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Función renal y pronóstico de los episodios de insuficiencia cardiaca aguda
Renal function and acute heart failure outcome
Lluís Llaugera,
Autor para correspondencia
llauger.doc@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, Javier Jacobc, Òscar Mirób
a Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Universitari de Vic, Vic (Barcelona), España
b Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), España
c Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
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tiene implicaciones en diferentes &#243;rganos cuyo abordaje es eminentemente multidisciplinar y en el que participan todos los eslabones del sistema sanitario<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a>&#46; A pesar de los esfuerzos por encontrar terapias que modifiquen la evoluci&#243;n natural de la ICA&#44; su pron&#243;stico se ha mantenido esencialmente inalterado durante las &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> y los diferentes ensayos cl&#237;nicos han fracasado en proporcionar nuevos f&#225;rmacos para su tratamiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; Por dicha raz&#243;n&#44; durante los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os han aparecido en Espa&#241;a propuestas de mejora de la atenci&#243;n prehospitalaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8-10</span></a>&#44; de la valoraci&#243;n de la fragilidad que a menudo asocian los pacientes con ICA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a>&#44; de la identificaci&#243;n de los factores precipitantes de la descompensaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a> o de la toma de decisi&#243;n de ingreso o alta<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15-17</span></a>&#44; y se han dise&#241;ado circuitos de atenci&#243;n especializada para las fases precoces de la descompensaci&#243;n o el seguimiento tras el tratamiento inicial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a>&#44; todo ello con la finalidad de incidir en la mejora del pron&#243;stico de estos pacientes&#46; En este sentido&#44; y con el objetivo de ayudar a la toma de decisiones en los pacientes con ICA&#44; se han estudiado diversas variables y modelos predictivos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La funci&#243;n renal y su deterioro son de las m&#225;s relevantes y asociadas a mal pron&#243;stico y su prevalencia en la insuficiencia cardiaca es elevada&#44; como demuestran la resultados de un metaan&#225;lisis en el que el 53&#37; de los pacientes con ICA presentaron enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica &#40;ERC&#41; y cuya coexistencia se asoci&#243; a mayor mortalidad &#40;OR 2&#44;35&#59; IC&#160;95&#37;&#58; 2&#44;25-2&#44;54&#59; p&#160;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46; En el registro EAHFE&#44; con datos de 5&#46;845 pacientes atendidos por ICA en los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios espa&#241;oles&#44; el 22&#44;3&#37; presentaba ERC&#44; definida por tener una creatinina s&#233;rica&#160;&#62;&#160;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl y&#44; durante el episodio agudo&#44; se observ&#243; una tasa de filtrado glomerular estimada &#40;TFGe&#41;&#160;&#60;&#160;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73&#160;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> en el 57&#37; de los enfermos&#44; una TFGe&#160;&#60;&#160;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73&#160;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> en el 14&#37; y una TFGe&#160;&#60;&#160;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73&#160;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> en el 5&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La relaci&#243;n fisiopatol&#243;gica que se establece entre el coraz&#243;n y el ri&#241;&#243;n es compleja&#46; La definici&#243;n de s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal&#44; clasificado inicialmente en 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>categor&#237;as y ampliado despu&#233;s a 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#44; intenta clarificar esta complejidad&#46; Dentro de esta clasificaci&#243;n de s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal&#44; los casos de ICA con empeoramiento de la funci&#243;n renal &#40;EFR&#41; se clasifican como de tipo 1 o hemodin&#225;mico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#44; pero se sigue utilizando el concepto de EFR definido por la Sociedad Europea de Cardiolog&#237;a como un incremento en la creatinina s&#233;rica&#160;&#8805;&#160;0&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl o del 25&#37;&#44; o una disminuci&#243;n en la TFGe del 20&#37;&#44; respecto a los valores basales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Tambi&#233;n resulta complejo saber c&#243;mo valorar la funci&#243;n renal en los pacientes con ICA&#44; esencialmente debido a las m&#250;ltiples maneras de hacerlo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Con el objetivo de analizar los trabajos publicados que investigan la relaci&#243;n entre distintas formas de valorar la funci&#243;n renal y relacionar sus alteraciones con el pron&#243;stico en los pacientes con ICA&#44; se ha realizado la siguiente revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">M&#233;todo de la revisi&#243;n y selecci&#243;n de los art&#237;culos</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; una b&#250;squeda bibliogr&#225;fica&#44; entre mayo de 2016 y diciembre de 2017&#44; en las bases de datos Pubmed y Web of Science&#46; Los criterios de b&#250;squeda que se utilizaron est&#225;n reflejados en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figura 1</a>&#46; Se seleccionaron los trabajos escritos en espa&#241;ol&#44; ingl&#233;s&#44; franc&#233;s o alem&#225;n&#44; que tuvieran resumen y que evaluaran el papel pron&#243;stico de cualquier variable de funci&#243;n renal en la ICA en muestras no seleccionadas de pacientes&#46; Se descartaron art&#237;culos de revisi&#243;n&#44; comunicaciones a congresos&#44; ensayos cl&#237;nicos &#40;por considerarlos muestras seleccionadas&#41; y trabajos con muestras de unidades especializadas o inferiores a 200 enfermos&#46; De los trabajos seleccionados&#44; se revisaron las referencias cruzadas para verificar que no se hab&#237;a omitido la inclusi&#243;n de ning&#250;n trabajo relevante&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El proceso de revisi&#243;n identific&#243; al final 33 trabajos que cumpl&#237;an los criterios de inclusi&#243;n&#44; 29 procedentes directamente de la estrategia de b&#250;squeda y 4 de la revisi&#243;n de referencias cruzadas&#46; Los autores consensuaron limitar el an&#225;lisis a par&#225;metros anal&#237;ticos&#44; y se descart&#243; analizar otras variables que influyeran en la evoluci&#243;n y pron&#243;stico de la funci&#243;n renal&#44; como por ejemplo&#44; la terapia con diur&#233;ticos de asa&#46; Las variables analizadas en los diferentes estudios se han agrupado en funci&#243;n del par&#225;metro considerado y analizado&#58; 1&#41; creatinina s&#233;rica&#44; 2&#41; BUN o cociente BUN&#47;creatinina&#44; 3&#41; ERC&#44; 4&#41; f&#243;rmula para el c&#225;lculo de la TFGe&#44; 5&#41; lesi&#243;n renal aguda &#40;LRA&#41; y 6&#41; nuevos marcadores de lesi&#243;n renal&#46; Dado que no se planific&#243; realizar un metaan&#225;lisis para agregar los resultados de los diferentes estudios&#44; no se requiri&#243; una definici&#243;n homog&#233;nea de estos par&#225;metros&#46; En cambio&#44; las particularidades referentes a la definici&#243;n de cada par&#225;metro se comentan en el texto correspondiente a la discusi&#243;n de cada uno de ellos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Resultados</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Creatinina s&#233;rica</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La creatinina s&#233;rica se ha utilizado durante d&#233;cadas como marcador de la funci&#243;n renal&#46; Es una prote&#237;na que procede de la musculatura esquel&#233;tica y es filtrada en el glom&#233;rulo de forma casi exclusiva&#46; Dado este origen&#44; habr&#225; variaciones en funci&#243;n de la edad y el sexo&#46; La <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> recoge los estudios que analizan el significado pron&#243;stico de la creatinina s&#233;rica en la ICA&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se ha denominado EFR a la variaci&#243;n de la creatinina s&#233;rica&#160;&#8805;&#160;0&#44;3 o 0&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#44; o como el incremento&#160;&#8805;&#160;25&#37; de la creatinina&#44; pero no es un par&#225;metro para el que exista una definici&#243;n homog&#233;nea<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46; El EFR se describe como una variable en la que intervienen varios mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos&#44; como son la activaci&#243;n neurohormonal&#44; la disminuci&#243;n de la perfusi&#243;n renal&#44; la presencia de congesti&#243;n venosa renal&#44; el uso de f&#225;rmacos con afectaci&#243;n renal y la presencia de ERC&#44; y globalmente su presencia se relaciona con un mayor riesgo de muerte o rehospitalizaci&#243;n&#46; En un estudio de cohorte retrospectiva de 646 pacientes ingresados por ICA&#44; el EFR durante los primeros 7 d&#237;as de ingreso se asoci&#243; con mayor mortalidad o reingreso &#40;HR 