array:24 [ "pii" => "S2173510712000912" "issn" => "21735107" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rxeng.2012.07.004" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2012-05-01" "aid" => "443" "copyright" => "SERAM" "copyrightAnyo" => "2010" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Radiologia. 2012;54:231-45" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 8536 "formatos" => array:2 [ "HTML" => 7830 "PDF" => 706 ] ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0033833811002268" "issn" => "00338338" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rx.2011.05.019" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2012-05-01" "aid" => "443" "copyright" => "SERAM" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Radiologia. 2012;54:231-45" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 15580 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 10 "HTML" => 14120 "PDF" => 1450 ] ] "es" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Actualización</span>" "titulo" => "Estudio del ventrículo derecho mediante resonancia magnética" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "231" "paginaFinal" => "245" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Study of the right ventricle using magnetic resonance imaging" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figura 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 2133 "Ancho" => 2167 "Tamanyo" => 256463 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hipertensión pulmonar</span> (HTP): imágenes en modo cine <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">steady state free precession</span> (SSFP) 4 cámaras en diástole (izquierda arriba) y sístole (izquierda abajo), proyección de máxima intensidad (MIP) axial de angio-RM pulmonar (derecha arriba), y realce miocárdico tardío (secuencia inversión recuperación tras la introducción de contraste) Eje corto (derecha abajo). Varón VIH (+) con HTP severa (presión media en la arteria pulmonar 53<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg). La RM demuestra signos de sobrecarga de presión en el ventrículo derecho (VD): hipertrofia y dilatación del VD, y aplanamiento e inversión del septo interventricular en sístole (flecha larga). Realce miocárdico en la inserción ventricular inferior (flecha corta). El análisis cuantitativo ventricular mostraba una disfunción sistólica grave biventricular. En controles posteriores se demostró una mejoría de la función del VD y de los signos de HTP tras instaurar un tratamiento vasodilatador con sildenafilo (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0075">ver también video 1, material adicional en la web</a>).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "A. Capelastegui Alber, E. Astigarraga Aguirre, M.A. de Paz, J.A. Larena Iturbe, T. Salinas Yeregui" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Capelastegui Alber" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Astigarraga Aguirre" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.A." "apellidos" => "de Paz" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.A." "apellidos" => "Larena Iturbe" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "T." "apellidos" => "Salinas Yeregui" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2173510712000912" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rxeng.2012.07.004" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173510712000912?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0033833811002268?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/00338338/0000005400000003/v1_201305061457/S0033833811002268/v1_201305061457/es/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2173510712000882" "issn" => "21735107" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rxeng.2012.07.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2012-05-01" "aid" => "361" "copyright" => "SERAM" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Radiologia. 2012;54:246-50" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 4173 "formatos" => array:2 [ "HTML" => 3678 "PDF" => 495 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Report</span>" "titulo" => "Diastolic retrograde arterial flow: Preliminary report" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "246" "paginaFinal" => "250" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Flujo retrógrado diastólico. Comunicación preliminar" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1044 "Ancho" => 951 "Tamanyo" => 161058 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Top: triphasic Doppler US waveforms during baseline evaluation. Middle: holodiastolic reflux during arm raising. Bottom: monophasic flow immediately after arm lowering.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "M.J. Mc Loughlin, S. Mc Loughlin, J. Milei" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.J." "apellidos" => "Mc Loughlin" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "S." "apellidos" => "Mc Loughlin" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Milei" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0033833811000701" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rx.2010.12.009" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0033833811000701?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173510712000882?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/21735107/0000005400000003/v1_201305061451/S2173510712000882/v1_201305061451/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2173510712000900" "issn" => "21735107" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rxeng.2012.07.003" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2012-05-01" "aid" => "434" "copyright" => "SERAM" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Radiologia. 2012;54:221-30" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 7712 "formatos" => array:2 [ "HTML" => 7030 "PDF" => 682 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Update in Radiology</span>" "titulo" => "Stem cells: Implications in the development of brain tumors" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "221" "paginaFinal" => "230" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Células madre: implicaciones en el desarrollo de tumores cerebrales" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1880 "Ancho" => 2511 "Tamanyo" => 273763 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Neural stem cells normally give rise, through asymmetric division, to a neural progenitor cell (self-renewal) and to a progenitor cell that differentiate into neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. Genetic and epigenetic changes in neural stem cells and progenitor cells may lead to transformation into brain tumor stem cells as well as to dedifferentiation of differentiated brain cells.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "I.A. Matos Rojas, D. Bertholdo, M. Castillo" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "I.A." "apellidos" => "Matos Rojas" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "D." "apellidos" => "Bertholdo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Castillo" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0033833811002177" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rx.2011.05.014" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0033833811002177?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173510712000900?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/21735107/0000005400000003/v1_201305061451/S2173510712000900/v1_201305061451/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:21 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Update in radiology</span>" "titulo" => "Study of the right ventricle using magnetic resonance imaging" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "231" "paginaFinal" => "245" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "A. Capelastegui Alber, E. Astigarraga Aguirre, M.A. de Paz, J.A. Larena Iturbe, T. Salinas Yeregui" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Capelastegui Alber" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "acapelastegui@osatek.es" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Astigarraga Aguirre" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.A." "apellidos" => "de Paz" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.A." "apellidos" => "Larena Iturbe" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "T." "apellidos" => "Salinas Yeregui" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "entidad" => "Osatek, Hospital de Galdakao, Vizcaya, Spain" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Estudio del ventrículo derecho mediante resonancia magnética" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Figure 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 2638 "Ancho" => 3333 "Tamanyo" => 542326 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cardiac involvement in carcinoid syndrome: steady state in free precession (SSFP) cine MRI in two-chamber (upper left), four-chamber view (upper right), outflow tract of the right ventricle (lower left) and longitudinal plane through the pulmonary valve (lower row, center), and coronal True-FISP sequence with thoracic-abdominal coverage (lower right). 