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Síndrome de lisis tumoral en neoplasias sólidas: características clínicas y pronóstico
Tumor lysis syndrome in solid tumors: Clinical characteristics and prognosis
Fernando Caravaca-Fontána,
Autor para correspondencia
fcaravacaf@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, Olga Martínez-Sáezb, Saúl Pampa-Saicoa, Maria Eugenia Olmedob, Antonio Gomisa, Pilar Garridob
a Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, España
b Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, España
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aunque se ha descrito de forma aislada en gran variedad de tumores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; El SLT espont&#225;neo &#40;SLTE&#41;&#44; que aparece en ausencia de tratamiento quimioter&#225;pico o radioter&#225;pico&#44; es excepcional en NS&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El curso cl&#237;nico de esta enfermedad suele ser r&#225;pidamente progresivo&#44; lo que unido a la demora en su diagn&#243;stico condicionan una elevada mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pocos estudios han analizado las caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas y el pron&#243;stico de la lisis tumoral en NS&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio recoge una serie de 19 pacientes con NS diagnosticados de SLT y SLTE en nuestro hospital en un per&#237;odo de 16 a&#241;os&#46; As&#237;&#44; los objetivos fueron&#58; describir las caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas y el pron&#243;stico de estas enfermedades&#44; as&#237; como analizar las diferencias seg&#250;n el subtipo etiol&#243;gico&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material y m&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Pacientes</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron todos los pacientes con tumores s&#243;lidos diagnosticados de SLT o SLTE en el Hospital Universitario Ram&#243;n y Cajal de Madrid entre enero de 2000 y mayo de 2016&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se recogieron las caracter&#237;sticas basales de la historia cl&#237;nica&#44; incluyendo los datos demogr&#225;ficos&#44; el &#237;ndice de comorbilidad de Charlson&#44; antecedentes de enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica o hiperuricemia&#44; la escala ECOG al ingreso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#44; as&#237; como el tipo de neoplasia y el grado de afectaci&#243;n metast&#225;sica&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El diagn&#243;stico se realiz&#243; siguiendo los criterios de Cairo-Bishop<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> propuestos en 2004&#46; De acuerdo a esta clasificaci&#243;n&#44; las alteraciones de laboratorio del SLT incluyen el desarrollo 3 d&#237;as antes o hasta 7 d&#237;as despu&#233;s del inicio del tratamiento de 2 o m&#225;s de las siguientes alteraciones&#58; hiperuricemia&#44; hiperpotasemia&#44; hiperfosforemia&#44; hipocalcemia&#44; o aumento mayor del 25&#37; respecto a los valores basales&#46; El SLT cl&#237;nico viene definido cl&#237;nicamente por un aumento de los valores de creatinina s&#233;rica&#44; desarrollo de arritmia card&#237;aca o muerte s&#250;bita&#44; o convulsiones&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se consider&#243; SLTE al desarrollo de alteraciones previamente descritas&#44; en ausencia de tratamiento quimioter&#225;pico o radioter&#225;pico&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La funci&#243;n renal se estim&#243; mediante el c&#225;lculo del filtrado glomerular por la f&#243;rmula MDRD-4&#46; Para estratificar la insuficiencia renal aguda&#44; se utiliz&#243; el criterio del cambio de creatinina propuesto por la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acute Kidney Injury Network</span> &#40;AKIN&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dado el car&#225;cter retrospectivo no fue preciso el consentimiento informado de los pacientes&#44; aunque el estudio se hizo de acuerdo a los principios de la Declaraci&#243;n de Helsinki&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Dise&#241;o del estudio y an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio es retrospectivo y observacional&#46; Para la comparaci&#243;n de 2 variables continuas independientes se utiliz&#243; el test t de Student para muestras no apareadas&#44; o el test no param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney seg&#250;n las caracter&#237;sticas de las variables&#46; Para la comparaci&#243;n de variables discretas se utiliz&#243; el test chi-cuadrado con correcci&#243;n continua&#46; Dado el escaso tama&#241;o muestral no se hizo an&#225;lisis multivariante&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los datos se presentan como media y desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#44; o mediana y rangos intercuart&#237;licos&#46; Una p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 fue considerada como estad&#237;sticamente significativa&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico se realiz&#243; con el programa IBM SPSS versi&#243;n 21&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Resultados</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 19 pacientes &#40;edad media 63<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16 a&#241;os&#41;&#58; 10 pacientes &#40;53&#37;&#41; presentaban SLT&#44; y 9 &#40;47&#37;&#41; SLTE&#46; Los diferentes tipos de neoplasias se muestran en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> y las caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basales de los pacientes en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#46; Es destacable el predominio de neoplasias de pulm&#243;n &#40;42&#37;&#41;&#44; con estadios avanzados y formas histol&#243;gicas pobremente diferenciadas&#46; En 18 pacientes &#40;95&#37;&#41; el cuadro se produjo pr&#243;ximo al diagn&#243;stico inicial de la enfermedad&#46; El antecedente de enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica fue poco frecuente &#40;16&#37;&#41; con estadio evolutivo G3A en todos estos pacientes &#40;filtrado glomerular estimado medio 53&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En general&#44; la carga tumoral era elevada&#44; presentando met&#225;stasis hep&#225;ticas m&#250;ltiples 11 pacientes &#40;58&#37;&#41;&#44; peritoneales 6 &#40;32&#37;&#41; y &#243;seas 4 &#40;21&#37;&#41;&#46; La funci&#243;n hep&#225;tica