1&#44;24&#59; IC&#160;95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;06-1&#44;45&#59; p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#44;0059&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46; Estos resultados coinciden con otro estudio que analiza datos de una base administrativa de 14&#46;017 pacientes ingresados por ICA&#44; de los cuales 5&#46;035 &#40;35&#44;9&#37;&#41; presentaron un EFR durante la hospitalizaci&#243;n &#40;el 42&#44;7&#37; sostenido&#44; el 37&#44;5&#37; sostenido pero de duraci&#243;n desconocida y el 19&#44;8&#37; transitorio&#41;&#46; El reingreso hospitalario a los 30 d&#237;as fue mayor en todos los grupos con un RR 1&#44;29 &#40;IC&#160;95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;17-1&#44;42&#41;&#59; RR 1&#44;12 &#40;IC&#160;95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;01-1&#44;26&#41; y RR 1&#44;14 &#40;IC&#160;95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;01-1&#44;31&#41;&#44; respectivamente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46; En el registro ADHERE se describe un 20&#44;3&#37; de EFR persistente y un 11&#44;7&#37; de EFR transitorio&#44; con una HR de 1&#44;73 &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;57-1&#44;91&#41; y de 1&#44;19 &#40;IC&#160;95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;05-1&#44;35&#41;&#44; respectivamente&#44; para la mortalidad a los 90 d&#237;as del alta&#46; En este estudio&#44; la presencia de ERC previa se relacion&#243; con m&#225;s EFR persistente y mortalidad a los 90 d&#237;as<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En ausencia de congesti&#243;n&#44; se especula que el EFR no tendr&#237;a valor pron&#243;stico y que podr&#237;a ser debido al tratamiento diur&#233;tico o con IECA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46; En cambio&#44; la congesti&#243;n persistente junto a un EFR s&#237; ser&#237;a indicativa de mala evoluci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; La situaci&#243;n inversa&#44; si una mejor&#237;a de la funci&#243;n renal podr&#237;a tener significado pron&#243;stico&#44; tambi&#233;n ha sido planteada y se ha llegado a conclusiones parecidas&#46; Analizando a 903 pacientes ingresados por ICA&#44; hasta un 31&#44;4&#37; presentan una mejor&#237;a de la funci&#243;n renal durante la hospitalizaci&#243;n&#44; pero con congesti&#243;n y resistencia diur&#233;tica presentan mayor mortalidad &#40;HR 1&#44;3&#59; IC&#160;95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;1-1&#44;7&#59; p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#44;011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Nitr&#243;geno ureico y cociente nitr&#243;geno ureico&#47;creatinina</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El nitr&#243;geno ureico &#40;BUN&#41; y la creatinina son productos del metabolismo de los compuestos nitrogenados&#46; Se ha descrito su valor pron&#243;stico por su asociaci&#243;n con la activaci&#243;n de los ejes neurohormonal y de la renina angiotensina aldosterona&#44; fen&#243;meno relacionado con la congesti&#243;n que caracteriza a la ICA&#46; En este contexto&#44; se postula que se produce una expansi&#243;n del volumen intravascular como mecanismo de compensaci&#243;n&#44; de manera que la cantidad de urea excretada se reduce de forma desproporcionada al filtrado glomerular&#44; lo que resulta en una elevaci&#243;n del cociente BUN&#47;creatinina&#46; Los resultados de los trabajos analizados se presentan en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analizando la mortalidad al a&#241;o de un total de 610 pacientes con ICA&#44; se identific&#243; la edad y el BUN como los mejores predictores independientes de mortalidad&#44; y se crearon 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>grupos de riesgo&#58; alto riesgo &#40;BUN&#160;&#62;&#160;27&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl y edad&#160;&#62;&#160;86 a&#241;os&#41;&#44; riesgo intermedio &#40;BUN&#160;&#62;&#160;27&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl y edad&#160;&#8804;&#160;86 a&#241;os&#41; y bajo riesgo &#40;BUN&#160;&#8804;&#160;27&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#41;&#59; en los grupos de m&#225;s riesgo hubo m&#225;s casos con ERC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#46; La elevaci&#243;n del BUN basal se relaciona con m&#225;s mortalidad intrahospitalaria y se interpreta como la expresi&#243;n de una funci&#243;n renal intr&#237;nsecamente alterada o de una nefropat&#237;a vasomotora potencialmente reversible&#44; situaciones ambas secundarias a las alteraciones hemodin&#225;micas y neurohormonales propias de la ICA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46; El an&#225;lisis del registro ADHERE concluye que la TFGe y el BUN aportan informaci&#243;n complementaria&#46; Tanto la mortalidad como la estancia hospitalaria se asociaron con el grado de disfunci&#243;n renal y la elevaci&#243;n del BUN&#44; y este &#250;ltimo fue el predictor de muerte intrahospitalaria m&#225;s potente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; En presencia de LRA junto con un cociente BUN&#47;creatinina elevado &#40;pero no el BUN o la creatinina de manera aislada&#41; existe un mayor riesgo de mortalidad&#44; lo que indica que es &#250;til para estratificar el riesgo de la LRA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; la existencia de un cociente BUN&#47;creatinina elevado asociado a una mejora transitoria de la funci&#243;n renal durante el ingreso se relacion&#243; con mayor mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En presencia de disfunci&#243;n renal&#44; tambi&#233;n se ha propuesto el BUN&#47;creatinina como variable de discriminaci&#243;n con relaci&#243;n a mayor resistencia diur&#233;tica y peor supervivencia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#46; Uno de los predictores m&#225;s importantes para la elevaci&#243;n del BUN es la presi&#243;n arterial sist&#243;lica&#44; motivo por el que se propone ser muy cauto con el descenso de la presi&#243;n arterial&#46; Por otro lado&#44; parece que el tratamiento betabloqueante podr&#237;a prevenir la elevaci&#243;n del BUN&#44; al bloquear el sistema nervioso simp&#225;tico&#44; por lo que se recomienda su inicio precoz durante la ICA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Otro de los aspectos para tener en cuenta es el punto de partida en la disfunci&#243;n renal&#44; es decir&#44; valorar si el enfermo que presenta una descompensaci&#243;n de su ICA ya presenta ERC establecida&#46; La <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a> recoge la ERC ya establecida como variable de riesgo para la ICA&#46; El registro italiano <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IN-HF Outcome</span> estudi&#243; el grupo de pacientes con presencia de ERC&#44; concretamente con una TFGe&#160;&#60;&#160;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73&#160;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> y encontr&#243; que los predictores de mortalidad intrahospitalaria en este grupo eran&#58; alteraci&#243;n del nivel de consciencia&#44; edad avanzada&#44; hiponatremia&#44; presi&#243;n arterial sist&#243;lica y TFGe de base&#46; En la mortalidad al a&#241;o se manten&#237;an los mismos predictores&#44; excepto la TFGe<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#46; En este an&#225;lisis los autores describen la paradoja de la diabetes&#44; en la que la presencia de la asociaci&#243;n de esta con la ERC se asoci&#243; a menor mortalidad al a&#241;o&#46; Sin embargo&#44; reconocen que puede ser debido a un sesgo de selecci&#243;n o al tama&#241;o de la muestra&#46; De Miguel-Yanes et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a>&#44; a partir del an&#225;lisis del conjunto m&#237;nimo b&#225;sico de datos espa&#241;ol&#44; corroboraron que la enfermedad renal establecida se asocia a mayor mortalidad intrahospitalaria&#44; pero sin aparente relaci&#243;n con la presencia de nefropat&#237;a diab&#233;tica&#46; La ERC y un empeoramiento de esta durante un ingreso por ICA tambi&#233;n se relacionan con peor pron&#243;stico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&#44; tal como demuestra el an&#225;lisis del registro ATTEND&#46; La mortalidad intrahospitalaria asociada a disfunci&#243;n renal fue similar en todos los grupos&#44; pero es independiente de la presencia de signos de congesti&#243;n o hipoperfusi&#243;n renal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">F&#243;rmula para el c&#225;lculo de la tasa de filtrado glomerular estimado</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La funci&#243;n renal se define a partir del c&#225;lculo de la TFGe&#44; que se estima con el aclaramiento de la creatinina s&#233;rica utilizando distintas f&#243;rmulas&#44; mayoritariamente MDRD y CKD-EPI<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&#46; La <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a> recoge 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>trabajos que han investigado cu&#225;l ser&#237;a la f&#243;rmula m&#225;s id&#243;nea para valorar el pron&#243;stico&#46; A partir del registro RICA&#44; de pacientes ingresados por ICA en Medicina Interna&#44; se valoraron las f&#243;rmulas MDRD-4 y CKD-EPI&#46; Con la f&#243;rmula CKD-EPI se identificaron m&#225;s enfermos con disfunci&#243;n renal basal&#46; La &#250;nica diferencia entre ambas f&#243;rmulas fue que en los enfermos con fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n preservada&#44; la CKD-EPI predijo de forma m&#225;s exacta la mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&#46; En otro estudio que valora hasta 