45-year-old women with carcinoid syndrome secondary to liver metastases from a carcinoid tumor of the ileum. MRI shows dilatation of right chambers (especially of the atrium) caused by RV overload, tricuspid insufficiency (arrow) and pulmonary valve stenosis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0070">see also video 3 in supplementary material available online</a>).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Traditionally, the right ventricle (RV) has received less attention than the left ventricle (LV), because of the little consideration given to its function. In addition, for a long time, chest radiography and angiography were the only available techniques for assessing the RV; however, these techniques have their limitations and angiography is associated with considerable risk.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Echocardiography soon became a first-line technique because of its availability, safety, cost and diagnostic accuracy; nonetheless, this technique is of limited use for evaluating the RV because of the retrosternal location of this ventricle and the method used to calculate its volumes. Computed tomography (CT) is the non-invasive technique of choice for the study of pulmonary and coronary vasculature, but its use in the evaluation of the heart chambers remains limited, and its associated risks should not be overlooked (ionizing radiation, iondinated contrast agents). Although the use of magnetic resonance (MR) is well established in other areas, we had to wait for the technological development of coils, sequences and processing software to confidently approach the study of the heart. The spatial and temporal resolution, multiplanar capability, tissue contrast, and safety make MRI a suitable non-invasive technique for examining the anatomy and function of the RV. Nonetheless, there are limitations inherent to the technique, such as long imaging times, the fact that it requires the collaboration of the patient, synchronization issues in cases of arrhythmia, and general contraindications, not to mention its cost and the scarce availability and experience in the use of this technique (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Characteristics and study of the right ventricle using magnetic resonance imaging</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The RV is the most anteriorly situated cardiac chamber and makes little contribution to the cardiac silhouette on chest radiographs. It has a complex shape, showing no axis of symmetry,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> and is more difficult to model than the LV. From the axial view, the RV has a triangular shape and accommodates and wraps partially around the LV. In diastole, the RV receives the systemic venous blood and pumps it to the pulmonary circulation in systole, so RV and pulmonary circulation operate as a functional unit.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> It works as a volume pump, with its two primary functions being: to maintain a low systemic venous pressure and an adequate pulmonary perfusion. The architecture, pathophysiology, metabolism and coronary flow of both ventricles are different (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>), and these differences must be considered when performing and evaluating cardiac imaging studies.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Magnetic resonance imaging technique</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The RV can be assessed using a standard protocol: morphologic evaluation (black blood imaging: double inversion recovery or inversion recovery [IR], Half Fourier Acquisition Single Shot Turbo Spin Echo [HASTE], short time inversion recovery [STIR]), cine imaging (steady state free precession, SSFP), and myocardial enhancement (contrast enhanced IR sequences with suppression of myocardial signal).</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The “basic” planes to study the RV using MR imaging are four-chamber (4C) and short axis (SA), which are routinely obtained in conventional cardiac MRI protocols. In case of clinical suspicion of RV involvement, it is recommended to have specific planes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>): right two-chamber (2C), right three-chamber (3C or RV inflow–outflow view) and RV outflow tract (RVOT) views. Axial images (double IR and cine) with lower field of view provide higher spatial resolution of the free RV wall, which can be useful in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Depending on the findings or the clinical suspicion, additional techniques can be used in specific cases. Pulmonary MR angiography requires high temporal resolution to separate arterial and venous phases, and is useful for assessment of pulmonary arteries (pulmonary hypertension) and veins (abnormal venous return leading to shunt). Phase-contrast imaging can help to quantify valve disease and shunts. This requires an accurate technique, with the imaging section perfectly oriented perpendicular to the vessel, an appropriate selection of velocity encoding, and appropriate magnet isocenter location. Yet, there is a margin of error due to limitations inherent to the technique.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Cardiac perfusion MR imaging requires high temporal resolution, compromising spatial resolution and anatomic coverage. Although this technique was developed for detecting myocardial ischemia, it is useful in the diagnosis of intracardiac shunts and cardiac masses due to the intracavitary contrast generated. FLIRT (Fixed Long Time Inversion Recovery) sequence obtained immediately after contrast administration may be useful in the detection of thrombi and masses.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Anatomy of the right ventricle</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The RV is divided into three regions<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,6</span></a>: the inflow tract or inlet, the outflow tract or outlet, and the apical portion or body (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). The inflow tract or inlet includes the tricuspid valve apparatus, which extends from the tricuspid annulus traversing the chordae tendineae, to the insertion of the papillary muscles. The outflow tract or outlet extends from the supraventricular crest to the pulmonary valve. It includes the infundibulum or conus arteriosus, a narrowing in the upper part of the RV, below the pulmonary valve, characterized by a smooth endocardial surface. The inflow and outflow tracts are arranged in a “V” shape whose apex corresponds to the trabeculated apical myocardium. The RV can also be divided into free or retrosternal wall (divided into anterior and lateral), inferior or diaphragmatic wall and interventricular septum.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A number of characteristic bands, trabeculae and muscles are present in the endocardial surface of the RV (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>) that differentiate it from the LV.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,6</span></a> The tricuspid leaflets are inserted on the papillary muscles, which are numerous and small and tend to be attached to the septum, unlike the LV. The supraventricular crest (Wolff's spur) is a muscular thickening that separates the pulmonary and the tricuspid valves (in the LV, the valves are in continuity). The moderator band contains fibers of the electrical conduction system, and connects the septum with the apical portion of the anterior wall, separating the outflow tract from the apical myocardium. It is consistently found in the LV 3C and SA views. The septomarginal or septal trabecula is a muscular thickening in the interventricular septum in the shape of a “Y”, with one of its branches being the moderator band. This trabecula is visible on MR images only in cases of RV hypertrophy. The apical trabeculae are fleshy trabeculae that form a septum within the apex.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The normal RV diameter is smaller than that of the LV. The RV makes no contribution to the cardiac apex and has a thin wall (≤5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in the inferior aspect<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,8</span></a>). The interventricular septum must be convex toward the RV throughout the cardiac cycle. Variations in RV morphology may cause diagnostic problems. The angulation of the long axes also influences the RV shape.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pectus excavatum</span> is a deformity of the free RV wall.