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Déficit de testosterona, síndrome metabólico y diabetes mellitus
Testosterone deficiency, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus
Mercè Fernández-Miróa,b, Juan J. Chillarónb,c,d,
Autor para correspondencia
Jchillaron@parcdesalutmar.cat

Autor para correspondencia.
, Juan Pedro-Botetb,c,d
a Servicio de Medina Interna-Endocrinología y Nutrición, Centre d¿Atenció Integral Dos de Maig, Barcelona, España
b Departamento de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
c Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, España
d Instituto Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas (IMIM), Barcelona, España
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Cuando la concentraci&#243;n de testosterona total est&#225; entre 8 y 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nmol&#47;l &#40;2&#44;3 y 5&#44;21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#41; resulta &#250;til la cuantificaci&#243;n de la testosterona libre&#46; As&#237;&#44; unos niveles de testosterona libre por debajo de 225<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pmol&#47;l &#40;65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml&#41; se consideran diagn&#243;sticos y apoyan la indicaci&#243;n de tratamiento sustitutivo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Para establecer el diagn&#243;stico es necesaria la presencia de s&#237;ntomas de hipogonadismo&#44; tales como distimia&#44; disminuci&#243;n de la libido&#44; de la masa muscular y del vello&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La testosterona circula en el plasma ligada a la alb&#250;mina&#44; a la globulina fijadora de hormonas sexuales &#40;SHBG&#41; y un porcentaje libre&#44; por lo que su concentraci&#243;n total incluye estas 3 formas y est&#225; condicionada a variaciones en los niveles de alb&#250;mina y SHBG&#44; siendo un &#237;ndice poco real de la testosterona biodisponible&#46; El m&#233;todo &#243;ptimo para la cuantificaci&#243;n de la testosterona libre es un procedimiento dificultoso y no disponible en la mayor&#237;a de los laboratorios cl&#237;nicos&#44; por lo que la forma m&#225;s aceptada de estimar la testosterona libre es mediante la f&#243;rmula de Vermeulen<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> que incluye los niveles de SHBG&#44; alb&#250;mina y testosterona total&#44; con una excelente correlaci&#243;n con la determinaci&#243;n directa&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Hipogonadismo en poblaci&#243;n general</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la poblaci&#243;n general la prevalencia de hipogonadismo es del 5-12&#44;3&#37; en varones entre 30 y 79 a&#241;os&#44; con una incidencia de 12&#44;3 por 1&#46;000 habitantes&#47;a&#241;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a>&#46; Las concentraciones de testosterona se modifican con la edad&#44; con un descenso de 3&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nmol&#47;l &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#41; entre los 20 y 80 a&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; En el estudio de la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">European Male Aging Study</span> que incluy&#243; a 3&#46;220 varones de 40 a 79 a&#241;os de edad&#44; la concentraci&#243;n de testosterona total disminuy&#243; un 0&#44;4&#37; anual y la de testosterona libre un 1&#44;3&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hay que distinguir el hipogonadismo com&#250;n del de inicio tard&#237;o causado por una supresi&#243;n funcional del eje hipot&#225;lamo-hipofisario-testicular debido a comorbilidades relacionadas con la edad&#44; especialmente la obesidad&#46; En este sentido&#44; el hipogonadismo de inicio tard&#237;o se ha asociado con un incremento de mortalidad por todas las causas de hasta 5 veces<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Fisiopatolog&#237;a del hipogonadismo en la diabetes</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diversos estudios han hallado una relaci&#243;n inversa entre las concentraciones de testosterona&#44; la resistencia a la insulina y la obesidad&#46; Esta relaci&#243;n se puede explicar por varias hip&#243;tesis&#46; En primer lugar&#44; la testosterona se metaboliza a 17-beta-estradiol por la aromatasa localizada en los adipocitos&#46; Debido al exceso de aromatizaci&#243;n existen niveles m&#225;s bajos de testosterona que permiten un incremento de la actividad de la lipoproteinlipasa&#44; resultando en un incremento de la captaci&#243;n de &#225;cidos grasos y triglic&#233;ridos en los adipocitos&#46; En consecuencia&#44; hay un incremento en la masa grasa que se correlaciona con un incremento de la resistencia a la insulina y a su vez un mayor descenso de los niveles de testosterona<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; La segunda hip&#243;tesis apunta a que el 17-beta-estradiol y las adipocinas&#44; la interleucina-6&#44; el factor de necrosis tumoral alfa y la leptina inhiben la respuesta del eje hipot&#225;lamo-pituitario-testicular en respuesta a niveles disminuidos de testosterona&#46; Esta alteraci&#243;n de la respuesta homeost&#225;tica explica por qu&#233; algunos varones con obesidad presentan una situaci&#243;n de