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>f&#243;rmulas de c&#225;lculo de la TFGe&#44; para todas ellas esta fue predictora de mortalidad&#58; la m&#225;s exacta fue la de Cockroft-Gault&#44; que incluye el peso del enfermo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a>&#46; En obesos&#44; esta f&#243;rmula calcula una TFGe mayor que el resto de f&#243;rmulas para una creatinina concreta&#44; lo que podr&#237;a explicar la denominada paradoja de la obesidad en la estimaci&#243;n del riesgo de muerte en la ICA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a>&#46; Es decir&#44; un peso mayor se asocia a menor mortalidad&#44; dada la menor disfunci&#243;n renal estimada&#46; Finalmente&#44; como se discute m&#225;s adelante&#44; es importante mencionar que la adici&#243;n de la cistatina C a la f&#243;rmula CKD-EPI mejora su predicci&#243;n pron&#243;stica&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Criterios de lesi&#243;n renal aguda</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La NICE recomienda definir la magnitud de la afectaci&#243;n renal en t&#233;rminos din&#225;micos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a>&#46; Este ser&#237;a el objetivo del t&#233;rmino LRA y para su definici&#243;n se han publicado diferentes criterios &#40;RIFLE&#44; AKIN y KDIGO&#41; que son los que se han utilizado <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a posteriori</span> para evaluar su significado pron&#243;stico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46; La <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a> resume los trabajos que exploran los distintos criterios de LRA&#46; En todos ellos&#44; la categorizaci&#243;n se basa en la variaci&#243;n de la creatinina s&#233;rica y el volumen de diuresis&#46; Parece que los criterios KDIGO pueden ser superiores para predecir resultados a corto plazo&#44; si bien se trata de un estudio en una poblaci&#243;n asi&#225;tica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a>&#46; Los mismos autores a&#241;aden que hay que tener en cuenta que los criterios RIFLE fueron derivados y validados en poblaciones muy seleccionadas&#46; Cuando se comparan los criterios de LRA como alternativa al EFR&#44; definida por el aumento de la creatinina s&#233;rica&#160;&#8805; 0&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#44; estos identifican mejor los estadios graves que se asocian a eventos adversos &#40;reingreso por ICA&#44; uso de terapia renal sustitutiva o muerte por todas las causas&#41; a los 30 d&#237;as y al a&#241;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a>&#46; Finalmente&#44; cabe destacar que se han dise&#241;ado escalas de predicci&#243;n de aparici&#243;n de LRA&#44; en las que adquiere especial relevancia la ERC previa y el uso de diur&#233;ticos durante la ICA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49-52</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Nuevos biomarcadores de lesi&#243;n renal</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os se han descrito e investigado diferentes biomarcadores con el objetivo de detectar de forma m&#225;s precoz la LRA&#44; previa a la variaci&#243;n de la creatinina o la TFGe&#46; Entre estos nuevos biomarcadores destacan la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin</span> &#40;NGAL&#41; y la cistatina C<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a>&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 5</a> se recogen varios nuevos biomarcadores de lesi&#243;n renal&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La NGAL plasm&#225;tica es una prote&#237;na procedente del t&#250;bulo renal&#46; Con la hip&#243;tesis de que el incremento de la creatinina s&#233;rica en el contexto de la ICA podr&#237;a no ser reflejo de una verdadera LRA y&#44; por lo tanto&#44; no tendr&#237;a valor pron&#243;stico en todos los casos&#44; se dise&#241;&#243; el estudio AKINESIS&#46; Sus resultados demuestran que la NGAL plasm&#225;tica no es superior a la creatinina en t&#233;rminos de predicci&#243;n de empeoramiento de la funci&#243;n renal o resultados adversos intrahospitalarios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a>&#46; La NGAL tambi&#233;n se puede determinar en la orina y en este caso podr&#237;a tener m&#225;s utilidad&#46; Su elevaci&#243;n al ingreso o a las 12-24&#160;h de tratamiento se asocia a un EFR a los 5 d&#237;as&#44; definida seg&#250;n los criterios RIFLE&#44; o por una variaci&#243;n en la creatinina s&#233;rica&#160;&#8805;&#160;0&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#46; Esta elevaci&#243;n en la NGAL urinaria tambi&#233;n se asocia a m&#225;s eventos adversos a los 30 d&#237;as&#46; Por todo ello&#44; los autores postulan que se deber&#237;a individualizar el tratamiento&#44; sobre todo en las primeras 12-24&#160;h&#44; en los enfermos con ICA y disfunci&#243;n renal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El uso de la cistatina C en la f&#243;rmula CKD-EPI&#44; en una cohorte espa&#241;ola de 613 pacientes con ICA&#44; aumenta la precisi&#243;n predictiva para detectar de forma independiente muerte por cualquier causa o reingreso por ICA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0580"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a>&#46; El mismo grupo investigador compara las f&#243;rmulas CKD-EPI&#44; con o sin cistatina C&#44; y MDRD y concluye que la utilizaci&#243;n de la cistatina C puede predecir con m&#225;s exactitud el riesgo de eventos adversos&#44; sobre todo en enfermos con funci&#243;n renal relativamente preservada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0585"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a>&#46; Es un hallazgo parecido al de Breidthardt et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0590"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a>&#44; teniendo en cuenta que la cistatina C no predijo LRA&#44; pero s&#237; mortalidad a largo plazo&#46; Incluso en pacientes con una creatinina normal&#44; la cistatina C elevada fue predictora de muerte por cualquier causa al a&#241;o y&#44; en consecuencia&#44; su utilidad se extender&#237;a m&#225;s all&#225; de las primeras horas o d&#237;as del episodio agudo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El ant&#237;geno carbohidrato 125 &#40;CA125&#41; se ha valorado como marcador de congesti&#243;n sist&#233;mica y puede ser de ayuda para la titulaci&#243;n de los diur&#233;ticos&#46; Con el fin de desarrollar una herramienta para la titulaci&#243;n de los diur&#233;ticos y partiendo del planteamiento de que el beneficio de los diur&#233;ticos depender&#237;a de la situaci&#243;n renal al ingreso y del grado de congesti&#243;n&#44; se realiz&#243; un estudio de 526 pacientes consecutivos ingresados por ICA&#44; que recibieron furosemida intravenosa en las primeras 48&#160;h&#44; y se evalu&#243; si los cambios precoces en la creatinina asociados a la furosemida difieren entre los grupos definidos por sobrecarga de volumen con un CA125&#160;&#62;&#160;35 U&#47;ml y una creatinina&#160;&#8805;&#160;1&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl al ingreso&#46; Los resultados del estudio demuestran que el efecto de la furosemida difiri&#243; en funci&#243;n de la concentraci&#243;n de CA125<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Como conclusi&#243;n de nuestra revisi&#243;n podemos decir que la disfunci&#243;n renal en el contexto de una ICA&#44; definida a partir de las variaciones de la creatinina&#44; la TFGe o los criterios de LRA&#44; es una variable asociada a peor pron&#243;stico&#44; especialmente cuando se asocia a congesti&#243;n&#44; fen&#243;meno que puede ser explicado por la activaci&#243;n neurohormonal y objetivado por la elevaci&#243;n del cociente BUN&#47;creatinina&#46; Es posible que la ERC previa&#44; adem&#225;s de predisponer a un empeoramiento de origen multifactorial&#44; se&#241;ale un grupo de peor pron&#243;stico&#46; Otros nuevos biomarcadores&#44; como los que identifican el da&#241;o tubular o la congesti&#243;n&#44; han sido capaces de elevar la capacidad discriminativa de los modelos predictivos para la ICA&#44; pero todav&#237;a son de uso limitado en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica habitual&#44; en espera de estudios con resultados m&#225;s concluyentes&#46; Probablemente se debiera definir qu&#233; perfil de disfunci&#243;n renal est&#225; presente para determinar si en realidad se trata de un da&#241;o renal establecido&#44; tributario de un tratamiento espec&#237;fico&#44; o bien de un fen&#243;meno transitorio de sobrecarga de volumen&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Creatinina s&#233;rica"
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            1 => array:2 [
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              "titulo" => "Nitr&#243;geno ureico y cociente nitr&#243;geno ureico&#47;creatinina"
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              "titulo" => "Enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica"
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              "titulo" => "F&#243;rmula para el c&#225;lculo de la tasa de filtrado glomerular estimado"
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              "titulo" => "Criterios de lesi&#243;n renal aguda"
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              "titulo" => "Nuevos biomarcadores de lesi&#243;n renal"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2018-03-26"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2018-05-01"
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            0 => "Funci&#243;n renal"
            1 => "Insuficiencia cardiaca aguda"
            2 => "Pron&#243;stico"
            3 => "Revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica"
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            0 => "Renal function"
            1 => "Acute heart failure"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La insuficiencia cardiaca aguda &#40;ICA&#41; y la disfunci&#243;n renal son 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>entidades para cuya compleja interacci&#243;n se ha explorado su valor pron&#243;stico&#46; El objetivo de esta revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica de trabajos&#44; que parte de muestras no seleccionadas&#44; fue investigar el impacto que tienen diversas variables de funci&#243;n renal sobre el pron&#243;stico de la ICA&#46; La creatinina&#44; el nitr&#243;geno ureico &#40;BUN&#41;&#44; el cociente BUN&#47;creatinina&#44; la enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica&#44; la f&#243;rmula para estimar la tasa de filtrado glomerular&#44; los criterios de lesi&#243;n renal aguda y los nuevos biomarcadores de da&#241;o renal &#40;NGAL y la cistatina C&#41; son las categor&#237;as en que se han incluido los trabajos revisados&#46; Las alteraciones basales&#44; as&#237; como las alteraciones agudas&#44; transitorias o no&#44; de la funci&#243;n renal se relacionan con un peor pron&#243;stico en la ICA&#46; Es&#44; por lo tanto&#44; necesario tener siempre par&#225;metros de funci&#243;n renal basales&#44; del episodio agudo y evolutivos&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The interaction between acute heart failure &#40;AHF&#41; and renal dysfunction is complex&#46; Several studies have evaluated the prognostic value of this syndrome&#46; The aim of this systematic review&#44; which includes non-selected samples&#44; was to investigate the impact of different renal function variables on the AHF prognosis&#46; The categories included in the studies reviewed included&#58; creatinine&#44; blood urea nitrogen &#40;BUN&#41;&#44; the BUN&#47;creatinine quotient&#44; chronic kidney disease&#44; the formula to estimate the glomerular filtration rate&#44; criteria of acute renal injury and new biomarkers of renal damage such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin &#40;NGAL and cystatin c&#41;&#46; The basal alterations of the renal function&#44; as well as the acute alterations&#44; transient or not&#44; are related to a worse prognosis in AHF&#44; it is therefore necessary to always have baseline&#44; acute and evolutive renal function parameters&#46;</p></span>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estrategia de b&#250;squeda</p> <p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BUN&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">blood urea nitrogen</span>&#59; Cr&#58; creatinina&#59; CysC&#58; cistatina C&#59; ICA&#58; insuficiencia cardiaca aguda&#59; NGAL&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin</span>&#59; TFGe&#58; tasa de filtrado glomerular estimada&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">EFR&#58; emperoramiento de la funci&#243;n renal&#59; ERC&#58; enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica&#59; ICA&#58; insuficiencia cardiaca aguda&#59; LRA&#58; lesi&#243;n renal aguda&#59; MFR&#58; mejora de la funci&#243;n renal&#59; NYHA&#58; New York Heart Association&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A&#241;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pa&#237;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dise&#241;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Centros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Muestra &#40;n&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Principales hip&#243;tesis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Resultados RR&#44; OR&#44; HR &#40;IC 95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Comentarios&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Metra et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2003-2006&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Italia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Unic&#233;ntrico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">318&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Incidencia EFR&#44; valor pron&#243;stico al a&#241;o&#44; caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas y factores de riesgo en la ICA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HR 1&#44;47 &#40;1&#44;13-1&#44;81&#59; p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#44;024&#41; para EFR y muerte o reingreso&#46;<br>OR 1&#44;84 &#40;1&#44;04-3&#44;27&#59; p&#160;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&#41; en ERC&#44; OR 2&#44;18 &#40;1&#44;27-3&#44;73&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;004&#41; si furosemida&#44; OR 2&#44;07 &#40;1&#44;24-3&#44;45&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;005&#41; en NYHA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EFR en valor absoluto &#40;&#8805;0&#44;3 mg&#47;dl&#41; y relativo &#40;&#8805;25&#37;&#41; predijeron muerte y reingreso&#46;<br>Los predictores de EFR fueron la ERC&#44; furosemida y la NYHA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Berra et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Suiza&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Unic&#233;ntrico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">646&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Valor pron&#243;stico del EFR en enfermos ingresados por ICA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HR 1&#44;29 &#40;1&#44;13-1&#44;47&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0002&#41; para LRA&#46;<br>HR 1&#44;24 &#40;1&#44;06-1&#44;45&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0059&#41; para EFR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">La LRA y EFR son los que m&#225;s se relacionaron con mortalidad y reingreso&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Freda et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2008-2010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EE&#46;&#160;UU&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes &#40;Cerner Health Facts&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multic&#233;ntrico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#46;017&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Describir la incidencia y resultados al alta de LRA sostenida o transitoria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">RR 1&#44;29 &#40;1&#44;17-1&#44;42&#41; para LRA sostenida&#44; RR 1&#44;14 &#40;1&#44;00-1&#44;31&#41; LRA transitoria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tanto la LRA transitoria como sostenida representan mayor riesgo de reingreso a los 30 d&#237;as&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Krishnamoorthy et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2001-2006&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EE&#46;&#160;UU&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes &#40;registro ADHERE&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multic&#233;ntrico &#40;&#62;300&#41; ligado a Medicare&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27&#46;309&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Describir la prevalencia y caracter&#237;sticas de los pacientes con EFR transitorio o persistente y comparar resultados a los 90 d&#237;as&#44; no-EFR&#44; EFR transitorio o persistente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HR 1&#44;19 &#40;1&#44;05-1&#44;35&#41; para EFR transitorio&#46;<br>HR 1&#44;73 &#40;1&#44;57-1&#44;91&#41; para EFR persistente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EFR transitorio o persistente se han asociado a peores resultados&#44; sobre todo en los casos persistentes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Metra et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2005-2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Italia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Unic&#233;ntrico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">599&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Evaluar la interacci&#243;n EFR y la congesti&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HR 2&#44;44 &#40;1&#44;24-4&#44;18&#41; para mortalidad&#46;<br>HR 1&#44;39 &#40;0&#44;88-2&#44;2&#41; para mortalidad y reingreso&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EFR predice el pron&#243;stico de muerte o reingreso en enfermos con congesti&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Wattad et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2008-2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Israel&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Unic&#233;ntrico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">762&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EFR y congesti&#243;n persistentes podr&#237;an asociarse a peor pron&#243;stico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HR 4&#44;16 &#40;2&#44;20-7&#44;86&#41; en EFR con congesti&#243;n persistente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EFR y congesti&#243;n persistentes se asociaron a m&#225;s mortalidad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Testani et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2004-2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EE&#46;&#160;UU&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Unic&#233;ntrico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">903&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Describir la MFR y riesgo de muerte asociada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">OR 4&#44;2 &#40;2&#44;6-6&#44;7&#41; en EFR previa y OR 1&#44;8 &#40;1&#44;2-2&#44;7&#41; en EFR postingreso&#46;<br>HR 1&#44;3 en MFR y muerte&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">La congesti&#243;n basal y el volumen de diuresis se asociaron a MFR y a EFR previa&#47;postingreso&#46;<br>La MFR se asoci&#243; a mayor riesgo de muerte y&#44; al alta&#44; mayor deterioro en la TFGe&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudios que analizan el significado pron&#243;stico de la creatinina s&#233;rica en la insuficiencia cardiaca aguda</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BNP&#58; brain natriuretic peptide&#59; BUN&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">blood urea nitrogen</span>&#59; Cr&#58; creatinina&#59; DR&#58; disfunci&#243;n renal&#59; ICA&#58; insuficiencia card&#237;aca aguda&#59; IH&#58; intrahospitalaria&#59; FC&#58; frecuencia cardiaca&#59; LRA&#58; lesi&#243;n renal aguda&#59; MFR&#58; mejora de la funci&#243;n renal&#59; PAS&#58; presi&#243;n arterial sist&#243;lica&#59; TFGe&#58; tasa de filtrado glomerular estimada&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A&#241;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pa&#237;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dise&#241;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Centros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Muestra &#40;n&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Principales hip&#243;tesis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Resultados RR&#44; OR&#44; HR &#40;IC 95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Comentarios&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Arenja et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2001-2002<br>2006-2007&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Suiza&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Unic&#233;ntrico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">610&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Utilidad de un algoritmo simple en ICA no seleccionadas&#44; con relaci&#243;n a la mortalidad al a&#241;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HR 2 &#40;1&#44;7-2&#44;4&#41; para muerte en BUN elevado y edad avanzada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BUN fue el mejor predictor de muerte al a&#241;o&#46; Los grupos de m&#225;s riesgo&#44; tuvieron los BUN m&#225;s elevados &#40;&#62;27&#44;5 mg&#47;dl&#41; y de mayor edad &#40;&#62;86 a&#241;os&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Chioncel et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2008-2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ruman&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes &#40;registro RO-AHFS&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multic&#233;ntrico &#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;224&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Epidemiolog&#237;a&#44; cl&#237;nica&#44; manejo y evoluci&#243;n de los enfermos con ICA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">OR 0&#44;488 &#40;1&#44;002-1&#44;015&#41; en disfunci&#243;n renal basal &#40;BUN&#41; y muerte&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BUN basal fue predictor de muerte IH por cualquier causa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Heywood et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2001-2004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EE&#46;&#160;UU&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes &#40;registro ADHERE&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multic&#233;ntrico &#40;280&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">118&#46;465&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Prevalencia y severidad de la disfunci&#243;n renal al ingreso&#44; la relaci&#243;n con tratamientos y resultados intrahospitalarios&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">OR 1&#44;18 &#40;1&#44;17-1&#44;20&#41; si descenso de 10 ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73&#160;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> en la TFG&#46;<br>Como predictor aislado&#44; estad&#237;stico C 0&#44;70 en BUN y muerte IH&#46;<br>Modelo con 4 variables&#44; estad&#237;stico C 0&#44;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">TFGe basal fue un predictor independiente de muerte IH&#44; pero el mejor fue el BUN&#46;<br>El mejor modelo predictivo const&#243; de BUN&#44; PAS&#44; FC y edad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Takaya et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2006-2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Jap&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Unic&#233;ntrico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">371&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ratio BUN&#47;Cr o BUN o Cr para riesgo de mortalidad en LRA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HR 4&#44;71 &#40;2&#44;25-10&#44;2&#41; para LRA con BUN&#47;Cr elevado&#46;<br>HR 4&#44;26 &#40;1&#44;99-9&#44;76&#41; LRA y BUN elevado&#46;<br>HR 4&#44;15 &#40;1&#44;90-9&#44;81&#41; y Cr elevada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">La LRA con ratio BUN&#47;Cr elevada se asoci&#243; a m&#225;s mortalidad&#46;<br>La LRA&#44; independientemente de BUN o Cr&#44; se asoci&#243; a m&#225;s mortalidad&#46;<br>BUN&#47;Cr podr&#237;a ser &#250;til para estratificar el riesgo en la LRA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Brisco et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2004-2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EE&#46;&#160;UU&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Unic&#233;ntrico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">896&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Determinar si BUN&#47;Cr elevado puede identificar la DR reversible&#46;<br>Validar que la DR asociada a elevaci&#243;n del BUN&#47;Cr se asocia al peor pron&#243;stico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">OR 1&#44;5 &#40;1&#44;3-1&#44;8&#41; para BUN&#47;Cr elevado y MFR&#46; HR 2&#44;2 &#40;1&#44;6-3&#44;1&#41; para mortalidad si BUN&#47;Cr elevado y TFGe &#60; 45 ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73&#160;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BUN&#47;Cr elevado permite identificar el grupo con MFR&#44; pero parece ser un fen&#243;meno transitorio y asociado a mayor mortalidad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Testani et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2004-2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EE&#46;&#160;UU&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Unic&#233;ntrico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">908&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Determinar si la combinaci&#243;n BNP y BUN&#47;Cr permite identificar el grupo de mayor&#47;menor riesgo con DR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HR 1&#44;8 &#40;1&#44;2-2&#44;7&#41; peor supervivencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">El riesgo de muerte de la DR en la ICA se puede estratificar a partir del BUN&#47;Cr y el BNP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Miura et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2007&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Jap&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes &#40;registro Tohoku Acute Heart Failure&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multic&#233;ntrico &#40;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">337&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Evaluaci&#243;n de los cambios en el BUN como factor pron&#243;stico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HR 2&#44;94 &#40;1&#44;51-5&#44;73&#41; para mortalidad por cualquier causa si BUN elevado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Incrementos del BUN durante la hospitalizaci&#243;n representan un peor pron&#243;stico&#44; independientemente del c&#225;lculo de la funci&#243;n renal basado en la Cr al ingreso&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudios que analizan el significado pron&#243;stico del nitr&#243;geno ureico &#40;BUN&#41; y el cociente BUN&#47;creatinina</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CKD-EPI&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration</span>&#59; Cr&#58; Creatinina&#59; DM&#58; diabetes mellitus&#59; EFR&#58; empeoramiento de la funci&#243;n renal&#59; ERC&#58; enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica&#59; ICA&#58; insuficiencia cardiaca aguda&#59; IH&#58; intrahospitalaria&#59; MDRD&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study</span>&#59; MFR&#58; mejora de la funci&#243;n renal&#59; PAS&#58; presi&#243;n arterial sist&#243;lica&#59; TFGe&#58; tasa de filtrado glomerular estimada&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A&#241;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pa&#237;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dise&#241;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Centros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Muestra &#40;n&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Principales hip&#243;tesis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Resultados RR&#44; OR&#44; HR &#40;IC 95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Comentarios&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cioffi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2009-2011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Italia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes &#40;registro IN-HF Outcome&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multic&#233;ntrico &#40;61&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">455&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas y marcadores pron&#243;sticos de mortalidad a corto y medio plazo en disfunci&#243;n renal severa &#40;TFGe&#160;&#60;&#160;40 ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73&#160;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Un 13&#44;6&#37; muerte IH y 43&#44;5&#37; muerte al a&#241;o si disfunci&#243;n renal severa&#44;<br>OR 0&#44;95 &#40;0&#44;919-9&#44;83&#41; para TFGe y muerte IH&#44; en este grupo de enfermos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">La mortalidad intrahospitalaria y al a&#241;o en enfermos con disfunci&#243;n renal severa fue el doble&#46; Las variables relacionadas con muerte IH fueron bajo nivel de consciencia&#44; edad&#44; PAS&#44; hiponatremia y TFGe&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">De Miguel-Yanes et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2006-2007&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Espa&#241;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Conjunto m&#237;nimo b&#225;sico de datos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multic&#233;ntrico &#40;todos los hospitales&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">275&#46;176&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Evaluar la posible interacci&#243;n de la ERC de la DM en la mortalidad de los ingresos por ICA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">OR 1&#44;01 &#40;0&#44;91-1&#44;10&#41; en ERC y DM&#44; OR 1&#44;46 &#40;1&#44;39-1&#44;53&#41; para ERC y muerte IH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">La ERC se asoci&#243; a mayor mortalidad intrahospitalaria&#44; sin tener relaci&#243;n clara con la DM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Reid et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2009-2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Canad&#225;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multic&#233;ntrico &#40;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">952&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Significado EFR&#47;MFR seg&#250;n TFG &#60; 45 al ingreso&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Supervivencia 13&#44;9 meses &#40;8-25&#41; si EFR y 32&#44;5 meses &#40;19-56&#41; si MFR&#44; en TFG&#160;&#60;&#160;45 ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73&#160;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cambios en la funci&#243;n renal solo fueron significativos si deterioro basal &#40;TFG&#160;&#60;&#160;45 ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73&#160;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#44; con mayor supervivencia si hubo MFR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Inohara et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2007-2011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Jap&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes &#40;registro ATTEND&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multic&#233;ntrico &#40;53&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;321&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Diferencias en el impacto pron&#243;stico de la disfunci&#243;n renal en la mortalidad IH&#44; seg&#250;n los perfiles de baja perfusi&#243;n <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> congesti&#243;n renales&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">OR 2&#44;36 &#40;1&#44;75-3&#44;18&#41; para disfunci&#243;n renal basal y muerte IH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">La disfunci&#243;n renal basal&#44; independientemente del mecanismo&#44; se asoci&#243; a mayor mortalidad intrahospitalaria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cerrada et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2008-2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Espa&#241;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohorte RICA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multic&#233;ntrico &#40;52&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;805&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CKD-EPI <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> MDRD&#44; y predicci&#243;n de riesgo de muerte en ICA con o sin disfunci&#243;n ventricular&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HR 1&#44;55 &#40;1&#44;23-1&#44;94&#41; si TFGe 30-60 ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73&#160;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; HR 2&#44;31 &#40;1&#44;71-3&#44;10&#41; si TFGe&#160;&#60;&#160;30 ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73&#160;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> para MDRD-4&#46;<br>HR 1&#44;58 &#40;1&#44;24-2&#44;01&#41; si TFGe 30-60 ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73&#160;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; HR 2&#44;34 &#40;1&#44;75-3&#44;01&#41; si TFGe&#160;&#60;&#160;30 ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73&#160;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> para CKD-EPI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">TFGe con ambas f&#243;rmulas se relacion&#243; con mayor mortalidad al a&#241;o si disfunci&#243;n renal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Weidmann et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">N&#46;D&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Internacional&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multic&#233;ntrico &#40;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;104&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">TFGe con la f&#243;rmula Cockroft-Gault&#44; predice los resultados postalta mejor que MDRD-4&#44; MDRD-6&#44; CKD-EPI&#47;BIS-1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Muerte y TFGe 30-60 ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73&#160;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><br>HR 1&#44;44 &#40;0&#44;66-2&#44;80&#41; C-G<br>HR 1&#44;26 &#40;0&#44;84&#44;1&#44;88&#41; MDRD-4<br>HR 2&#44;23 &#40;1&#44;60-3&#44;10&#41; MDRD-6<br>HR 1&#44;02 &#40;0&#44;52-2&#44;02&#41; CKD-EPI&#47;BIS-1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">TFGe fue un predictor independiente de mortalidad con cualquier f&#243;rmula&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica establecida y f&#243;rmula para el c&#225;lculo de la tasa de filtrado glomerular estimado &#40;TFGe&#41;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cr&#58; creatinina&#59; DM2&#58; diabetes mellitus de tipo 2&#59; EFR&#58; empeoramiento de la funci&#243;n renal&#59; ERC&#58; enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica&#59; ICA&#58; insuficiencia cardiaca aguda&#59; IH&#58; intrahospitalaria&#59; LRA&#58; lesi&#243;n renal aguda&#59; PAS&#58; presi&#243;n arterial sist&#243;lica&#59; TFGe&#58; tasa de filtrado glomerular estimada&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A&#241;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pa&#237;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dise&#241;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Centros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Muestra &#40;n&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Principales hip&#243;tesis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Resultados RR&#44; OR&#44; HR &#40;IC&#160;95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Comentarios&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Li et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2008-2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Jap&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multic&#233;ntrico &#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;005&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Determinar si los criterios KDIGO para identificar y pronosticar a corto plazo SCR tipo 1 fueron superiores a los RIFLE o AKIN&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">RIFLE OR 2&#44;56 &#40;1&#44;79-3&#44;65&#41;&#59; AKIN OR 2&#44;68 &#40;1&#44;86-3&#44;84&#41;&#59; KDIGO 3&#44;22 &#40;2&#44;24-4&#44;62&#41;&#59; subgrupo solo identificado por KDIGO OR 3&#44;24 &#40;1&#44;97-5&#44;35&#41; para muerte IH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">La LRA se asoci&#243; a mayor mortalidad&#46;<br>Los nuevos criterios KDIGO fueron superiores en predecir resultados a corto plazo en SCR tipo 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Roy et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2002-2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Irlanda&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Unic&#233;ntrico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">637&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Epidemiolog&#237;a de la LRA utilizando nuevas definiciones&#44; adem&#225;s de examinar la asociaci&#243;n entre severidad y resultados cl&#237;nicos mayores a los 30 d&#237;as y al a&#241;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Riesgo de eventos adversos en LRA 2 fue 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>veces superior&#44; RIFLE OR 17&#44;7 &#40;8&#44;1-38&#44;4&#41;&#59; KDIGO OR 19&#44;4 &#40;7&#44;6-48&#44;6&#41;&#59; AKIN OR 17&#44;6 &#40;7-44&#44;1&#41;&#44; que LRA estadio 