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a right-dominant system (80% of the population), the perfusion of the RV relies mostly on the right coronary artery,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> which supplies the lateral wall (acute marginal branches) and the inferior wall and septum (posterior descending artery). The anterior wall and septum are supplied by the left coronary artery (anterior descending artery), and the infundibulum is supplied by the conal branch. In a left-dominant system, the posterior descending artery arises from the left coronary artery, and the RV is supplied equally by the left and the right coronary artery. Coronary supply to the RV is more favorable than to the LV because it occurs in both systole and diastole and because the RV has a more extensive collateral system.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Physiology of the right ventricle</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The RV is connected to the LV, and both have to pump the same stroke volume. Ventricular interdependence<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> refers to the mutual dependence of their functions,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> having an anatomical substrate: both ventricles share myocardial fibers (particularly in the interventricular septum) and the same pericardial space.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RV contraction starts in the inflow tract, progresses toward the apical myocardium, and finishes in the infundibulum in a peristalsis-like fashion. Contraction is complex and involves three mechanisms<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>: inward movement of the free wall, traction at the points of attachment in the LV and movement of the tricuspid annulus toward the apex secondary to contraction of the longitudinal fibers. This is one of the main components of the RV ejection and can be quantitatively measured as tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> whose normal value should be >2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MR imaging is considered the reference standard for the evaluation of the RV volume and systolic function.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,10</span></a> The limitations of echocardiography are due to the retrosternal location of the RV, the poor definition of the endocardial surface and the difficulty of applying volumetric models that allow the use of a geometric equation to calculate the RV volume.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MR imaging allows quantitative assessment of the RV using a series of consecutive sections of cine images that include the entire RV. This is usually performed in the SA view, using the sequences also for the quantitative assessment of the LV. However, measurement is not without problems, including the difficult identification of the valve plane<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> due to its poor visualization and its motion during heartbeat. To accurately determine the last image of the atrium and the first image of the RV, scout lines from cine sequences of the short axis in right 4C and 2C views can be obtained so the valve plane can be identified in systole and diastole. Another solution is to delineate the contours on 4C images, but this requires the acquisition of sequences that are not routinely used. Care must be taken when including the entire outflow tract.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Quantitative assessment of the RV allows the determination of the end-diastolic (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV)—with absolute and normalized values—stroke volume, cardiac output and ejection fraction (EF). The RV volume is 10–20% higher than the LV volume, so for a stroke volume equal to that of the LV, the RV should have lower EF. Increased EDV is associated with dilatation, and decreased EF with systolic dysfunction.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,7</span></a> Although the RV mass can be quantified, this is not routinely done because of the difficulty of drawing the epi- and endocardial contours, as the wall is very thin. The RV myocardial mass is much lower than that of the LV and increased RV mass indicates hypertrophy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RV diastolic function has not been as well studied as the LV function, and MR imaging can be used for its evaluation in a similar way to echocardiography, by analyzing the flow patterns through the tricuspid valve, pulmonary veins and inferior vena cava.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,7</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Pathology of the right ventricle</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We will consider four groups: right heart failure, ischemia, myocardial diseases and masses. Congenital heart disease will not be included here.</p><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Right heart failure</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most common cause of right ventricular failure is left ventricular failure. Primary RV failure may be secondary to direct injury (ischemia, myocardiopathy) or to pressure (increased afterload) or volume overload (increased preload).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> This leads to dysfunction, and the RV starts a number of adaptation mechanisms such as hypertrophy, dilatation, septal displacement and tricuspid insufficiency. When these mechanisms are exceeded and the RV is unable to maintain its function, RV failure occurs, resulting in<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> peripheral venous congestion, edema, ascites, and ultimately cardiogenic shock. Because of the ventricular interdependence, right heart failure eventually leads to left failure, and vice versa. In cases of RV overload and cardiopathies with right heart failure, MR imaging is an excellent technique to evaluate the progression and the treatment response and to determine the outcome in a non-invasive manner.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pressure overload or pulmonary hypertension (PHT) is characterized by elevated blood pressure of the pulmonary circulation either primary (idiopathic, or associated with scleroderma, HIV infection and other conditions), or secondary (chronic airflow obstruction, chronic pulmonary thromboembolism). PHT is present when the average pressure in the pulmonary artery (PAP) is higher than 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg. PAP is determined by right heart catheterization,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12,13</span></a> but it can be estimated by Doppler echocardiographic<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> assessment of tricuspid insufficiency. Although MR imaging cannot establish the diagnosis, it plays an important role in PHT as it provides structural and functional information of the right ventricle-pulmonary circulation unit. The availability of medical therapies that on occasions improve the poor prognosis associated with PHT has heightened the interest in finding markers for monitoring disease course.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardiac manifestations of PHT on MR imaging are a reflection of RV pressure overload,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,11</span></a> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>) including RV hypertrophy, dilatation, and systolic dysfunction, as well as retrograde dilatation of the right atrium, inferior vena cava and hepatic veins. MR imaging also demonstrates abnormal septal motion, where the interventricular septum<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> flattens and even becomes convex toward the LV during systole (also during diastole as the disease progresses), affecting the function of the LV.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Different parameters such as mass, EDV, ESV, stroke volume and right ventricular EF have been evaluated, showing variable correlations with PAP. Although this correlation is insufficient to establish a diagnosis of PHT using MR imaging, it may be useful in monitoring treatment response.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,15–17</span></a> Foci of contrast enhancement can be seen at the right ventricular insertion points associated to fibrosis, probably due to shear stress.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MR angiography demonstrates dilatation of the pulmonary artery, reduction in peripheral vessel, focal ectasia and arterial tortuosity; however, CT is more efficient. Phase-contrast MRI of the pulmonary arterial flow provides hemodynamic data on mean and peak velocities, flow and stroke volume.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In certain cases, MRI may help in the etiologic diagnosis of PHT, by identifying the clinical signs of chronic pulmonary thromboembolism (occlusion of vessels, intraluminal thrombi and well-defined filling defects), or help in the differential diagnosis with other causes of right heart failure.