hipogonadismo hipogonadotropo con niveles normales o bajos de gonadotropinas en presencia de niveles bajos de testosterona&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; la resistencia a la insulina se asocia con una reducci&#243;n en la secreci&#243;n de testosterona por las c&#233;lulas de Leydig<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; Por otra parte&#44; estudios <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> que han evaluado el efecto directo de la testosterona en los adipocitos muestran que el tratamiento androg&#233;nico disminuye la adipog&#233;nesis y aumenta la lip&#243;lisis a trav&#233;s del incremento del n&#250;mero de receptores betaadren&#233;rgicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Prevalencia del hipogonadismo en la diabetes</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 &#40;DM2&#41; se ha descrito una prevalencia de hipogonadismo franco &#40;testosterona total inferior a 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nmol&#47;l&#41; entre el 4&#44;4&#37; y el 17&#44;7&#37; y de hipogonadismo l&#237;mite &#40;testosterona total entre 8-12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nmol&#47;l&#41; entre el 25&#37; y el 32&#44;1&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a>&#46; En la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 &#40;DM1&#41; se ha referido que entorno a un 7&#44;2&#37; de los pacientes presentan niveles de testosterona total inferiores a 2&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml &#40;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nmol&#47;l&#41;&#44; similar al observado en la poblaci&#243;n general<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; hasta un 20&#37; de los pacientes con DM1 presenta niveles de testosterona libre calculada inferiores a 225<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pmol&#47;l &#40;65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml&#41;&#44; cifras superiores a las descritas en varones sanos e inferiores a las de pacientes con DM2&#46; La edad es el mayor predictor de niveles bajos de testosterona libre calculada&#44; de forma que por cada d&#233;cada de vida la prevalencia de esta situaci&#243;n se duplica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Hipogonadismo hipogonadotropo y s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Existen una serie de factores en diversos grupos poblacionales que pueden favorecer el d&#233;ficit androg&#233;nico&#44; incrementando la prevalencia de hipogonadismo&#46; Entre estos cabe destacar los elementos caracter&#237;sticos del s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico como la obesidad&#44; hiperglucemia&#44; hipertensi&#243;n y dislipidemia aterog&#233;nica&#46; Un gran n&#250;mero de estudios epidemiol&#243;gicos relaciona la testosterona con el s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico&#44; y todos sus componentes de manera individual se han relacionado con niveles disminuidos de testosterona&#46; Un estudio finland&#233;s con 1&#46;896 varones no diab&#233;ticos constat&#243; cifras de testosterona total y libre menores en aquellos que presentaban s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico&#46; Los varones con niveles de testosterona libre en el tercil inferior mostraron un riesgo incrementado de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico de 2&#44;7 &#40;IC95&#37;&#58; 2&#44;0-3&#44;7&#41; y de 1&#44;7 veces &#40;IC95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;2-2&#44;4&#41; tras ajustar por edad e &#237;ndice de masa corporal &#40;IMC&#41;&#44; respectivamente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; Inversamente&#44; se han demostrado asociaciones negativas entre los niveles de testosterona y el riesgo de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico o resistencia a la insulina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Hipogonadismo hipogonadotropo y resistencia a la insulina</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diferentes evidencias en varones sanos han se&#241;alado una correlaci&#243;n inversa entre la testosterona total y la insulinemia&#44; la glucemia y el IMC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;12&#44;18&#44;19</span></a>&#46; Tambi&#233;n se han descrito niveles disminuidos de testosterona en varones familiares de primer grado de pacientes con diabetes respecto a controles sanos&#44; en relaci&#243;n con una mayor resistencia a la insulina&#44; que a la vez supone un mayor riesgo de desarrollar diabetes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La correlaci&#243;n inversa entre la testosterona total y la insulinemia viene determinada por los niveles de SHBG&#44; que tambi&#233;n est&#225;n disminuidos en pacientes con resistencia a la insulina&#46; La insulina es un factor regulador clave de la producci&#243;n hep&#225;tica de SHBG&#46; Asimismo&#44; se ha descrito que los varones con niveles disminuidos de SHBG presentan un mayor riesgo de desarrollar s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46; Estudios <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> han demostrado que la insulina en concentraciones fisiol&#243;gicas es un potente inhibidor de la producci&#243;n de SHBG&#46; Esta relaci&#243;n entre testosterona y resistencia