se encontraba alterada en aquellos pacientes con met&#225;stasis hep&#225;ticas m&#250;ltiples&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La mediana de tiempo desde el inicio de la quimioterapia hasta el desarrollo de SLT fue de 3 d&#237;as &#40;rangos intercuart&#237;licos 2-7&#41;&#46; Siete pacientes &#40;70&#37;&#41; recibieron tratamiento con platino&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos los pacientes comenzaron con FRA&#46; En un tercio de los casos el deterioro renal fue grave &#40;AKIN 3&#41; y en el resto leve-moderado &#40;AKIN 1-2&#41;&#46; En todos los casos se descart&#243; nefrotoxicidad por f&#225;rmacos de uso habitual &#40;antibi&#243;ticos&#44; antiinflamatorios&#8230;&#41;&#44; y la etiolog&#237;a obstructiva mediante ecograf&#237;a urol&#243;gica&#46; Es rese&#241;able que en 4 casos se produjeron p&#233;rdidas digestivas en forma de v&#243;mitos y diarrea con el consecuente descenso del volumen circulante&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes con SLTE presentaron con m&#225;s frecuencia convulsiones y arritmias &#40;bloqueo auriculoventricular&#44; ensanchamiento de QRS o fibrilaci&#243;n ventricular&#41;&#44; aunque no se observaron diferencias estad&#237;sticamente significativas&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La hiperuricemia grave junto con el FRA fueron los hallazgos claves en el diagn&#243;stico&#46; En la orina se observaron cristales de &#225;cido &#250;rico en 14 pacientes &#40;74&#37;&#41;&#44; y aunque el cociente &#250;rico-creatinina solo pudo ser determinado en 5 casos&#44; este se encontraba por encima de 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;g de creatinina &#40;media 1&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;g creatinina&#41; en todos estos casos&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El grado de hipocalcemia fue significativamente m&#225;s grave en el grupo con SLT&#44; mientras que la hiperfosfatemia&#44; aun siendo m&#225;s elevada en este grupo&#44; no alcanz&#243; significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica con respecto al SLTE&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos los pacientes fueron tratados con sueroterapia intensiva &#40;suero salino fisiol&#243;gico y bicarbonato&#41; y diur&#233;ticos &#40;furosemida&#41;&#46; En el 63&#37; de los pacientes se utiliz&#243; un agente uricol&#237;tico &#40;rasburicasa&#41;&#44; y en el 26&#37; inhibidores de la xantino oxidasa &#40;alopurinol&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La depuraci&#243;n extrarrenal con hemodi&#225;lisis tan solo se realiz&#243; en 3 pacientes &#40;16&#37;&#41; con SLT que estaban en tratamiento quimioter&#225;pico&#44; recuperando posteriormente la funci&#243;n renal 2 de ellos&#46; La mediana en hemodi&#225;lisis fue de 8 d&#237;as&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Siete pacientes &#40;37&#37;&#41; recuperaron la funci&#243;n renal al cabo de 9 d&#237;as &#40;mediana&#44; rangos intercuart&#237;licos&#58; 4-12 d&#237;as&#41;&#44; y dicha recuperaci&#243;n fue m&#225;s frecuente en el grupo con SLT&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La mortalidad durante el ingreso fue elevada&#44; especialmente en el grupo con SLTE&#46; Del conjunto total&#44; 9 pacientes &#40;47&#37;&#41; fallecieron como consecuencia de la lisis tumoral y 3 &#40;16&#37;&#41; por otras causas a pesar de la recuperaci&#243;n de la lisis tumoral &#40;infarto agudo de miocardio&#44; neumon&#237;a y hemorragia digestiva&#41;&#46; La <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a> muestra las caracter&#237;sticas de los pacientes de acuerdo a la evoluci&#243;n cl&#237;nica de la lisis tumoral&#46; Los pacientes con evoluci&#243;n desfavorable eran m&#225;s j&#243;venes&#44; con mayor deterioro de funci&#243;n renal y mayor frecuencia de SLTE&#44; aunque las diferencias no alcanzaron la significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los resultados de este estudio muestran que el SLT en NS est&#225; asociado a una mortalidad elevada&#44; especialmente en las formas espont&#225;neas &#40;SLTE&#41;&#44; y el grado de deterioro de la funci&#243;n renal podr&#237;a ser uno de los principales determinantes pron&#243;sticos&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio recoge la mayor serie de casos publicada de SLT en NS en un &#250;nico centro hospitalario&#46; Se ha descrito que la distinta incidencia de SLT entre neoplasias hematol&#243;gicas y s&#243;lidas podr&#237;a ser debida a las diferencias en la sensibilidad a los f&#225;rmacos antitumorales&#44; la heterogeneidad de los tumores s&#243;lidos&#44; as&#237; como a una mayor dificultad en su identificaci&#243;n dado que el SLT en NS puede aparecer hasta semanas despu&#233;s del inicio del tratamiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; Pacientes con una carga tumoral alta&#44; cifras de lactato deshidrogenasa elevadas y neoplasias m&#225;s quimiosensibles tendr&#237;an mayor riesgo de desarrollar SLT&#44; y por tanto ser&#237;a recomendable el tratamiento profil&#225;ctico antes de la quimioterapia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El SLTE se asocia a una mayor mortalidad&#44; aunque a&#250;n se desconocen los mecanismos subyacentes&#46; Se ha especulado que la necrosis de masas tumorales voluminosas como consecuencia de una insuficiente vascularizaci&#243;n o la presi&#243;n del tejido circundante &#40;especialmente a nivel hep&#225;tico u &#243;seo&#41;&#44; iniciar&#237;a la cascada patog&#233;nica del SLT&#44; activando tambi&#233;n mecanismos inflamatorios e inmunol&#243;gicos que en &#250;ltimo t&#233;rmino producir&#237;an respuesta inflamatoria sist&#233;mica&#44; FRA y arritmias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3&#44;7</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; en nuestro estudio&#44; la disfunci&#243;n hep&#225;tica podr&#237;a haber condicionado una alteraci&#243;n en el metabolismo de las purinas&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Otro hallazgo destacable en esta serie fue la edad m&#225;s joven de los pacientes con evoluci&#243;n desfavorable&#46; Algunas especulaciones para justificar esta asociaci&#243;n podr&#237;an ser un retraso en el diagn&#243;stico debido a una menor sospecha cl&#237;nica&#44; as&#237; como un curso cl&#237;nico m&#225;s agresivo en este grupo de pacientes&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El desarrollo de FRA en el seno de la lisis tumoral puede