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Volume overload occurs in valve insufficiency (pulmonary and tricuspid), and in left-to-right shunts, such as interatrial communication (IAC) and anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (APVD).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> The consequences are similar to those found in pressure overload, but volume overload is better tolerated by the RV and dilatation predominates over hypertrophy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> In addition to identify features of RV overload (dilatation, abnormal septal motion), MRI is particularly useful in the identification of underlying conditions that might have been overlooked, such as cardiac shunts<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20,21</span></a> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>). Despite having technical limitations, MRI provides quantitative assessment of shunt lesions,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> with the use of either the volumetric method (difference between right and left ventricular stroke volumes, useful in the absence of valve insufficiency) or the Qp/Qs ratio,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> by quantifying the pulmonary (Qp) and systemic (Qs) flow with phase-contrast sequences.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Carcinoid heart disease occurs in 20% of patients with carcinoid syndrome. It is a paraneoplastic effect caused by the release of vasoactive substances secreted by hepatic metastases that directly reach the right heart before being inactivated, resulting in valvular thickening and retraction.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24,25</span></a> In most cases, there is severe tricuspid regurgitation. Pulmonary stenosis and insufficiency are also common. Severe volume overload occurs and, to a lesser extent, pressure overload, with right heart failure being the cause of death in one-third of patients. MRI is an excellent technique to depict the features of this condition (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig. 6</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Ischemia (infarction)</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The RV is relatively resistant to infarction due to its decreased strength of contraction and to a more favorable oxygen supply than the LV.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> 30–50% of infarctions in the LV inferior wall are associated with RV infarction,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> but isolated RV infarction is uncommon (only in cases of nondominant right coronary artery<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>). Prior to the widespread use of MRI, the diagnosis of RV infarction was achieved in the clinical setting of a patient with myocardial infarction of the LV inferior wall, using characteristic clinical and electrocardiographic findings, but some patients remained undiagnosed.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Early diagnosis in the acute phase is crucial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> because RV infarction is associated with higher in-hospital mortality than isolated LV infarction.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,29</span></a> Although most cases are clinically silent, RV infarction may cause arrhythmias and hemodynamic anomalies such as hypotension, requiring volume repletion. After recovery from the acute episode, long-term prognosis is favorable, since the RV easily recovers its function after infarction, maintaining its viability regardless of the state of the coronary artery that supplies it.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> MRI is the technique of choice for diagnosis of RV infarction,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> through the identification of delayed enhancement of the RV wall and segmental contraction abnormalities (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig. 7</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Cardiomyopathies</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All cardiomyopathies, except ARVD, affect primarily and especially the LV; however, in a variable proportion of patients there is concomitant RV involvement. MRI plays an important role in the detection of RV involvement, which may not be suspected using other imaging techniques or diagnostic methods, having important prognostic and therapeutic implications.</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ARVD, also known as arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy, is a genetic cardiomyopathy characterized by fibrofatty replacement of the myocardium with loss of myocytes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> It affects the RV, at the so-called “triangle of dysplasia” (apex, anterior infundibulum and inferior wall of the RV); however, in most severe cases, there is also LV involvement. Manifestations vary widely; initially the disease is asymptomatic, with risk of sudden death, and subsequently it causes arrhythmias and RV morphologic changes, with progression to biventricular heart failure in the late stage (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig. 8</a>). A particular emphasis has been placed on its diagnosis because this condition is associated with sudden death in apparently healthy young people, and because it is a potentially treatable condition.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diagnosis of this condition is based on the presence of structural, functional and electrophysiological changes resulting from the histological changes. Although biopsy provides the definitive diagnosis, the criteria proposed in 1994 by the Task force of the Working Group Myocardial and Pericardial Disease of the European Society of Cardiology and of the Scientific Council on Cardiomyopathies of the International Society and Federation of Cardiology<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> are commonly used in clinical practice. These criteria were revised in 2002 and 2010<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> and were grouped into the following five categories: structural abnormalities or dysfunction, wall tissue characterization, ECG changes, arrhythmias and family history. MRI is the technique of choice, but it can only identify abnormalities from the first category: regional or global contractility changes, RV dilatation and systolic dysfunction. A normal MRI cannot rule out ARVD, particularly in early stages.</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two variants of regional contractility changes can be considered, both more conspicuous in systole. Focal aneurysm (bulging) is a free wall deformity that can be difficult to differentiate from variations in the normal contraction pattern,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> especially those occurring adjacent to the insertion site of the moderator band in the free wall.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> This sign should therefore be interpreted cautiously. The “accordion sign” is the corrugated pattern of the free RV wall of the outflow tract, more frequently seen in carriers of the mutations associated with ARVD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a></p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Additionally, the following characteristic features have been identified<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,35</span></a>: fibrosis and/or fibrofatty wall infiltration, hypertrabeculation, wall hypertrophy and outflow tract dilatation. Although initially the identification of fibrofatty infiltration of the free RV wall played an important role in the diagnosis of ARVD, this finding is currently under question given its low sensitivity (due to motion artifacts and low spatial resolution) and specificity (it has been described in healthy individuals<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>). The detection of fibrosis is based on myocardial enhancement, with a non-segmental patchy or diffuse pattern, representing a more specific sign, present in more than 50% of patients that meet the ARVD criteria.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Brugada's syndrome, or RVOT tachycardia, also involves RV arrhythmias. The diagnosis is based on ECG findings, but RV abnormalities have been described, and differentiation with ARVD may be difficult.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a></p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic cardiomyopathy characterized by sarcomere dysfunction that results in increased ventricular mass. MRI is used to estimate the myocardial thickness, quantify the LV mass, demonstrate intramyocardial contrast uptake and study LVOT obstruction.