a la insulina hallada en individuos sanos tambi&#233;n se ha confirmado en aquellos con diabetes&#46; Se ha se&#241;alado una asociaci&#243;n significativa del &#237;ndice HOMA-IR con concentraciones bajas de testosterona total tras ajustar por edad e IMC&#46; La sensibilidad a la insulina tambi&#233;n se asoci&#243; con las concentraciones de testosterona libre&#44; de forma que los individuos con DM2 y niveles m&#225;s bajos de testosterona libre presentaban una mayor resistencia a la insulina despu&#233;s de ajustar por edad e IMC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes con DM1 no est&#225;n exentos de presentar s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico o resistencia a la insulina&#46; En Europa&#44; diversos estudios revelan una prevalencia de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico en pacientes con DM1 del 30-40&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#8211;24</span></a>&#46; Por otro lado&#44; la relaci&#243;n entre la resistencia a la insulina en pacientes con DM1 y las complicaciones cr&#243;nicas de la diabetes&#44; en especial la microangiopat&#237;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23&#44;25</span></a>&#44; est&#225; ampliamente descrita&#46; De manera concordante con estos resultados y los obtenidos en pacientes con DM2&#44; se ha demostrado una asociaci&#243;n directa entre los niveles de testosterona&#44; tanto libre como total&#44; con la sensibilidad a la insulina en este grupo de pacientes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Hipogonadismo hipogonadotropo y dislipidemia</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En varios estudios se ha descrito una correlaci&#243;n positiva entre niveles de testosterona total y libre con colesterol HDL y ApoA1 &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;12&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#44; as&#237; como una correlaci&#243;n negativa con el colesterol total&#44; LDL y triglic&#233;ridos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46; El <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Massachussetts Male Aging Study</span>&#44; realizado con 1&#46;661 varones entre 40 y 70 a&#241;os&#44; puso de manifiesto que la relaci&#243;n entre colesterol HDL y testosterona total y libre era m&#225;s evidente en aquellos con enfermedad cardiovascular&#44; en los que un aumento de 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nmol&#47;l en la testosterona total se asoci&#243; con un incremento del 6&#37; del colesterol HDL<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tambi&#233;n se ha observado en estudios transversales una asociaci&#243;n inversa entre niveles de testosterona y grosor &#237;ntima-media carot&#237;dea en varones&#59; en el modelo de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica&#44; tras ajustar por factores de riesgo cardiovascular&#44; los varones con niveles de testosterona en el quintil inferior &#40;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nmol&#47;l&#41; presentaron mayor riesgo de encontrarse en el quintil superior de grosor &#237;ntima-media carot&#237;dea<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finalmente&#44; estudios longitudinales han hallado una relaci&#243;n inversa tanto de niveles de testosterona total como biodisponible con la progresi&#243;n de la aterosclerosis a&#243;rtica&#46; El estudio Rotterdam que evalu&#243; en 1&#46;032 varones no fumadores la presencia de aterosclerosis a&#243;rtica mediante detecci&#243;n de calcio en la aorta abdominal&#44; hall&#243; que los varones con niveles de testosterona total y biodisponible en el tercil superior presentaron una menor prevalencia de aterosclerosis a&#243;rtica grave &#40;RR&#58; 0&#44;4 &#91;IC95&#37; 0&#44;2-0&#44;9&#93;&#41;&#44; y tambi&#233;n una menor incidencia despu&#233;s de 6&#44;5 a&#241;os de seguimiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Hipogonadismo hipogonadotropo e hipertensi&#243;n arterial</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Contrariamente a lo observado con las concentraciones de testosterona&#44; la presi&#243;n arterial en varones se incrementa con la edad&#46; En este sentido&#44; se han relacionado niveles bajos de testosterona con cifras elevadas de presi&#243;n arterial sist&#243;lica y diast&#243;lica&#44; y se han descrito niveles de testosterona bajos en individuos hipertensos&#46; En el estudio Troms&#248;&#44; los niveles de testosterona total y SHBG se asociaron de forma inversa con la presi&#243;n arterial sist&#243;lica&#46; Los varones con presi&#243;n arterial sist&#243;lica superior a 140<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm Hg o diast&#243;lica superior a 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm Hg presentaron niveles m&#225;s bajos de testosterona total&#44; libre y SHBG tras ajustar por el IMC&#46; Los niveles de testosterona total y SHBG tambi&#233;n se asociaron de forma inversa con la masa ventricular izquierda<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Tratamiento sustitutivo con testosterona en pacientes con hipogonadismo y diabetes</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Varios estudios han confirmado los efectos beneficiosos del tratamiento con testosterona en la sensibilidad a la insulina y