ser multifactorial&#44; aunque suele ser consecuencia de la precipitaci&#243;n de &#225;cido &#250;rico y fosfato c&#225;lcico a nivel tubular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;9</span></a>&#46; En este sentido&#44; existe controversia en cuanto a la utilidad del cociente &#250;rico-creatinina en orina para su diagn&#243;stico diferencial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la efectividad del tratamiento actual sobre la generaci&#243;n de &#225;cido &#250;rico parece haber disminuido la incidencia de nefropat&#237;a aguda por uratos en series de pacientes hematol&#243;gicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por otro lado&#44; se ha postulado que el SLTE se asocia a una menor hiperfosfatemia e hipocalcemia debido a la r&#225;pida reabsorci&#243;n del f&#243;sforo por el resto del tumor activo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;10</span></a>&#44; consistente con los hallazgos de nuestro estudio&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A pesar de que la lisis tumoral es un cuadro potencialmente reversible&#44; muy pocos pacientes recibieron tratamiento dial&#237;tico en esta serie descrita&#46; Algunos pacientes no cumpl&#237;an criterios estrictos de di&#225;lisis&#44; y en otros casos no se consider&#243; indicada debido al mal pron&#243;stico de la neoplasia de base&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio tiene una serie de limitaciones&#59; en primer lugar&#44; dado el car&#225;cter observacional y retrospectivo&#44; no se pudieron establecer relaciones causales&#46; El escaso tama&#241;o muestral dificult&#243; el an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico de los posibles determinantes de una peor evoluci&#243;n&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; dado que a ning&#250;n paciente se le realiz&#243; biopsia renal&#44; tampoco se podr&#237;a descartar un componente de enfermedad glomerular o intersticial asociado&#44; aunque dada la cronolog&#237;a y los hallazgos cl&#237;nicos resulta poco probable&#46; A pesar de estas limitaciones&#44; este estudio aporta informaci&#243;n de inter&#233;s sobre una enfermedad que rara vez se sospecha en situaciones de FRA en pacientes oncol&#243;gicos&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En conclusi&#243;n&#44; el desarrollo de lisis tumoral en NS es poco frecuente aunque se asocia a una elevada mortalidad&#44; por lo que es necesario un alto &#237;ndice de sospecha para el inicio precoz de tratamiento&#44; especialmente en neoplasias altamente proliferativas y con gran carga tumoral&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener conflictos de inter&#233;s relacionados con la publicaci&#243;n de este art&#237;culo&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Abstract"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0025"
              "titulo" => "Introduction and objective"
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              "titulo" => "Pacientes"
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            1 => array:2 [
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              "titulo" => "Dise&#241;o del estudio y an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2016-07-25"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2016-10-20"
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          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "S&#237;ndrome lisis tumoral"
            1 => "Tumores s&#243;lidos"
            2 => "Fracaso renal agudo"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
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            0 => "Tumour lysis syndrome"
            1 => "Solid tumours"
            2 => "Acute renal failure"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introducci&#243;n y objetivos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El s&#237;ndrome de lisis tumoral &#40;SLT&#41; es una complicaci&#243;n poco frecuente en neoplasias s&#243;lidas tras el inicio de tratamiento&#44; y su desarrollo espont&#225;neo &#40;SLTE&#41; es excepcional&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En este estudio se analizan las principales caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas y pron&#243;sticas de una serie de casos con SLT y SLTE&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio retrospectivo observacional que incluy&#243; a todos los pacientes con neoplasias s&#243;lidas diagnosticados de SLT y SLTE en nuestro hospital en un per&#237;odo de 16 a&#241;os&#44; siguiendo los criterios de Cairo-Bishop&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 19 pacientes &#40;edad media 63<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16 a&#241;os&#41;&#58; 10 pacientes &#40;53&#37;&#41; presentaban SLT y 9 &#40;47&#37;&#41; SLTE&#46; En 8 casos &#40;42&#37;&#41; el tumor primario fue de pulm&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Todos los pacientes presentaban deterioro grave de funci&#243;n renal en el momento del diagn&#243;stico&#44; asoci&#225;ndose con hiperuricemia &#40;16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#41; e hiperpotasemia &#40;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A pesar del tratamiento con sueroterapia&#44; alcalinizaci&#243;n y rasburicasa&#44; 3 pacientes &#40;16&#37;&#41; requirieron tratamiento dial&#237;tico y 12 &#40;63&#37;&#41; acabaron falleciendo durante el ingreso&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El desarrollo de SLT en neoplasias s&#243;lidas se asocia a una elevada mortalidad&#44; por lo que es necesario un alto &#237;ndice de sospecha para el diagn&#243;stico e inicio precoz de tratamiento&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n y objetivos"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Material y m&#233;todos"
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          2 => array:2 [