</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American Heart Association</span> considers that HCM is a condition limited to the LV, evidence suggests that HCM may also involve the RV, although to a lesser extent, but this finding has been little studied.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37,38</span></a> Up to 40% of patients with HCM may have RV wall thickening,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> but myocardial enhancement is uncommon.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> Generally, RV involvement correlates with LV involvement, but cases with predominant RV involvement have also been described.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> In some cases, HCM causes RVOT obstruction<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> or predominantly involves the cardiac bands.</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand, RV hypertrophy can also occur in athletes,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41,42</span></a> where thickening of the moderator band is characteristic.</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Noncompaction cardiomyopathy is a lack of compaction of the inner myocardial layer due to a failure during embryogenesis. This is a recently described condition,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> whose identification has been facilitated by the routine use of MRI. The clinical course and expression of this disease is variable, but there is some controversy on the diagnostic criteria and prognosis.</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Noncompaction has been recognized as a cause of RV failure, arrhythmias and embolism. It primarily affects the LV, but biventricular involvement<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44,45</span></a> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig. 9</a>) and even cases of isolated RV involvement have also been described.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> These cases are difficult to diagnose given the trabeculated nature of the RV. The MRI diagnosis is based on the noncompacted/compacted myocardium ratio.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> It can be associated with ventricular dysfunction and trabecular delayed enhancement.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0045"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In cardiac amyloidosis, there are amyloid deposits in the four cardiac chambers and valves that result in restrictive cardiomyopathy. MRI could help diagnose amyloidosis by demonstrating wall thickening and especially myocardial enhancement characterized by an intra- or subendocardial pattern. Adjustment of the inversion time of IR sequences is complicated.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> LV findings are more conspicuous, but RV involvement is frequent.</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, RV dilatation has been identified as a poor prognostic factor, irrespective of the EF of the LV.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a> In addition, a decrease in the EF of the RV in the setting of biventricular dilatation with LV systolic dysfunction is suggestive of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy rather than ischemic cardiopathy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a></p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardiac involvement in patients with systemic sarcoidosis is uncommon. It is characterized by the presence of myocardial granulomas, which can be biventricular</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Neoplastic and non-neoplastic masses</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MRI is the technique of choice in evaluating cardiac masses because of its superior tissue resolution and multiplanar capabilities.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52,53</span></a></p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most cardiac neoplasms are benign. Myxoma is the most common heart tumor, and although it usually arises from the atria, RV involvement occasionally occurs. The tumor is attached to the cardiac wall by a pedicle and usually has a heterogeneous appearance.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a> Papillary fibroelastomas are the most common tumors of the cardiac valves. They appear as a small, vascularized structure that follows the valve movement.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a> These characteristics make MR imaging difficult, even if the tumor has been readily identified by echocardiography (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Fig. 10</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0050"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Malignant tumors are uncommon, but malignancy rates in right chambers are higher than in left ones. Therefore, right-sided tumors are a sign of poor prognosis. Findings suggestive of malignancy are an aggressive growth pattern that infiltrates adjacent structures, pleural or pericardial effusion, involvement of more than one chamber, an ill-defined appearance, and broad-based attachment or non-septal location (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0055">Fig. 11</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a> Most malignant tumors of the heart are secondary and metastatic spread can be by direct invasion, intravascular spread (through the inferior vena cava), or hematologic or lymphatic spread. Cardiac lymphomas are usually large masses with a tendency to involve the right chambers and are a manifestation of disseminated primary lymphoma.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0055"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On MRI, intracardiac thrombi appear as masses partially or entirely attached to the endocardial surface. The detection of thrombi is important to avoid embolic events<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a> and because of the therapeutic implications, as it requires anticoagulation therapy. Early (FLIRT) and (postcontrast IR) delayed myocardial enhancement sequences are useful for diagnosis,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a> but in some cases detection on the ventricular wall may be difficult. Differentiation from cardiac neoplasms may be complicated, but neoplasms are characterized by contrast uptake. Nonetheless, rarely, large chronic thrombi may enhance<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a> and can be diagnostically challenging (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0060">Fig. 12</a>). In the RV, the presence of thrombi is usually associated with systemic hypercoagulable states such as the antiphospholipid syndrome, thrombogenic vasculitis (Behçet), ulcerative colitis and neoplasms. It has been postulated that the presence of inflammation, granulation tissue or even endomyocardial fibrosis has a role in the development of intracardiac thrombi in some patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a> In contrast with the LV, thrombus formation associated with areas of stasis is uncommon, given the low incidence of aneurysms after infarction.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0060"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusion</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Indications for the study of the RV using MRI can be grouped in four categories:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(1)</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Study of RV arrhythmias and ARVD screening (asymptomatic patient or screening of relatives). MRI alone cannot establish or rule out a diagnosis of ARVD, but it is part of the diagnostic criteria.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(2)</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Study of dilated RV. Echocardiography establishes the diagnosis and MRI is reserved for inconclusive cases. APVD, which is not usually assessed by echocardiography, is an indication for MRI. Some cases of IAC or RV infarction are identified as cause of RV dilatation on MRI.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(3)</span><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Study of the RV function. MRI is the modality of choice for quantification of ventricular volumes, and in many cardiopathies the RV function is an important prognostic factor.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(4)</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Study of RV masses or inconclusive echocardiographic images.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally, in other cases MRI can detect an unsuspected RV abnormality, in the setting of a cardiopathy primarily involving the LV.</p><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MRI is shaping up as the reference standard technique for the study of the RV due to its unquestionable advantages and despite its limitations in terms of availability and long examination and study times. Echocardiography remains a first-line modality and right cardiac catheterization provides functional and hemodynamic information that in some cases is essential (diagnosis of PHT). In future years, it is likely that MRI will help us gain deeper insights into RV abnormalities, assuming a more important role in the diagnosis of these patients.