"
            3 => "Epidemiolog&#237;a"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec640005"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Pulmonary hypertension"
            1 => "Hemodialysis"
            2 => "Cardiovascular risk"
            3 => "Epidemiology"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introducci&#243;n y objetivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La hipertensi&#243;n pulmonar &#40;HTP&#41; es un trastorno progresivo que puede deberse a enfermedades subyacentes o a una alteraci&#243;n intr&#237;nseca de la vascularizaci&#243;n pulmonar&#46; El aumento cr&#243;nico de la presi&#243;n en el &#225;rbol vascular pulmonar lleva a cambios en la arquitectura de los vasos que perpet&#250;an la propia HTP y producen disfunci&#243;n ventricular derecha&#59; todo esto podr&#237;a disminuir la supervivencia y calidad de vida de los pacientes&#46; El objetivo de este estudio es establecer la prevalencia de HTP en los pacientes en hemodi&#225;lisis y su asociaci&#243;n con factores propios de este grupo de pacientes&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Incluimos a un total de 202 pacientes prevalentes en hemodi&#225;lisis durante al menos 6 meses y estables cl&#237;nicamente&#44; se recogieron datos demogr&#225;ficos&#44; par&#225;metros anal&#237;ticos de rutina y los datos de un ecocardiograma doppler-2D&#46; Definimos HTP como una presi&#243;n sist&#243;lica de arteria pulmonar &#40;PSAP&#41; estimada mediante ecograf&#237;a doppler por encima de 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; El estado de hidrataci&#243;n se valor&#243; mediante la determinaci&#243;n de los niveles de fragmento N terminal del p&#233;ptido natriur&#233;tico cerebral &#40;Nt-proBNP&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La prevalencia de HTP fue del 37&#44;1&#37; &#40;75 pacientes&#41;&#46; La media de PSAP en toda la poblaci&#243;n estudiada fue de 32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg y en el grupo con HTP de 45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; Encontramos una correlaci&#243;n directa estad&#237;sticamente significativa entre la presencia de HTP y la edad &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; el tiempo en tratamiento renal sustitutivo &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04&#41;&#44; la presencia de disfunci&#243;n sist&#243;lica &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;007&#41;&#44; disfunci&#243;n diast&#243;lica &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;&#44; valvulopat&#237;a mitral &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41; y doble lesi&#243;n mitral y a&#243;rtica &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;007&#41;&#46; La sobrecarga de volumen se asocia estrechamente con HTP como se demuestra por la correlaci&#243;n entre la PSAP y los niveles de Nt-ProBNP &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Concluimos que la prevalencia de HTP en los pacientes en hemodi&#225;lisis es alta y uno de los factores asociados m&#225;s importante es la hipervolemia&#46; Son necesarios m&#225;s estudios para establecer el impacto de la HTP sobre la morbimortalidad de los pacientes y valorar si un mejor control de la volemia lleva a mejor&#237;a de la HTP&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n y objetivo"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Material y m&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusi&#243;n"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Background and objective</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pulmonary hypertension &#40;PH&#41; is a progressive disorder that can be caused by several underlying conditions or an intrinsic alteration of the pulmonary vasculature&#46; Chronic increased pressure in the pulmonary vasculature leads to changes in the architecture of the vessels that can perpetuate PH and produce right ventricular dysfunction&#46; These structural and functional alterations can decrease survival and quality of life of patients on hemodialysis&#59; however&#44; there is a lack of evidence about this problem in this population&#46; The aim of this study is to establish the prevalence of PH in patients on hemodialysis and its association with specific factors related to this patient population&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We included 202 prevalent patients on hemodialysis for at least 6 months and who were clinically stable&#46; We collected demographic data&#44; routine laboratory parameters and data of 2D Doppler-echocardiography&#46; PH was defined as a systolic pulmonary artery pressure &#40;SPAP&#41; estimated by Doppler ultrasound above 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; Hydration status was assessed by determining the plasma concentration of N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide &#40;Nt-proBNP&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PH prevalence was 37&#46;1&#37; &#40;75 patients&#41;&#46; The average SPAP in the entire study population was 32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg and in the group with PH it was 45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; We found a direct and statistically significant correlation between the presence of PH and age &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#44; time on renal replacement therapy &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;04&#41;&#44; the presence of systolic dysfunction &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;007&#41;&#44; diastolic dysfunction &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span> 01&#41;&#44; mitral valve disease &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#41; and double mitral and aortic disease &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;007&#41;&#46; Volume overload was closely associated with PH&#44; as demonstrated by the correlation between the SPAP and Nt-proBNP levels &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We conclude that prevalence of PH in hemodialysis patients is high&#46; And one of the most important associated factors is volume overload&#46; More studies are needed to establish the impact of PH on morbidity and mortality of patients and to assess whether a better volume control improves PH&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Background and objective"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Material and methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusion"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:5 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figura 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1348
