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Inicio Radiología (English Edition) Challenges in radiological evaluation of brain metastases, beyond progression
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Vol. 66. Issue 2.
Pages 166-180 (March - April 2024)
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Vol. 66. Issue 2.
Pages 166-180 (March - April 2024)
Update in Radiology
Challenges in radiological evaluation of brain metastases, beyond progression
Los retos en la evaluación radiológica de las metástasis cerebrales, más allá de la progresión
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A. Ortiz de Mendivila,
Corresponding author
aomendivil@hmhospitales.com

Corresponding author.
, P. Martín-Medinaa, L. García-Cañamaqueb, B. Jiménez-Munarrizc, R. Ciérvided, J. Diamantopoulose
a Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Sección de Neurorradiología, Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, Madrid, Spain
b Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
c Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, Madrid, Spain
d Servicio de Oncología Radioterápica, Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, Madrid, Spain
e Servicio de Neurocirugía, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
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Table 1. Characteristics of response assessment criteria in neuro-oncology trials.
Abstract

MRI is the cornerstone in the evaluation of brain metastases. The clinical challenges lie in discriminating metastases from mimickers such as infections or primary tumors and in evaluating the response to treatment. The latter sometimes leads to growth, which must be framed as pseudo-progression or radionecrosis, both inflammatory phenomena attributable to treatment, or be considered as recurrence. To meet these needs, imaging techniques are the subject of constant research. However, an exponential growth after radiotherapy must be interpreted with caution, even in the presence of results suspicious of tumor progression by advanced techniques, because it may be due to inflammatory changes. The aim of this paper is to familiarize the reader with inflammatory phenomena of brain metastases treated with radiotherapy and to describe two related radiological signs: "the inflammatory cloud" and "incomplete ring enhancement", in order to adopt a conservative management with close follow-up.

Keywords:
Malignant brain neoplasm
Local neoplasm recurrence
Stereotactic radiosurgery
Radiation-Induced abnormality
Magnetic resonance imaging
Inflammatory Cloud sign
Incomplete ring enhancement sign
Perfusion magnetic resonance imaging
Diffusion MRI
Multiparametric MRI
Tumor-Infiltrating lymphocytes
Resumen

La resonancia magnética es la piedra angular en la evaluación de las metástasis cerebrales. Los retos clínicos residen en discriminar las metástasis de imitadores como infecciones o tumores primarios y en evaluar la respuesta al tratamiento. Éste, en ocasiones, condiciona un crecimiento, que debe encuadrarse como una pseudoprogresión o una radionecrosis, ambos fenómenos inflamatorios atribuibles al tratamiento; o bien considerarse como una recurrencia. Para responder a estas necesidades, las técnicas de imagen son objeto de constantes investigaciones. No obstante, un crecimiento exponencial tras radioterapia, debe interpretarse con cautela, incluso ante resultados sospechosos de progresión por técnicas avanzadas, ya que puede tratarse de cambios inflamatorios. El objetivo de este trabajo es familiarizar al lector con los fenómenos inflamatorios de las metástasis cerebrales tratadas con radioterapia y describir dos signos radiológicos relacionados: “la nube inflamatoria” y el “realce en anillo incompleto”, con el fin de adoptar un manejo conservador con seguimiento estrecho.

Palabras clave:
Neoplasia cerebral maligna
Recurrencia tumoral local
Radiocirugía estereotáxica
Anomalía inducida por radiación
Resonancia magnética
Signo de la nube inflamatoria
Signo del realce en anillo incompleto
Resonancia magnética de perfusión
Resonancia magnética de difusión
Resonancia magnética multiparamétrica
Linfocitos infiltrantes de tumor

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