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Authorship</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Responsible for the integrity of the study: ACA</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conception of the study: ACA, JALI, MAP</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Design of the study: ACA, EAA, TSY</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acquisition of data: ACA, EAA</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analysis and interpretation of data: ACA, EAA, TSY, MAP</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bibliographic search: ACA, JALI, MAP</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Drafting of the manuscript: ACA</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Critical review with intellectually relevant contributions: EAA, TSY, MAP, JALI</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065"><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Approval of the final version: ACA, EAA, TSY, MAP, JALI</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare not having any conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres121997" "titulo" => "Abstract" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec109284" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres121998" "titulo" => "Resumen" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec109285" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Characteristics and study of the right ventricle using magnetic resonance imaging" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Magnetic resonance imaging technique" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Anatomy of the right ventricle" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Physiology of the right ventricle" ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Pathology of the right ventricle" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Right heart failure" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Ischemia (infarction)" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Cardiomyopathies" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Neoplastic and non-neoplastic masses" ] ] ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Authorship" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2010-10-18" "fechaAceptado" => "2011-05-23" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec109284" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Magnetic resonance imaging" 1 => "Heart" 2 => "Right ventricle" 3 => "Right heart" 4 => "Cardiac imaging" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec109285" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Resonancia magnética" 1 => "Corazón" 2 => "Ventrículo derecho" 3 => "Corazón derecho" 4 => "Imagen cardíaca" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has proven efficacy in the study of the heart. Its clinical applications are directed primarily at the study of the left ventricle, and the right ventricle is relegated to the background. This article reviews the anatomy and physiology of the right ventricle, as well as the manifestations of most common diseases affecting this chamber of the heart: infarction, cardiomyopathy, masses, and right heart failure. Knowing the distinctive features of the right ventricle with respect to the left and the particularities of the MR imaging protocol results in better technical performance in cases in which the reason for the examination or imaging findings point to the right ventricle. The importance of the right ventricle in the management of cardiopulmonary disease is growing and MR imaging can provide clinicians with the support they need.</p>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La resonancia magnética (RM) es una técnica de probada eficacia en el estudio del corazón. Sus aplicaciones clínicas se dirigen preferentemente al estudio del ventrículo izquierdo, quedando el ventrículo derecho relegado a un segundo plano. Este artículo ofrece una revisión de la anatomía y fisiología del ventrículo derecho, así como de las manifestaciones de la afección más frecuente en esta cámara cardíaca: infarto, miocardiopatías, masas y fallo cardíaco derecho. El conocimiento de los rasgos diferenciales del ventrículo derecho con respecto al izquierdo y de las particularidades del protocolo de estudio mediante RM, consigue un mayor rendimiento de la técnica en aquellos casos en que el motivo de petición o los hallazgos de imagen apuntan al ventrículo derecho. La RM reúne características para apoyar desde la imagen el protagonismo creciente que los clínicos están otorgando al ventrículo derecho en el manejo de las enfermedades cardiopulmonares.</p>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Please cite this article as: Capelastegui Alber A, et al. Estudio del ventrículo derecho mediante resonancia magnética. Radiología. 2012;54:231–45.</p>" ] ] "apendice" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "apendice" => "<p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following are the supplementary data to this article:<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0030"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0035"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0040"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0045"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0050"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0055"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0060"></elsevierMultimedia></p>" "etiqueta" => "Appendix A" "titulo" => "Supplementary data" "identificador" => "sec0070" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:26 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1964 "Ancho" => 2500 "Tamanyo" => 430849 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Planes used to study the RV using MR imaging: 4-chamber, right 2-chamber, 3-chamber and right ventricular outflow tract (RA: right atrium; LA: left atrium; PA: pulmonary artery; In: infundibulum; RV: right ventricle; IVC: inferior vena cava; SVC: superior vena cava; LV: left ventricle; MV: mitral valve; PV: pulmonary valve; TV: tricuspid valve).</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1700 "Ancho" => 1589 "Tamanyo" => 141713 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Regional anatomy of the right ventricle: thin MIP enhanced 3D MR-angiography of right cavities, with ventriculogram effect, demonstrates the inflow tract (IT), outflow tract (OT) and apical myocardium (AM) (RA: right atrium; PA: pulmonary artery; SVC: supraventricular crest; RV: right ventricle; TV: tricuspid valve).</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1911 "Ancho" => 3335 "Tamanyo" => 461243 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Characteristic structures of the right ventricle: supraventricular crest (SVC), septomarginal trabecula (SMT), moderator band (MB), anterior papillary muscle (APM) (RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle).</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 2132 "Ancho" => 2169 "Tamanyo" => 296233 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pulmonary hypertension (PHT): steady state free precession (SSFP) cine MRI in the chamber view in diastole (upper left) and systole (lower left), axial maximum intensity projection (MIP) pulmonary of MR-angiography (upper right), and delayed myocardial enhancement (inversion recovery sequence after contrast agent administration). Short axis view (lower right). HIV-positive man with severe PHT (mean pulmonary artery pressure, 53<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg). MRI shows signs of right ventricular (RV) pressure overload: RV hypertrophy and dilatation, and interventricular septal flattening and inversion in systole (long arrow). Myocardial enhancement at the inferior ventricular insertion (short arrow). Quantitative assessment of ventricular function demonstrated severe biventricular systolic dysfunction. Subsequent follow-up showed improvement of the RV function and of the PHT signs after pulmonary vasodilation therapy with sildenafil (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0070">see also video 1 in supplementary material available online</a>).</p>" ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1066 "Ancho" => 3335 "Tamanyo" => 211063 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Right ventricular (RV) overload secondary to ostium secundum-type interatrial communication: steady state free precession (SSFP) cine MRI in the four-chamber (4C) view (left), perfusion 4C (center) and gradient echo 4C with saturation band over the left chamber (right). 40-year-old man with right heart dilatation of unknown etiology in echocardiography. The atrial septal defect, barely visible on conventional cine MRI (SSFP), is clearly identified (arrows) on myocardial perfusion MRI as a hypointense jet (due to the different signal between right and left chambers) and on the gradient echo image performed with saturation band over the left chambers (due to blood signal suppression). In addition, MRI shows signs of RV volume overload (dilatation with no hypertrophy), with a pulmonary flow/arterial flow ratio (Qp/Qs) of 1.6, indicative of left-to-right shunt (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0070">see also video 2 in supplementary material available online</a>).</p>" ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Figure 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 2638 "Ancho" => 3333 "Tamanyo" => 542326 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cardiac involvement in carcinoid syndrome: steady state in free precession (SSFP) cine MRI in two-chamber (upper left), four-chamber view (upper right), outflow tract of the right ventricle (lower left) and longitudinal plane through the pulmonary valve (lower row, center), and coronal True-FISP sequence with thoracic-abdominal coverage (lower right). 45-year-old women with carcinoid syndrome secondary to liver metastases from a carcinoid tumor of the ileum. MRI shows dilatation of right chambers (especially of the atrium) caused by RV overload, tricuspid insufficiency (arrow) and pulmonary valve stenosis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0070">see also video 3 in supplementary material available online</a>).</p>" ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0035" "etiqueta" => "Figure 7" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr7.jpeg" "Alto" => 3241 "Ancho" => 3334 "Tamanyo" => 580553 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Right ventricle (RV) infarction: delayed myocardial enhancement sequences (inversion recovery sequence after contrast administration) in the 4-chamber view (upper left) and basal short-axis (SA) view (upper right), and steady state in free precession cine images in the SA view: in diastole (lower left) and systole (lower right). 65-year-old man with a history of inferior left ventricular (LV) infarction 15 years ago, who underwent an MRI examination to investigate the cause of RV dilatation observed on echocardiography. MRI shows non-viable myocardium after infarction of inferior LV wall, associated with infarction of the inferior and lateral RV wall, with dyskinesia (short arrows) and well-defined myocardial enhancement (long arrows). Quantitative assessment revealed biventricular systolic dysfunction (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0070">see also video 4 in supplementary material available online</a>).</p>" ] ] 7 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0040" "etiqueta" => "Figure 8" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr8.jpeg" "Alto" => 2476 "Ancho" => 2500 "Tamanyo" => 371272 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD): delayed myocardial enhancement (inversion recovery sequence after contrast administration): 4-chamber (4C) (upper left) and basal short axis view (upper right), and steady state in free precession cine sequence in 4C view: diastole (lower left) and systole (lower right). 16-year-old man who sought medical attention because of an episode of syncope, frequent ventricular extrasystoles and inverted T-wave in V1 to V4. MRI shows marked myocardial enhancement due to fibrosis (arrows), with patchy pattern in the right ventricular (RV) free wall and subpericardic in the left ventricular lateral wall (biventricular involvement). Cine MRI shows a severely dilated RV, with severe systolic dysfunction. After diagnosis of ARVD, an automatic defibrillator was implanted (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0070">see also video 5 in supplementary material available online</a>).</p>" ] ] 8 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0045" "etiqueta" => "Figure 9" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr9.jpeg" "Alto" => 1371 "Ancho" => 2335 "Tamanyo" => 196841 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Noncompaction of myocardium with biventricular involvement: steady state in free precession (SSFP) cine MRI in 4-chamber (left) and short axis view at the middle ventricular (upper right) and apical (lower right) level. Biventricular hypertrabeculation with apical predominance. 24-Year-old man with a family history of noncompaction of myocardium and mild LV systolic dysfunction.</p>" ] ] 9 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0050" "etiqueta" => "Figure 10" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr10.jpeg" "Alto" => 1966 "Ancho" => 2169 "Tamanyo" => 260739 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Papillary fibroelastoma arising from the tricuspid valve: steady state in free precession (SSFP) cine MRI in the right 2-chamber (2C) view: in diastole (upper left) and systole (upper right), perfusion study in right 2C view (lower left) and delayed myocardial enhancement (inversion recovery sequence after contrast administration) (lower right). Incidental finding on echocardiography. Cine MR images demonstrate with some difficulty a small ill-defined mass on the tricuspid valve that is alternately seen in the right atrium or right ventricle, depending on the cardiac phase (arrows). On the perfusion image is clearly seen as a filling defect (arrow). The lesion shows intense contrast enhancement (arrow) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0070">see also video 6 in supplementary material available online</a>).</p>" ] ] 10 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0055" "etiqueta" => "Figure 11" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr11.jpeg" "Alto" => 1832 "Ancho" => 3336 "Tamanyo" => 387042 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cardiac metastasis in hypernephroma: short time inversion recovery (STIR) 4-chamber (4C) view (upper left), steady state in free precession (SSFP) cine image right 2-chamber (2C) view (lower left), pre- (upper row center) and postcontrast (lower row center) T1-spin-echo 4C sequences, and post-contrast fixed long inversion recovery technique (FLIRT) in 4C (upper right) and 2CD (lower right). Large RV mass with septal and free wall infiltration with heterogeneous appearance and heterogeneous enhancement (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0070">see also video 7 in supplementary material available online</a>).</p>" ] ] 11 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0060" "etiqueta" => "Figure 12" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr12.jpeg" "Alto" => 1295 "Ancho" => 3335 "Tamanyo" => 232324 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Organized thrombus in the (RV): steady state in free precession (SSFP) cine image in 4-chamber view (left), fixed long inversion recovery technique (FLIRT) obtained immediately after contrast administration (center) and delayed myocardial enhancement (inversion recovery sequence after contrast administration) (right). 35-Year-old patient with Behçet syndrome and a history of RV thrombectomy. MR image shows a mass attached to the apical septum of the RV, with delayed peripheral enhancement. Postoperative changes in the RV apex.</p>" ] ] 12 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ARVD: arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia; PHT: pulmonary hypertension; RV: right ventricle.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Technical limitations \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Diagnostic advantage \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Indications for the study of the RV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Angiography \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">• Risks (invasive, radiation) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">• Hemodynamic information \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">• Diagnosis of PHT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ecocardiography \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">• Poor acoustic window• Location of RV• Measurement of volumes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">• Availability• Experience• Absence of risks• Hemodynamic information• Valve disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">• First-line technique \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">• Risks (radiation, contrast agents)• Need for beta-blockers \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">• Vascular information (coronary and pulmonary)• Calcium detection• Shorter imaging times \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">• PHT study \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">MRI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">• Arrhythmias, non-compliant patients• Contraindications to MR• Imaging times• Availability \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">• Measurement of volumes• Detection of fibrosis• Multiplanar capability• Tissue resolution \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">• Estimation of RV function• ARVD• Dilated RV of unknown etiology• RV infarction• RV masses \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab209428.