            "Ancho" => 1660
            "Tamanyo" => 131252
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Correlaci&#243;n entre las concentraciones de Nt-ProBNP y PSAP&#46;</p> <p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Existe una importante correlaci&#243;n entre la PSAP estimada y las concentraciones de Nt-ProBNP&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figura 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1173
            "Ancho" => 1590
            "Tamanyo" => 114072
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mediana de Nt-ProBNP seg&#250;n el grado de hipertensi&#243;n pulmonar&#46;</p> <p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes con HTP grave presentan mayores concentraciones de Nt-ProBNP que aquellos con HTP moderada o sin HTP&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Variables cl&#237;nicas</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">S&#237; HTP &#40;37&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No HTP &#40;62&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sexo &#40;&#37; var&#243;n&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">74&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Edad &#40;a&#241;os&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">74<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diabetes &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">32&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">37&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Antecedente de hipertensi&#243;n arterial &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">85&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">92&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Antecedente de dislipidemia &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">70&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enfermedad vascular perif&#233;rica &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">39&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Antecedentes cardiovasculares &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">50&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enfermedad pulmonar &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Con necesidad de ox&#237;geno cr&#243;nico domiciliario&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tabaquismo</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Actualmente &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>En el pasado &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">En tratamiento antihipertensivo &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Etiolog&#237;a de la enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diabetes mellitus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">32&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Vascular&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Glomerular&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Intersticial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enfermedad poliqu&#237;stica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Otras&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Variables propias de la hemodi&#225;lisis</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">FAV aut&#243;gena &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">82&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">77&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Distal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">75&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">73&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Proximal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">FAV prot&#233;sica &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cat&#233;ter tunelizado &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tiempo en tratamiento renal sustitutivo &#40;meses&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">57 &#40;22-127&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">39 &#40;19-76&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ganancia de peso interdial&#237;tica &#40;&#37; de peso corporal&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;2 &#40;0&#44;9-4&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;9 &#40;1&#44;6-4&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Determinaciones anal&#237;ticas</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hemoglobina &#40;g&#47;dl&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Calcio &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#243;sforo &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">25 OH Vit D &#40;ug&#47;L&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Parathormona intacta &#40;ng&#47;l&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">294 &#40;144-470&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">301 &#40;185-547&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Troponina T ultrasensible &#40;ng&#47;l&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63 &#40;34-125&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">53 &#40;32-82&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nt-ProBNP &#40;ng&#47;l&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#46;532 &#40;2&#46;193-13&#46;770&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;099 &#40;804-6&#46;575&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Variables ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Disfunci&#243;n sist&#243;lica &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;006&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Disfunci&#243;n diast&#243;lica &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Valvulopat&#237;a a&#243;rtica &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Valvulopat&#237;a mitral &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">38&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Doble valvulopat&#237;a mitral-a&#243;rtica &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Odds ratio &#40;IC 95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 00257753
Idioma original: Español
Datos actualizados diariamente
año/Mes Html Pdf Total
2023 Marzo 6 2 8
2022 Agosto 1 0 1
2017 Diciembre 1 0 1
2017 Agosto 1 0 1
2016 Octubre 0 1 1
2016 Julio 0 1 1
2016 Mayo 0 1 1
2016 Abril 0 2 2
2016 Marzo 2 3 5
2016 Febrero 16 8 24

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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos