Información del artículo
Abstract
Help-seeking is a process that is influenced by individual, interpersonal, and sociocultural factors. The current study examined these influences on the likelihood of seeking help (police, pressing charges, medical services, social services, and informal help) for interpersonal violence among a national sample of Latino women. Women living in high-density Latino neighborhoods in the USA were interviewed by phone in their preferred language. Women reporting being, on average, between “somewhat likely” and “very likely” to seek help should they experience interpersonal victimization. Sequential linear regression results indicated that individual (age, depression), interpersonal (having children, past victimization), and sociocultural factors (immigrant status, acculturation) were associated with the self-reported likelihood of seeking help for interpersonal violence. Having children was consistently related to a greater likelihood to seek all forms of help. Overall, women appear to respond to violence in ways that reflects their ecological context. Help-seeking is best understood within a multi-layered and dynamic context.
Keywords:
Help-seeking
Reporting to police
Social services
Medical services
Latino women
Resumen
La búsqueda de ayuda es un proceso en el que influyen factores individuales, interpersonales y sociocultu-rales. Este estudio analiza esta influencia en la probabilidad de buscar ayuda (policía, presentar cargos, servicios sanitarios o sociales y ayuda informal) en caso de violencia interpersonal en una muestra nacional de mujeres latinas. Se entrevistó telefónicamente en su idioma preferido a mujeres que viven en barrios latinos muy poblados de EE.UU. Sus respuestas fueron que la probabilidad media de pedir ayuda si experimentaran una victimización interpersonal estaría entre “algo” y “muy probable”. Los resultados de una regresión lineal secuencial indican que los factores individuales (edad, depresión), interpersonales (tener hijos, victimizaciones pasadas) y socioculturales (estatus de inmigrante, aculturación) se asociaban con la probabilidad manifestada por ellas de pedir ayuda en caso de violencia interpersonal. Tener hijos es la variable que guardaba una relación más estable con la probabilidad de pedir cualquier tipo de ayuda. En conjunto parece que las respuestas de las mujeres a la violencia reflejan su contexto ecológico. La búsqueda de ayuda se entiende mejor en un contexto dinámico de múltiples capas.
Palabras clave:
Búsqueda de ayuda
Informar a la policía
Servicios sociales
Servicios sanitarios
Mujeres latinas
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
References
[Acevedo, 2000]
M.J. Acevedo.
Battered immigrant Mexican women's perspectives regarding abuse and help-seeking.
Journal of Multicultural Social Work, 8 (2000), pp. 243-282
[Addis and Mahalik, 2003]
M.E. Addis, J.R. Mahalik.
Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking.
American Psychologist, 58 (2003), pp. 5-14
[Ahrens et al., 2010]
C.E. Ahrens, L.C. Rios-Mandel, L. Isas, M. del Carmen Lopez.
Talking about interpersonal violence: Cultural influences on Latinas’ identification and disclosure of sexual assault and intimate partner violence.
Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 2 (2010), pp. 284-295
[American Association for Public Opinion and Research, 2009]
American Association for Public Opinion Research. (2009). Standard definitions: Final dispositions of case codes and outcome rates for surveys (6th ed.). Deerfield, IL: AAPOR.
[Ammar et al., 2005]
N.H. Ammar, L.E. Orloff, M.A. Dutton, G. Aguilar Hass.
Calls to police and police response: A case study of Latina immigrant women in the USA.
International Journal of Police Science & Management, 7 (2005), pp. 230-244
[Barnett, 2000]
O.W. Barnett.
Why battered women do not leave, part 1: External inhibiting factors within society.
Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 1 (2000), pp. 343-372
[Bauer et al., 2000]
H. Bauer, M. Rodriguez, S. Quiroga, Y. Flores-Ortiz.
Barriers to health care for abused Latina and Asian immigrant women.
Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 11 (2000), pp. 33-44
[Bauman, 2005]
S. Bauman.
The reliability and validity of the Brief Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II for children and adolescents.
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 27 (2005), pp. 426-441
[Bean and Tienda, 1987]
Bean, F.D., & Tienda, M. (1987). The Hispanic population of the United States.: Russel Sage Foundation.
[Behnke et al., 2014]
A.O. Behnke, N. Ames, T.U. Hancock.
What would they do? Latino church leaders and domestic violence.
Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27 (2014), pp. 1259-1275
[Black et al., 2011]
Black, M.C., Basile, K.C., Breiding, M.J., Smith, S.G., Walters, M.L., Merrick, M.T., Stevens, M.R. (2011). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey - NISVS (2010 Summary Report). Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
[Brabeck and Guzmán, 2009]
K. Brabeck, M. Guzmán.
Exploring Mexican-origin intimate partner abuse survivors’ help-seeking within their sociocultural contexts.
Violence and Victims, 24 (2009), pp. 817-832
[Briere, 1995]
Briere, J. (1995). Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
[Briere et al., 1995]
J. Briere, D.M. Elliott, K. Harris, A. Cotman.
Trauma Symptom Inventory: Psychometrics and association with childhood and adult victimization in clinical samples.
JournalofInterpersonalViolence, 10 (1995), pp. 387-401
[Browning, 2002]
C.R. Browning.
The span of collective efficacy: Extending social disorganization theory to partner violence.
Journal of Marriage and Family, 64 (2002), pp. 833-850
[Campbell et al., 1995]
R. Campbell, C.M. Sullivan, W.S. Davidson.
Women who use domestic violence shelters: Changes in depression over time.
Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19 (1995), pp. 237
[Carlson et al., 2002]
B.E. Carlson, L.-A. McNutt, D.Y. Choi, I.M. Rose.
Intimate partner abuse and mental health: The role of social support and other protective factors.
Violence Against Women, 8 (2002), pp. 720-745
[Cascardi and O’Leary, 1992]
M. Cascardi, K.D. O’Leary.
Depressive symptomatology, self-esteem, and self-blame in battered women.
Journal of Family Violence, 7 (1992), pp. 249-259
[Cuevas et al., 2014]
C.A. Cuevas, K. Bell, C. Sabina.
Victimization, psychological distress, and help-seeking: Disentangling the relationship for Latina victims.
Psychology of Violence, 4 (2014), pp. 196-209
[Cuevas and Sabina, 2010]
Cuevas, C.A., & Sabina, C. (2010). Final report: Sexual Assault Among Latinas (SALAS) study (Document No. 230445). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
[Cuevas et al., 2010]
C.A. Cuevas, C. Sabina, E.H. Picard.
Interperonsal victimization patterns and psychopathology among Latino women: Results from the SALAS study.
Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research Practice, and Policy, 2 (2010), pp. 296-306
[Donnelly and Kenyon, 1996]
D.A. Donnelly, S. Kenyon.
Honey, we don’t do men: Gender stereotypes the provision of services to sexually assaulted males.
Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 11 (1996), pp. 441-448
[Dutton, 1996]
M.A. Dutton.
Battered women's strategic response to violence: The role of context.
Future interventions with battered women and their families, pp. 105-124
[Dutton et al., 2000]
M.A. Dutton, L. Orloff, G. Aguilar Hass.
Characteristics of help-seeking behaviors, resources and service needs of battered immigrant Latinas: Legal and policy implications.
Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law & Policy, 7 (2000), pp. 245-305
[Edelson et al., 2007]
M.G. Edelson, A. Hokoda, L. Ramos-Lira.
Differences in effects of domestic violence between Latina and non-Latina women.
Journal of Family Violence, 22 (2007), pp. 1-10
[Fitzgerald, 2003]
Fitzgerald, A. (2003). Se habla español? Accessibility of services for Spanish-speaking clients at domestic violence agencies. University of Texas at Austin. Austin, TX. Retrieved from http://www.arte-sana.com/accessibility_spanish_speaking_clients.pdf.
[Golding, 1999]
J. Golding.
Intimate partner violence as a risk factor for mental disorders: A meta-analysis.
Journal of Family Violence, 14 (1999), pp. 99-132
[Gondolf and Fisher, 1988]
E.W. Gondolf, E. Fisher.
Battered women as survivors: An alternative to treating learned helplessness.
Lexington Books, (1988),
[Gracia and Tomas, 2014]
E. Gracia, J.M. Tomas.
Correlates of victim-blaming attitudes regarding partner violence against women among the Spanish general population.
Violence Against Women, 20 (2014), pp. 26-41
[Hamby, 2014]
S. Hamby.
Battered women's protective strategies: Stronger than you know.
Oxford University Press, (2014),
[Ingram, 2007]
E.M. Ingram.
A comparison of help seeking between Latino and non-Latino victims of intimate partner violence.
Violence Against Women, 13 (2007), pp. 159-171
[Jimenez and Abreu, 2003]
J.A. Jimenez, J.M. Abreu.
Race and sex effects on attitudinal perceptions of acquaintance rape.
Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50 (2003), pp. 252-256
[Kasturirangan et al., 2004]
A. Kasturirangan, S. Krishnan, S. Riger.
The impact of culture and minority status on women's experience of domestic violence.
Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 5 (2004), pp. 318-332
[Kelly, 2009]
U.A. Kelly.
I’m a mother first: The influence of mothering in the decision-making processes of battered immigrant Latino women.
Research in Nursing & Health, 32 (2009), pp. 286-297
[Kelly, 2010]
U.A. Kelly.
Symptoms of PTSD and major depression in Latinas who have experienced intimate partner violence.
Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 31 (2010), pp. 119-127
[Kyriakakis et al., 2012]
S. Kyriakakis, B.A. Dawson, T. Edmond.
Mexican immigrant survivors of intimate partner violence: Conceptualization and descriptions of abuse.
Violence and Victims, 27 (2012), pp. 548-562
[Lacey, 2010]
K.K. Lacey.
When is it enough for me to leave?: Black and Hispanic women's response to violent relationships.
Journal of Family Violence, 25 (2010), pp. 669-677
[Lewis et al., 2005]
M.J. Lewis, B. West, L. Bautista, A.M. Greenberg, I. Done-Perez.
Perceptions of service providers and community members on intimate partner violence within a Latino community.
Health Education & Behavior, 32 (2005), pp. 69-83
[Liang et al., 2005]
B. Liang, L. Goodman, P. Tummala-Narra, S. Weintraub.
A theoretical framework for understanding help-seeking processes among survivors of intimate partner violence.
American Journal of Community Psychology, 36 (2005), pp. 71-84
[Lipsky et al., 2005]
S. Lipsky, R. Caetano, C.A. Field, S. Bazargan.
The role of alcohol use and depression in intimate partner violence among black and Hispanic patients in an urban emergency department.
American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 31 (2005), pp. 225-242
[Lipsky et al., 2006]
S. Lipsky, R. Caetano, C.A. Field, G.L. Larkin.
The role of intimate partner violence, race, and ethnicity in help-seeking behaviors.
Ethnicity & Health, 11 (2006), pp. 81-100
[McCart et al., 2010]
M.R. McCart, D.W. Smith, G.K. Sawyer.
Help seeking among victims of crime: A review of the empirical literature.
Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23 (2010), pp. 198-206
[McDevitt-Murphy et al., 2005]
M.E. McDevitt-Murphy, F.W. Weathers, J.W. Adkins.
The use of the Trauma Symptom Inventory in the assessment of PTSD symptoms.
Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18 (2005), pp. 63-67
[Mena et al., 1987]
F.J. Mena, A.M. Padilla, M. Maldonado.
Acculturative stress and specific coping strategies among immigrant and later generation college students.
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 9 (1987), pp. 207-225
[Moracco et al., 2005]
K.E. Moracco, A. Hilton, K.G. Hodges, P.Y. Frasier.
Knowledge and attitudes about intimate partner violence among immigrant Latinos in rural North Carolina.
Violence Against Women, 11 (2005), pp. 337-352
[Morrison et al., 2006]
K.E. Morrison, K.J. Luchok, D.L. Richter, D. Parra-Medina.
Factors influencing help-seeking from informal networks among African American victims of intimate partner violence.
Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21 (2006), pp. 1493-1511
[Murdaugh et al., 2004]
C. Murdaugh, S. Hunt, R. Sowell, I. Santana.
Domestic violence in Hispanics in the southeastern United States: A survey and needs analysis.
Journal of Family Violence, 19 (2004), pp. 107-115
[Nicolaidis et al., 2011]
C. Nicolaidis, M. Perez, A. Mejia, A. Alvarado, R. Celaya-Alston, H. Galian, A. Hilde.
Guardarse las cosas adentro (keeping things inside): Latina violence survivors’ perceptions of depression.
Journal of General Internal Medicine, 26 (2011), pp. 1131-1137
[Norris et al., 1990]
F.H. Norris, K.Z. Kaniasty, D.A. Scheer.
Use of mental health services among victims of crime: Frequency, correlates, and subsequent recovery.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58 (1990), pp. 538
[Nurius et al., 2011]
P.S. Nurius, R.J. Macy, I. Nwabuzor, V.L. Holt.
Intimate partner survivors’ help seeking and protection efforts: A person-oriented analysis.
Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26 (2011), pp. 539-566
[Ojeda et al., 2008]
V.D. Ojeda, T.L. Patterson, S.A. Strathdee.
The influence of perceived risk to health and immigration-related characteristics on substance use among Latino and other immigrants.
American Journal of Public Health, 98 (2008), pp. 862-868
[Reina et al., 2014]
A.S. Reina, B.J. Lohman, M.M. Maldonado.
He said they’d deport me: Factors influencing domestic violence help-seeking practices among Latina immigrants.
Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29 (2014), pp. 593-615
[Rizo and Macy, 2011]
C.F. Rizo, R.J. Macy.
Help seeking and barriers of Hispanic partner violence survivors: A systematic review of the literature.
Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16 (2011), pp. 250-264
[Rodríguez et al., 2008]
M.A. Rodríguez, M.V. Heilemann, E. Fielder, A. Ang, F. Nevarez, C.M. Mangione.
Intimate partner violence, depression, and PTSD among pregnant Latina women.
Annals of Family Medicine, 6 (2008), pp. 44-52
[Rodriguez et al., 2001]
M.A. Rodriguez, W.R. Sheldon, H.M. Bauer, E.J. Pérez-Stable.
The factors associated with disclosure of intimate partner abuse to clinicians.
The Journal of Family Practice, 50 (2001), pp. 338-344
[Sabina et al., 2012a]
C. Sabina, C.A. Cuevas, J.L. Schally.
Cultural influences on help-seeking among a national sample of victimized Latino women.
American Journal of Community Psychology, 49 (2012), pp. 347-363
[Sabina et al., 2012b]
C. Sabina, C.A. Cuevas, J.L. Schally.
Help-seeking in a national sample of victimized Latino women: The influence of victimization type.
Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27 (2012), pp. 40-61
[Sabogal et al., 1987]
F. Sabogal, G. Marín, R. Otero-Sabogal, B.V. Marín, E.J. Perez-Stable.
Hispanic familism and acculturation: What changes and what doesn’t?.
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 9 (1987), pp. 397-412
[Salmon and Nichols, 1983]
C.T. Salmon, J.S. Nichols.
The nextbirthday method for respondent selection.
Public Opinion Quarterly, 47 (1983), pp. 270-276
[Schonert-Reichl and Muller, 1996]
K.A. Schonert-Reichl, J.R. Muller.
Correlates of help-seeking in adolescence.
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 25 (1996), pp. 705-731
[Schwartz et al., 2010]
S.J. Schwartz, J.B. Unger, B.L. Zamboanga, J. Szapocznik.
Rethinking the concept of acculturation: Implications for theory and research.
American Psychologist, 65 (2010), pp. 237-251
[Sugarman and Frankel, 1996]
D.B. Sugarman, S.L. Frankel.
Patriarchal ideology and wife-assault: A meta-analytic review.
Journal of Family Violence, 11 (1996), pp. 13-40
[Tjaden and Thoennes, 2000]
Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (2000). Full report of the prevalence, incidence, and consequences of violence against women (NCJ 183781). Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice.
[Triandis et al., 1984]
H.C. Triandis, G. Marín, J. Lisansky, H. Betancourt.
Simpatía as a cultural script of Hispanics.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47 (1984), pp. 1363-1375
[Walsh et al., 2007]
K. Walsh, M. Blaustein, W.G. Knight, J. Spinazzola, B.A. van der Kolk.
Resiliency factors in the relation between childhood sexual abuse and adulthood sexual assault in college-age women.
Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 16 (2007), pp. 1-17
[West et al., 1998]
C.M. West, G. Kaufman Kantor, J.L. Jasinski.
Sociodemographic predictors and cultural barriers to help-seeking behavior by Latina and Anglo American battered women.
Violence and Victims, 13 (1998), pp. 361-375
[Widom et al., 2005]
C.S. Widom, M.A. Dutton, S.J. Czaja, K.A. DuMont.
Development and validation of a new instrument to assess lifetime trauma and victimization history.
Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18 (2005), pp. 519-531
[Zadnik et al., 2014]
Zadnik, E., Sabina, C., & Cuevas, C.A. (2014) (in press). Violence against Latinas: The effects of undocumented status on rates of victimization and help-seeking. Journal of Interpersonal Violence