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction and objective</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tumour lysis syndrome &#40;TLS&#41; is an uncommon complication in solid tumors following treatment initiation&#44; and its spontaneous development &#40;STLS&#41; is exceptional&#46;</p><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; we analyse the main clinical and prognostic features of a case series with TLS and STLS&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Observational retrospective study in which we included all patients with solid tumours diagnosed with TLS and STLS over a period of 16 years&#44; according to Cairo-Bishop criteria&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nineteen patients were included in the study &#40;mean age 63<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16 years&#41;&#58; 10 patients &#40;53&#37;&#41; with TLS&#44; and 9 &#40;47&#37;&#41; STLS&#46; The primary tumour in 8 cases &#40;42&#37;&#41; was lung cancer&#46;</p><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">All patients had severe renal impairment at the time of diagnosis along with hyperuricemia &#40;16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#41; and hyperkalemia &#40;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Despite treatment with intravenous fluids&#44; urinary alkalinisation and rasburicase&#44; 3 patients &#40;16&#37;&#41; required dialysis&#44; and 12 &#40;63&#37;&#41; died during the follow-up period&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The development of TLS in solid tumors is associated with increased mortality and therefore&#44; a high index of suspicion is essential for early diagnosis and treatment initiation&#46;</p></span>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SLT&#58; s&#237;ndrome de lisis tumoral&#59; SLTE&#58; s&#237;ndrome de lisis tumoral espont&#225;neo&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Neoplasia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Histolog&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SLT&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SLTE&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">Pulm&#243;n</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Carcinoma microc&#237;tico de pulm&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Adenocarcinoma de pulm&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="middle">Aparato digestivo</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Adenocarcinoma de es&#243;fago&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Carcinoma epidermoide de es&#243;fago&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Adenocarcinoma g&#225;strico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Adenocarcinoma de colon&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">Ginecol&#243;gica</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Adenocarcinoma de endometrio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Carcinoma ductal infiltrante de mama&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Urol&#243;gica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Adenocarcinoma prost&#225;tico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle">Otras</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tumor germinal extragonadal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Liposarcoma mixoide de cu&#225;driceps&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tumor de origen desconocido&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Etiolog&#237;a de las neoplasias en cada grupo</p>"
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      ]
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        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AKIN&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acute Kidney Injury Network</span>&#59; ECOG&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group</span>&#59; eGFR&#58; filtrado glomerular estimado&#59; SLT&#58; s&#237;ndrome de lisis tumoral&#59; SLTE&#58; s&#237;ndrome de lisis tumoral espont&#225;neo&#46;</p><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los datos se muestran como media &#40;desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#41;&#44; salvo que se especifique lo contrario&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SLT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SLTE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N&#250;mero&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 &#40;53&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;47&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Edad&#44; a&#241;os</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63 &#40;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63 &#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;815&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sexo&#44; hombres &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15 &#40;79&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;70&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;89&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;656&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">&#205;ndice Charlson al ingreso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#91;4-9&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#91;4-10&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#91;4-9&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;769&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escala ECOG al ingreso</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#91;1-3&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#91;2&#44;3&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#91;1-3&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;847&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tiempo desde diagn&#243;stico del tumor&#44; d&#237;as</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28 &#91;12-63&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26 &#91;5-38&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">37 &#91;12-49&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;191&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enfermedad renal previa&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hiperuricemia previa&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Arritmia&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;26&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;33&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;628&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Confusi&#243;n-letargia&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Convulsiones&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;42&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;55&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;370&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hipocalcemia sintom&#225;tica&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fracaso renal agudo</span><br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clasificaci&#243;n