los marcadores de obesidad&#46; El tratamiento androg&#233;nico disminuye la adipog&#233;nesis e incrementa la lip&#243;lisis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; Se han observado cambios antropom&#233;tricos favorables tras tratamiento sustitutivo con testosterona&#44; como un descenso medio de hasta 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg de peso&#44; descenso en 4&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> en el IMC&#44; de 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm en el per&#237;metro abdominal&#44; as&#237; como p&#233;rdidas de hasta el 5&#44;6&#37; de masa grasa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#8211;36</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En cuanto a los cambios en el metabolismo de la glucosa tras tratamiento sustitutivo con testosterona&#44; se han observado descensos en la hemoglobina glucosilada&#44; la glucemia basal&#44; la insulinemia basal y el &#237;ndice HOMA-IR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33&#8211;38</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; El primer ensayo aleatorizado&#44; controlado con placebo y cruzado realizado por Kapoor et al&#46; en 24 pacientes con DM2 e hipogonadismo demostr&#243; que la administraci&#243;n parenteral de testosterona durante 3 meses produc&#237;a un descenso significativo del &#237;ndice HOMA-IR en pacientes que no recib&#237;an insulina&#44; y menores requerimientos de insulina en aquellos pacientes que realizaban tratamiento con la misma&#46; Asimismo&#44; presentaron un descenso significativo de la glucemia basal&#44; hemoglobina glucosilada e insulinemia basal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46; Estos hallazgos fueron reproducidos en otro estudio aleatorizado y controlado con placebo en 32 pacientes con DM2 e hipogonadismo tratados con testosterona por v&#237;a transd&#233;rmica durante 52 semanas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&#44; y confirmados en el estudio <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Testosterone Replacement In hypogonadal men with Metabolic Syndrome and&#47;or Type 2 Diabetes</span>&#44; en el que participaron 220 pacientes con hipogonadismo y DM2 y&#47;o s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico seg&#250;n los criterios de la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">International Diabetes Federation</span>&#46; Se observ&#243; un descenso significativo del &#237;ndice HOMA-IR en el grupo tratado con testosterona del 15&#44;2&#37; y del 16&#44;4&#37;&#44; a los 6 y 12 meses&#44; respectivamente&#44; comparado con placebo&#44; as&#237; como un descenso de la hemoglobina glucosilada del 0&#44;4&#37; a los 9 meses en los pacientes diab&#233;ticos en tratamiento hormonal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sobre el perfil lip&#237;dico&#44; el tratamiento sustitutivo con testosterona tambi&#233;n ha hallado descensos en el colesterol total&#44; colesterol LDL&#44; triglic&#233;ridos e &#237;ndice colesterol total&#47;HDL&#44; as&#237; como elevaciones en el colesterol HDL<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34&#44;35&#44;37&#8211;39</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En estudios con menor tama&#241;o muestral el tratamiento sustitutivo con testosterona ha demostrado cambios en otros marcadores de riesgo cardiovascular&#44; como una disminuci&#243;n significativa del grosor &#237;ntima-media carot&#237;dea<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&#44; del n&#250;mero de episodios de angina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#44; de la presi&#243;n arterial sist&#243;lica y diast&#243;lica&#44; y de la prote&#237;na C reactiva<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Uno de cada 3 pacientes con DM2 y&#47;o s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico presenta hipogonadismo hipogonadotropo franco o l&#237;mite&#46; Debido al incremento del sedentarismo y obesidad&#44; cada vez es m&#225;s frecuente la presencia de pacientes afectos de DM1 con un fenotipo similar al de la DM2&#44; que en general cumplen criterios diagn&#243;sticos de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico&#46; Por tanto&#44; es posible que los pacientes con DM1 y alg&#250;n componente del s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico presenten adem&#225;s hipogonadismo hipogonadotropo&#46; En este sentido&#44; se ha descrito una prevalencia de hasta un 20&#37; de niveles disminuidos de testosterona libre en individuos con DM1&#46; En estos pacientes es importante establecer un diagn&#243;stico precoz de hipogonadismo ya que el tratamiento sustitutivo con testosterona ha comportado en pacientes con DM2 y&#47;o s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico una mejora del perfil cardiometab&#243;lico fruto de una mayor sensibilidad a la insulina&#46; En la actualidad&#44; no existen estudios que eval&#250;en el efecto del tratamiento sustitutivo con testosterona en individuos con DM1 e hipogonadismo hipogonadotropo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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      "es" => array:2 [
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El d&#233;ficit de testosterona en la edad adulta se relaciona con depresi&#243;n&#44; disminuci&#243;n de la libido&#44; energ&#237;a&#44; hematocrito&#44; masa muscular y de la densidad mineral &#243;sea&#46; En los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os&#44; tambi&#233;n se ha asociado con diversos componentes del s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico&#44; que a su vez se relacionan con un aumento de hasta 5 veces en el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular&#46; As&#237;&#44; las concentraciones bajas de testosterona se asocian con una mayor resistencia a la insulina&#44; incremento de la masa grasa&#44; colesterol HDL bajo&#44; triglic&#233;ridos elevados e hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#46; Inversamente&#44; el tratamiento sustitutivo en pacientes con d&#233;ficit de testosterona y diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y&#47;o s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico ha demostrado reducciones en la resistencia a la insulina&#44; colesterol total&#44; LDL y triglic&#233;ridos&#44; y una mejor&#237;a del control gluc&#233;mico y los par&#225;metros antropom&#233;tricos&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Testosterone deficiency in adult age is associated with a decrease in libido&#44; energy&#44; hematocrit&#44; muscle mass and bone mineral density&#44; as well as with depression&#46; More recently&#44; testosterone deficiency has also been associated with various components of the metabolic syndrome&#44; which in turn is associated with a five-fold increase in the risk of cardiovascular disease&#46; Low testosterone levels are associated with increased insulin resistance&#44; increase in fat mass&#44; low HDL cholesterol&#44; higher triglyceride levels and hypertension&#46; Testosterone replacement therapy in patients with testosterone deficiency and type 2 diabetes mellitus and&#47;or metabolic syndrome has shown reductions in insulin resistance&#44; total cholesterol&#44; LDL cholesterol and triglycerides and improvement in glycemic control and anthropometric parameters&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
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      0 => array:7 [
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        "tabla" => array:1 [
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Par&#225;metro&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Resultado principal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Peso&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;11&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg en 5 a&#241;os&#8722;15&#44;35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg en 5 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yassin y Doros<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>Saad et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">&#205;ndice de masa corporal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;4&#44;77<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> en 5 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Saad et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Per&#237;metro abdominal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;1&#44;63<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm en 3 meses&#8722;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm en 12 meses&#8722;8&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm en 5 a&#241;os&#8722;9&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm en 5 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Kapoor et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>Heufelder et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>Saad et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>Yassin y Doros <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">&#205;ndice cintura&#47;cadera&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;3&#44;96&#37; en 3 meses&#8722;0&#44;03 en 3 meses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Boyanov et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>Kapoor et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Masa grasa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;5&#44;65&#37; en 3 meses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Boyanov et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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              ]
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cambios antropom&#233;tricos tras tratamiento sustitutivo con testosterona en pacientes con hipogonadismo</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