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Imaging techniques for the study of the RV.</p>" ] ] 13 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0125" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Anatomy and morphology</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Irregular shape with no axis of symmetry \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Moderator band and other trabeculae \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lack of tricuspid-pulmonary continuity \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Peristaltic contraction pattern \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Quantitative analysis</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Muscle mass<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Volume: 10–20%<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ejection fraction<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Stroke volume<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pathophysiology</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>More resistant to ischemia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lower O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> consumption \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pulmonary resistance <span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1/10 systemic \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>More compliant \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Better adaptation to volume overload \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>More respiratory variation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab209427.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0120" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Specific differences of the RV compared with LV.</p>" ] ] 14 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "upi0005" "etiqueta" => "Video 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:3 [ "fichero" => "mmc1.mpg" "ficheroTamanyo" => 1550108 "Video" => array:2 [ "flv" => array:5 [ "fichero" => "mmc1.flv" "poster" => "mmc1.jpg" "tiempo" => 0 "alto" => 0 "ancho" => 0 ] "mp4" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc1.m4v" "poster" => "mmc1.jpg" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pulmonary hypertension (1A: cine RVOT, 1B: cine SA).</p>" ] ] 15 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0010" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:3 [ "fichero" => "mmc2.avi" "ficheroTamanyo" => 1623552 "Video" => array:2 [ "flv" => array:5 [ "fichero" => "mmc2.flv" "poster" => "mmc2.jpg" "tiempo" => 0 "alto" => 0 "ancho" => 0 ] "mp4" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc2.m4v" "poster" => "mmc2.jpg" ] ] ] ] 16 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "upi0015" "etiqueta" => "Video 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:3 [ "fichero" => "mmc3.avi" "ficheroTamanyo" => 1627648 "Video" => array:2 [ "flv" => array:5 [ "fichero" => "mmc3.flv" "poster" => "mmc3.jpg" "tiempo" => 0 "alto" => 0 "ancho" => 0 ] "mp4" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc3.m4v" "poster" => "mmc3.jpg" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Volume overload secondary to IAC (2A: cine 4C, 2B: cine 4C with saturation bands over left chambers, 2C: perfusion 4C).</p>" ] ] 17 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0020" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:3 [ "fichero" => "mmc4.avi" "ficheroTamanyo" => 862720 "Video" => array:2 [ "flv" => array:5 [ "fichero" => "mmc4.flv" "poster" => "mmc4.jpg" "tiempo" => 0 "alto" => 0 "ancho" => 0 ] "mp4" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc4.m4v" "poster" => "mmc4.jpg" ] ] ] ] 18 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0025" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:3 [ "fichero" => "mmc5.mpg" "ficheroTamanyo" => 2293788 "Video" => array:2 [ "flv" => array:5 [ "fichero" => "mmc5.flv" "poster" => "mmc5.jpg" "tiempo" => 0 "alto" => 0 "ancho" => 0 ] "mp4" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc5.m4v" "poster" => "mmc5.jpg" ] ] ] ] 19 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "upi0030" "etiqueta" => "Video 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:3 [ "fichero" => "mmc6.avi" "ficheroTamanyo" => 1318400 "Video" => array:2 [ "flv" => array:5 [ "fichero" => "mmc6.flv" "poster" => "mmc6.jpg" "tiempo" => 0 "alto" => 0 "ancho" => 0 ] "mp4" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc6.m4v" "poster" => "mmc6.jpg" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Carcinoid heart (cine right 2C).</p>" ] ] 20 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "upi0035" "etiqueta" => "Video 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:3 [ "fichero" => "mmc7.mpg" "ficheroTamanyo" => 1589616 "Video" => array:2 [ "flv" => array:5 [ "fichero" => "mmc7.flv" "poster" => "mmc7.jpg" "tiempo" => 0 "alto" => 0 "ancho" => 0 ] "mp4" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc7.m4v" "poster" => "mmc7.jpg" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">RV infarction associated with LV infarct (cine SA).</p>" ] ] 21 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "upi0040" "etiqueta" => "Video 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:3 [ "fichero" => "mmc8.mpg" "ficheroTamanyo" => 2224068 "Video" => array:2 [ "flv" => array:5 [ "fichero" => "mmc8.flv" "poster" => "mmc8.jpg" "tiempo" => 0 "alto" => 0 "ancho" => 0 ] "mp4" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc8.m4v" "poster" => "mmc8.jpg" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Arrhythmogenic RV dysplasia (cine 4C).</p>" ] ] 22 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "upi0045" "etiqueta" => "Video 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:3 [ "fichero" => "mmc9.mpg" "ficheroTamanyo" => 2158996 "Video" => array:2 [ "flv" => array:5 [ "fichero" => "mmc9.flv" "poster" => "mmc9.jpg" "tiempo" => 0 "alto" => 0 "ancho" => 0 ] "mp4" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc9.m4v" "poster" => "mmc9.jpg" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tricuspid valve papillary fibroelastoma (6A: cine right 2C, 6B: perfusion right 2C).</p>" ] ] 23 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0050" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:3 [ "fichero" => "mmc10.mpg" "ficheroTamanyo" => 1194536 "Video" => array:2 [ "flv" => array:5 [ "fichero" => "mmc10.flv" "poster" => "mmc10.jpg" "tiempo" => 0 "alto" => 0 "ancho" => 0 ] "mp4" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc10.m4v" "poster" => "mmc10.jpg" ] ] ] ] 24 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "upi0055" "etiqueta" => "Video 7" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:3 [ "fichero" => "mmc11.avi" "ficheroTamanyo" => 1046016 "Video" => array:2 [ "flv" => array:5 [ "fichero" => "mmc11.flv" "poster" => "mmc11.jpg" "tiempo" => 0 "alto" => 0 "ancho" => 0 ] "mp4" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc11.m4v" "poster" => "mmc11.jpg" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hypernephroma metastasis in RV (7A: cine right 2C, 7B: perfusion right 2C).</p>" ] ] 25 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0060" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:3 [ "fichero" => "mmc12.mpg" "ficheroTamanyo" => 3697484 "Video" => array:2 [ "flv" => array:5 [ "fichero" => "mmc12.flv" "poster" => "mmc12.jpg" "tiempo" => 0 "alto" => 0 "ancho" => 0 ] "mp4" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc12.m4v" "poster" => "mmc12.jpg" ] ] ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:56 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Técnicas de imagen en la evaluación del corazón derecho y la circulación pulmonar" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "J. 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Van Rossum" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.hlc.2006.08.003" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Heart Lung Circ" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "15" "paginaInicial" => "362" "paginaFinal" => "370" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17045525" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Comprehensive invasive and non-invasive approach to the right ventricle-pulmonary circulation unit: state-of-the-art and clinical and research implications" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "H.C. Champion" 1 => "E.D. Michelakis" 2 => "P.M. 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Update in radiology
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