AKIN</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;869&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>AKIN 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 &#40;53&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;55&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>AKIN 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>AKIN 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;32&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;33&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Creatinina s&#233;rica&#44; mg&#47;dl</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;3 &#40;1&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;6 &#40;1&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;9 &#40;1&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;380&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">eGFR en ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73 m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23 &#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19 &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28 &#40;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;138&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#193;cido &#250;rico&#44; mg&#47;dl</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16 &#40;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16 &#40;6&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16&#44;3 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;928&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Potasio&#44; mM&#47;l</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;0&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;0&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#44;2 &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;498&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Calcio corregido por prote&#237;nas&#44; mg&#47;dl</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#44;9 &#40;0&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#44;5 &#40;0&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&#44;3 &#40;0&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;046&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#243;sforo&#44; mg&#47;dl</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&#44;3 &#40;3&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#44;3 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#44;3 &#40;3&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;194&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bicarbonato plasm&#225;tico&#44; mM&#47;l</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17 &#40;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17 &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;655&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bilirrubina total&#44; mg&#47;dl</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;7 &#91;0&#44;9-3&#44;3&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#91;0&#44;9-4&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;3 &#91;0&#44;8-3&#44;8&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;497&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">GOT&#44; U&#47;l</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">141 &#91;78-269&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">149 &#91;85-325&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">86 &#91;58-303&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;462&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">GPT&#44; U&#47;l</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">110 &#91;84-161&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">122 &#91;99-180&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">88 &#91;47-299&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;288&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">GGT&#44; U&#47;l</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">518 &#40;390&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">468 &#40;328&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">571 &#40;466&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;640&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1713 &#40;890&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1872 &#40;787&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1554 &#40;1010&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;645&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;211&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;60&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;057&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;350&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">58 &#40;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;226&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;70&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;89&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;582&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">&#205;ndice Charlson al ingreso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#91;4-9&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#91;4-10&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;791&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#91;2-3&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;168&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;67&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;179&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;67&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;892&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;142&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;156&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                    0 => array:2 [
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Haematol&#46;"
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                      "titulo" => "Acute Kidney Injury Network&#58; Report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury"
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                      "titulo" => "The tumour lysis syndrome"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med&#46;"
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                      "titulo" => "Recommendations for the evaluation of risk and prophylaxis of tumour lysis syndrome &#40;TLS&#41; in adults and children with malignant diseases&#58; An expert TLS panel consensus"
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 00257753
Idioma original: Español
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