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              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Par&#225;metro&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Resultado principal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hemoglobina glucosilada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;1&#44;8&#37; en 3 meses&#8722;0&#44;37&#37; en 3 meses&#8722;0&#44;8&#37; en 12 meses&#8722;0&#44;44&#37; en 12 meses&#8722;2&#44;48&#37; en 5 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Boyanov et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>Kapoor et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>Heufelder et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>Jones et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>Saad et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Glucemia basal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;1&#44;58<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l en 3 meses&#8722;1&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l en 5 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Kapoor et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>Saad et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Insulinemia basal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;40&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pmol&#47;l en 12 meses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Heufelder et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HOMA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;1&#44;73 en 3 meses&#8722;0&#44;9 en 12 meses&#8722;16&#44;4&#37; en 12 meses&#8722;0&#44;6 en 3 meses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Kapoor et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>Heufelder et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>Jones et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>Cornoldi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab974832.png"
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            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cambios en el metabolismo de la glucosa tras tratamiento sustitutivo con testosterona en pacientes con hipogonadismo</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">HDL&#58; lipoprote&#237;nas de alta densidad&#59; LDL&#58; lipoprote&#237;nas de baja densidad&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Par&#225;metro&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Resultado principal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Colesterol total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l en 3 meses&#8722;0&#44;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l en 12 meses&#8722;2&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l en 5 a&#241;os&#8722;0&#44;44<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l en 3 meses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Kapoor et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>Jones et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>Traish et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a>Cornoldi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Colesterol LDL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l en 12 meses&#8722;1&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l en 5 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Jones et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>Traish et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Colesterol HDL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;0&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l en 12 meses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Heufelder et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Triglic&#233;ridos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l en 12 meses&#8722;0&#44;36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l&#8722;0&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l en 5 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Heufelder et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>Cornoldi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>Traish et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">&#205;ndice colesterol total&#47;HDL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;1&#44;95 en 5 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Traish et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab974830.png"
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cambios en el perfil lip&#237;dico tras tratamiento sustitutivo con testosterona en pacientes con hipogonadismo</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
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        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Par&#225;metro&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Resultado principal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Grosor &#237;ntima-media carot&#237;dea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Disminuci&#243;n&#46; &#8722;0&#44;22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm a los 12 meses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aversa et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">N&#250;mero de episodios de angina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Reducci&#243;n del 34&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cornoldi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Prote&#237;na C reactiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;5&#44;26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;l en 5 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Traish et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Presi&#243;n arterial sist&#243;lica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Alaninaaminotransferasa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;23&#44;34<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;l en 5 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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