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">La LRA con cualquier definici&#243;n se asoci&#243; a un incremento de riesgo a los 30 d&#237;as y al a&#241;o&#46; Pocas diferencias se vieron en la comparaci&#243;n directa de los criterios&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Forman et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1997-1998&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EE&#46;&#160;UU&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multic&#233;ntrico &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Determinar la prevalencia de EFR en los ingresos por ICA&#44; los factores predictores de EFR y los resultados intrahospitalarios asociados a EFR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">RR 7&#44;5 &#40;2&#44;9-19&#44;3&#41; para muerte&#44; RR 2&#44;1 &#40;1&#44;5-3&#41; para complicaciones IH&#44; RR 3&#44;2 &#40;2&#44;2-4&#44;9&#41; para estancia &#62;10 d&#237;as&#44; en enfermos con EFR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Factores de riesgo EFR&#58; insuficiencia cardiaca&#44; DM2&#44; Cr ingreso&#44; PAS &#62; 160<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; EFR se relacion&#243; con incremento muerte IH&#44; complicaciones IH&#44; estancia &#62;&#160;10 d&#237;as&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Breidthardt et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2001-2002<br>2006-2010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Suiza&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multic&#233;ntrico &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">657&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Prevalencia y efecto EFR en la supervivencia&#46;<br>Establecer un <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> de riesgo para EFR y validar el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> de Forman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HR 1&#44;92 &#40;1&#44;29-2&#44;59&#41; para EFR y muerte&#46;<br>La ERC previa se relacion&#243; con EFR&#44; HR 2&#44;07 &#40;1&#44;29-3&#44;30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ERC fue el &#250;nico predictor independiente de EFR&#46;<br>La mortalidad se relacion&#243; con TFGe&#44; y el EFR potenci&#243; este efecto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Wang et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2004-2011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">China&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Unic&#233;ntrico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;709&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Dise&#241;ar y validar un <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> de predicci&#243;n de LRA en la ICA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">OR 3&#44;11 &#40;2&#44;23-4&#44;35&#41; para Cr&#160;basal&#160;&#62; 1&#44;2&#160;mg&#47;dl&#44; OR 1&#44;96 &#40;1&#44;16&#44; 3&#44;30&#41; para furosemida &#62;&#160;80 mg&#47;d&#237;a y OR 2&#44;09 &#40;1&#44;31&#44; 3&#44;33&#41; si reconsulta&#44; en la predicci&#243;n de LRA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cr basal &#62; 1&#44;2 mg&#47;dl&#44; furosemida &#62;&#160;80 mg&#47;d&#237;a y reconsulta fueron predictores de LRA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Zhou et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2011-2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">China&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multic&#233;ntrico &#40;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">676&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Desarrollar y validar un <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> de riesgo de LRA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ERC&#44; OR 4&#44;15 &#40;2&#44;36-7&#44;28&#41; para predecir LRA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ERC previa se incluy&#243; en el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Criterios de lesi&#243;n renal aguda</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CA 125&#58; ant&#237;geno carbohidrato 125&#59; CKD-EPI&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration</span>&#59; Cr&#58; creatinina&#59; CysC&#58; cistatina C&#59; EFR&#58; empeoramiento de la funci&#243;n renal&#59; FD&#58; furosemida&#59; ICA&#58; insuficiencia cardiaca aguda&#59; IH&#58; intrahospitalario&#59; LRA&#58; lesi&#243;n renal aguda&#59; MDRD&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study</span>&#59; TFGe&#58; tasa de filtrado glomerular estimada&#59; u&#58; urinario&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A&#241;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pa&#237;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dise&#241;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Centros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Muestra &#40;n&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Principales hip&#243;tesis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Resultados RR&#44; OR&#44; HR &#40;IC 95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Comentarios&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Maisel et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2010-2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multinacional&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multic&#233;ntrico &#40;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">927&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Habilidad pron&#243;stica NGAL para predecir EFR o necesidad de tratamiento de sustituci&#243;n renal&#46;<br>Habilidad pron&#243;stica NGAL para resultados adversos IH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NGAL pico ROC 0&#44;656&#44; inicial ROC 0&#44;647&#44; Cr inicial ROC 0&#44;652 y EFR<br>Para eventos adversos NGAL inicial ROC 0&#44;691&#44; pico ROC 0&#44;653&#44; primera Cr 0&#44;686 y eventos adversos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NGAL no fue superior a Cr para predecir EFR o eventos adversos IH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Collins et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2008-2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EE&#46;&#160;UU&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multic&#233;ntrico &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">399&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NGAL urinaria estar&#237;a asociada a EFR y peor pron&#243;stico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NGAL &#40;u&#41; OR 1&#44;02 &#40;1&#44;01-1&#44;04&#41; para predictor EFR&#46;<br>Hay 42 casos con eventos adversos a los 30 d&#237;as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 25&#44; NGAL a las 12-24&#160;h&#44; p&#160;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;035&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NGAL &#40;u&#41; a las 12-24&#160;h fue un predictor de EFR y eventos adversos a los 30 d&#237;as&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Flores-Blanco et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0580"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2006-2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Espa&#241;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multic&#233;ntrico &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">613&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Valorar si la f&#243;rmula CKD-EPI basada en la Cys-C aporta informaci&#243;n adicional&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CKD-EPI SCr-CysC HR 0&#44;988 &#40;0&#44;983-0&#44;994&#41; para muerte o reingreso por ICA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">La f&#243;rmula CKD-EPI basada en la Cys-C para estimar TFGe es un predictor independiente de resultados adversos en la ICA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Manzano-Fern&#225;ndez et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0585"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2006-2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Espa&#241;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multic&#233;ntrico &#40;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">526&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Evaluar si CKD-EPI basada en Cr o CysC predice mejor el riesgo de eventos adversos que MDRD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CKD-EPI Cr-CysC HR 0&#44;984 &#40;0&#44;979-0&#44;989&#41; y MDRD HR 0&#44;991 &#40;0&#44;986-0&#44;985&#41; en muerte o reingreso&#44; pero en curvas Kapplan-Meier log rank test p&#160;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001 con f&#243;rmulas que incluyen CysC vs&#46; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;374 en CKD-EPI solo con Cr&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">La TFGe fue predictor de mortalidad y reingreso&#44; independientemente de la f&#243;rmula&#44; pero ello mejor&#243; al incorporar las f&#243;rmulas basadas en la CysC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Breidthardt et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0590"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Suiza&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Unic&#233;ntrico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">207&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Examinar la importancia diagn&#243;stica y pron&#243;stica de los niveles plasm&#225;ticos de CysC con relaci&#243;n a los niveles de Cr s&#233;ricos en la ICA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Curva ROC para LRA con Cr fue 0&#44;68 &#40;0&#44;58-0&#44;78&#41; y con CysC 0&#44;67 &#40;0&#44;58-0&#44;76&#41;<br>CysC HR 1&#44;41 &#40;1&#44;02-1&#44;95&#41; para muerte&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CysC no predijo LRA pero s&#237; mortalidad en la ICA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Lassus et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Finlandia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes &#40;registro FINN-AKVA&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multic&#233;ntrico &#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">480&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Impacto pron&#243;stico CysC comparado con Cr y TFGe&#46; Probar que Cr normal &#43; CysC elevada se asocia a mayor riesgo de muerte&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CysC HR 3&#44;2 &#40;2&#44;0-5&#44;3&#41;&#46;<br>Curva Kaplan-Meier con Cr normal &#43; CysC elevada log rank test p&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#44;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CysC se asoci&#243; a mayor mortalidad IH&#44; a los 30 d&#237;as y al a&#241;o&#44; con mayor poder predictivo que Cr o TFGe&#46;<br>Tambi&#233;n identificaron los enfermos con peor pron&#243;stico a pesar de tener Cr normal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Nu&#241;ez et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2010-2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Espa&#241;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cohortes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Unic&#233;ntrico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">526&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Evaluar si los cambios precoces en la Cr asociados a FD difieren entre los grupos definidos por sobrecarga de volumen &#40;CA125&#41; y creatinina al ingreso&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Para Cr elevada&#44; si CA 125 elevado HR 0&#44;84 &#40;0&#44;71-0&#44;99&#41; cuando se increment&#243; dosis de FD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#916;Cr por FD fue condicionada por la congesti&#243;n&#46;<br>Disfunci&#243;n renal al ingreso&#44; a pesar de EFR&#44; despu&#233;s de FD&#44; mejor&#243; la funci&#243;n renal&#46;<br>A m&#225;s congesti&#243;n&#44; m&#225;s beneficio de dosis altas de FD&#44; por la reducci&#243;n de mortalidad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nuevos biomarcadores</p>"
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                      "titulo" => "2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure&#58; The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology &#40;ESC&#41; developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association &#40;HFA&#41; of the ESC"
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                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "P&#46; Ponikowski"
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                            2 => "S&#46;D&#46; Anker"
                            3 => "H&#46; Bueno"
                            4 => "J&#46;G&#46;F&#46; Cleland"
                            5 => "A&#46;J&#46; Coats"
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                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Heart J&#46;"
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              "identificador" => "bib0310"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas&#44; terap&#233;uticas y evolutivas de los pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda atendidos en servicios de urgencias espa&#241;oles&#58; Registro EAHFE &#40;Epidemiology of Acute Heart Failure in Spanish Emergency Departments&#41;"
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                        0 => array:2 [
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                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "P&#46; Llorens"
                            1 => "R&#46; Escoda"
                            2 => "O&#46; Mir&#243;"
                            3 => "P&#46; Herrero-Puente"
                            4 => "F&#46;J&#46; Mart&#237;n-S&#225;nchez"
                            5 => "J&#46; Jacob"
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                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Emergencias&#46;"
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                        "paginaFinal" => "22"
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                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29077328"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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            2 => array:3 [
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Multidisciplinary approach for patients hospitalized with heart failure"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "L&#46; Frankenstein"
                            1 => "H&#46; Fr&#246;hlich"
                            2 => "J&#46;G&#46; Cleland"
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                      ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.rec.2015.05.008"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Esp Cardiol&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "68"
                        "paginaInicial" => "885"
                        "paginaFinal" => "891"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
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                            "web" => "Medline"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Acute heart failure deserves a log-scale boost in research support&#58; Call for multidisciplinary and universal actions"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "A&#46; Mebazaa"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.jchf.2017.09.012"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "JACC Heart Fail&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "volumen" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "76"
                        "paginaFinal" => "79"
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              "etiqueta" => "5"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Evolution of the clinical profile of patients with acute heart failure treated in Spanish emergency departments"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Escoda"
                            1 => "&#210;&#46; Mir&#243;"
                            2 => "F&#46;J&#46; Mart&#237;n-S&#225;nchez"
                            3 => "J&#46; Jacob"
                            4 => "P&#46; Herrero"
                            5 => "V&#46; Gil"
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                      ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.rce.2016.10.008"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Clin Esp&#46;"
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                        "paginaInicial" => "127"
                        "paginaFinal" => "135"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effect of nesiritide in patients with acute decompensated heart failure"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46;M&#46; O&#8217;Connor"
                            1 => "R&#46;C&#46; Starling"
                            2 => "A&#46;F&#46; Hernandez"
                            3 => "P&#46;W&#46; Armstrong"
                            4 => "K&#46; Dickstein"
                            5 => "V&#46; Hasselblad"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJMoa1100171"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
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                          0 => array:2 [
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Effect of ularitide on cardiovascular mortality in acute heart failure"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Packer"
                            1 => "C&#46; O&#8217;Connor"
                            2 => "J&#46;J&#46; McMurray"
                            3 => "J&#46; Wittes"
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                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJMoa1601895"
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                          0 => array:2 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Analysis of the different factors of prehospital care for patients with acute heart failure in Spain"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "O&#46; Mir&#243;"
                            1 => "P&#46; Llorens"
                            2 => "X&#46; Escalada"
                            3 => "P&#46; Herrero"
                            4 => "J&#46; Jacob"
                            5 => "V&#46; Gil"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Emergencias"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "volumen" => "29"
                        "paginaInicial" => "223"
                        "paginaFinal" => "230"
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                            "web" => "Medline"
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              "identificador" => "bib0345"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Can we do more for patients with acute heart failure in the prehospital phase&#63;"
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 00257753
Idioma original: Español
Datos actualizados diariamente
año/Mes Html Pdf Total
2020 Octubre 1 2 3
2019 Julio 2 2 4
2019 Enero 2 4 6
2018 Noviembre 4 8 12
2018 Octubre 16 8 24
2018 Septiembre 8 10 18

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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos