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ORIGINAL
Análisis de la diversidad de aislados clínicos de Actinomyces/Actinotignum en un hospital universitario
Analysis of the diversity of Actinomyces/Actinotignum clinical isolates in a university hospital
Claudia Barberis
Autor para correspondencia
claudiabar07@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, Martín Ledesma, Carla Álvarez, Angela Famiglietti, Marisa Almuzara, Carlos Vay
Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas «José de San Martín», Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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estas especies pueden confundirse con otros bacilos grampositivos difteromorfos y&#44; adem&#225;s&#44; ser considerados organismos contaminantes&#46; Esta problem&#225;tica se explica por la compleja identificaci&#243;n fenot&#237;pica que hace falta para abordar la identificaci&#243;n a nivel de especie&#46; En ese sentido&#44; la espectrometr&#237;a de masas ha facilitado el hallazgo de estas especies&#44; lo cual puede permitir clarificar su rol en nichos ecol&#243;gicos y en infecciones humanas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;28</span></a>&#46; El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar si existe alguna relaci&#243;n estad&#237;sticamente significativa entre las distintas especies de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces&#47;Actinotignum</span> aisladas de muestras cl&#237;nicas y las localizaciones infecciosas de donde fueron recuperadas&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Materiales y m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se estudiaron 166 aislados de especies de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces&#47;Actinotignum</span> provenientes de espec&#237;menes cl&#237;nicos de pacientes atendidos en un hospital universitario en el per&#237;odo 2012-2019&#46; Las muestras fueron cultivadas siguiendo lo indicado en los manuales de procedimiento de nuestra instituci&#243;n&#46; Todos los aislados fueron recuperados de los medios de cultivo en aerobiosis&#58; agar sangre Columbia o agar chocolate&#44; incubados en atm&#243;sfera con 5&#37; de CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> a 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">C</span> por tiempo prolongado&#44; de cinco a siete d&#237;as&#46; Luego&#44; estos aislados fueron conservados a -70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C en caldo cerebro coraz&#243;n &#40;BHI&#41; &#40;Britania&#44; Argentina&#41;&#44; suplementado con glicerol al 20&#37; hasta el momento de su estudio&#46; Posteriormente fueron subcultivados en agar sangre ovina al 5&#37; &#40;bioM&#233;rieux&#44; Marcy-l&#8217;&#201;toile&#44; Francia&#41; e incubados por 48-72 h en atm&#243;sfera con un 5&#37; de CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> a 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Identificaci&#243;n por espectrometr&#237;a de masas</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La identificaci&#243;n por espectrometr&#237;a de masas&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry &#40;</span>MALDI-TOF MS&#41; &#40;Bruker&#44; Becton Dickinson&#41;&#44; se llev&#243; a cabo con el espectr&#243;metro Microflex MALDI-TOF MS y empleando el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software</span> FlexControl &#40;Bruker Daltonics&#44; Bremen&#44; Alemania&#41;&#46; Para ello&#44; se deposit&#243; una colonia del aislado seguido de la extracci&#243;n con f&#243;rmico 70&#37; &#40;t&#233;cnica &#171;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">on spot</span>&#187;&#41; y se dej&#243; secar a temperatura ambiente&#46; Las muestras fueron fijadas con 1 &#956;l de &#225;cido &#945;-ciano-4-hidroxicin&#225;mico hasta su cristalizaci&#243;n a temperatura ambiente&#46; Cuando dicha extracci&#243;n no condujo a una identificaci&#243;n confiable&#44; se sigui&#243; un protocolo de extracci&#243;n con etanol 70&#37; y &#225;cido f&#243;rmico 70&#37;&#44; y luego de centrifugar 2 min a 13&#46;000 rpm&#44; se agreg&#243; acetonitrilo&#46; Se tom&#243; 1 &#956;l de sobrenadante como in&#243;culo sobre la placa MALDI-TOF&#46; Los positrones fueron extruidos a una aceleraci&#243;n de 20 kV en modo lineal&#46; Cada espectro fue la suma de los iones obtenidos a partir de 240 disparos de l&#225;ser realizados de forma autom&#225;tica en las diferentes regiones del mismo pocillo&#46; Los espectros se analizaron en un rango de m&#47;z de 2&#46;000 a 20&#46;000&#46; Los aislados se identificaron mediante el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software</span> MALDI Biotyper 3&#46;1&#46; Este <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software</span> compar&#243; el espectro de masas de los aislados probados con el espectro incluido en la base de datos de referencia MBT-8468 MSP &#40;que contiene 158 y nueve perfiles de espectros principales de especies de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinotignum</span>&#44; respectivamente&#41; &#40;Bruker Daltonics&#44; Alemania&#41;&#46; Todas las especies de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces&#47;Actinotignum</span> incluidas en este trabajo se encuentran depositadas en dicha base de datos&#46; A partir de estudios realizados anteriormente por nuestro grupo de trabajo&#44; y por otros autores&#44; se consider&#243; un <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> &#8805; 1&#44;5 y &#60; 1&#44;7 para la identificaci&#243;n a nivel de g&#233;nero y &#8805; 1&#44;7 para la identificaci&#243;n a nivel de especie&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Scores</span> &#60; 1&#44;5 fueron considerados como no identificados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5</span></a>&#46; Se utiliz&#243; el criterio de validez de interpretaci&#243;n entre la primera especie y la siguiente distinta de los diez primeros resultados con una divergencia del 10&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Identificaci&#243;n molecular</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para aquellos aislados en los que no se pudo arribar a la identificaci&#243;n por espectrometr&#237;a de masas MALDI-TOF MS a nivel de especie &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> &#60; 1&#44;7&#41; o g&#233;nero &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> &#60; 1&#44;5&#41;&#44; o frente a un porcentaje de divergencia entre especies &#60; 10&#37;&#44; se realiz&#243; la identificaci&#243;n molecular mediante ampliaci&#243;n y secuenciaci&#243;n del gen que codifica la subunidad 16S del ARNr<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46; Los criterios utilizados para arribar a la identificaci&#243;n de especie fueron definidos utilizando como punto de corte un alto grado de identidad&#44; es decir&#44; &#8805; 99&#37; al comparar la identidad del producto de secuenciaci&#243;n obtenido &#40;1&#44;3-1&#44;5 kb&#41; con las especies depositadas en el GenBank<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; dada la escasa diversidad de pares de bases del citado gen que se describe entre ciertas especies estrechamente relacionadas&#44; como <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces naeslundii&#44; Actinomyces viscosus</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces oris</span>&#44; o entre <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinotignum schaalii</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinotignum sanguinis</span>&#44; por ejemplo&#44; se consider&#243; correcta la identificaci&#243;n a nivel de grupo cuando las secuencias de genes coincid&#237;an con alguna de las especies del grupo o dupla<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46; Es oportuno destacar que las especies <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; naeslundii</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; viscosus</span> comprenden un grupo heterog&#233;neo que incluye <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; naeslundii sensu stricto&#44; A&#46; oris&#44; Actinomyces johnsonii</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; viscosus</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para determinar la dependencia entre las variables localizaci&#243;n del sitio de infecci&#243;n y especies bacterianas encontradas&#44; se realiz&#243; la prueba &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> de Pearson con los valores p simulados por prueba de Monte Carlo&#46; El <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software</span> utilizado fue RStudio&#44; versi&#243;n 1&#46;2&#46;5033&#44; 2009-2019 RStudio&#44; Inc&#46; &#40;R versi&#243;n 3&#46;6&#46;2&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46; Cuando las variables resultaron dependientes&#44; posteriormente se calcularon los residuos de Pearson &#8211;a los que se denomin&#243; frecuencias diferenciales &#40;FD&#41;&#8211;&#59; estos miden el alejamiento de cada una de las frecuencias particulares respecto del valor te&#243;rico de frecuencia homog&#233;nea &#40;misma frecuencia en todos los sitios para cada especie de bacteria&#41;&#46; Las unidades de los residuos de Pearson est&#225;n en desv&#237;os est&#225;ndar&#44; con lo que un residuo mayor que 2 &#40;frecuencia diferencialmente elevada&#41;&#44; o menor que -2 &#40;frecuencia diferencialmente baja&#41;&#44; representa un alejamiento de la independencia &#40;homogeneidad de frecuencias&#41;&#44; con un nivel de significaci&#243;n del 95&#37;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Resultados</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Entre los 166 aislados de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces&#47;Actinotignum</span>&#44; se identificaron en total 13 especies &#40;o duplas&#41;&#44; de las cuales 12 ya hab&#237;an sido descriptas en infecciones humanas&#59; solo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces canis</span> no ha sido reportada hasta el momento en asociaci&#243;n con este tipo de infecciones&#46; Esta &#250;ltima especie fue identificada por MALDI-TOF MS y confirmada por amplificaci&#243;n y secuenciaci&#243;n del gen que codifica la subunidad 16S del ARNr&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mediante la t&#233;cnica de MALDI-TOF MS se identific&#243; el 91&#44;57&#37; de los aislados &#40;152&#47;166&#41;&#44; a nivel de especie utilizando un <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> &#8805; 1&#44;7&#59; el 3&#44;61&#37; &#40;6&#47;166&#41; de los aislados se identificaron solo a nivel de g&#233;nero utilizando un <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> &#8805; 1&#44;5 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; Dicho m&#233;todo no produjo resultados de identificaci&#243;n confiable en el 4&#44;82&#37; &#40;8&#47;166&#41; de los aislados &#40;dos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces radingae</span>&#44; dos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces odontolyticus</span>&#44; dos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">europaeus</span>&#44; un <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces turicensis</span> y un <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinotignum schaalii&#47;sanguinis</span>&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; El porcentaje de identificaci&#243;n correcta a nivel de especie utilizando el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> establecido por el fabricante &#40;&#8805; 2&#44;0&#41; fue del 50&#37; &#40;83&#47;166&#41;&#59; con el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> aqu&#237; propuesto fue del 91&#44;57&#37; &#40;152&#47;166&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5</span></a> &#40;datos no mostrados&#41;&#46; Los aislados que no fueron identificados por el m&#233;todo de extracci&#243;n directa <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">on spot</span> tampoco brindaron identificaci&#243;n correcta utilizando el m&#233;todo de extracci&#243;n f&#243;rmico-etan&#243;lica&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las especies de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces&#47;Actinotignum</span> halladas y la fuente de origen del sitio primario de infecci&#243;n se detallan en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#46; El n&#250;mero de aislados en cultivo monomicrobiano fue de 90 &#40;54&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#44; y en cultivo polimicrobiano 36 &#40;21&#44;7&#37;&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico mostr&#243; una FD elevada &#40;&#62; 2&#41; para las siguientes asociaciones localizaci&#243;n&#47;especie&#58; orina&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; schaalii&#47;sanguinis</span>&#59; abscesos cerebrales&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; europaeus</span>&#59; muestras osteoarticulares&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; urogenitalis</span>&#59; abscesos abdominales&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; turicensis</span> y muestras respiratorias&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; naeslundii&#47;viscosus</span>&#46; Tanto en abscesos de cabeza-cuello como de partes blandas y en abscesos de mama&#44; no hubo una especie con frecuencia diferencial elevada&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; europaeus</span> mostr&#243; una frecuencia diferencial elevada&#44; pero no significativa&#44; de identificaci&#243;n no confiable&#44; al igual que <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; odontolyticus</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; radingae</span>&#46; En el eje &#171;x&#187; de la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#44; se muestran los distintos sitios de infecci&#243;n y en el eje &#171;y&#187;&#44; el valor de los residuos Pearson &#40;FD&#41;&#59; los valores de corte en 2 y -2 se muestran en l&#237;neas azules&#46; Las especies se encuentran codificadas por c&#237;rculos de distintos colores&#44; los cuales se muestran en la leyenda de la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este trabajo aborda la identificaci&#243;n de una extensa colecci&#243;n de bacilos grampositivos del g&#233;nero <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces</span> y g&#233;neros relacionados&#44; como <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinotignum</span>&#44; y documenta el nicho que diferentes especies ocupan y su frecuencia en ciertas infecciones humanas en Argentina&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En otras publicaciones realizadas por nuestro grupo de trabajo&#44; en colaboraci&#243;n con el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hospital Necker-Enfants maladies&#44;</span> de Par&#237;s&#44; el porcentaje de identificaci&#243;n de 71 aislados de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces</span> y g&#233;neros relacionados fue del 92&#44;96 y 95&#44;77&#37;&#44; a nivel de especie y g&#233;nero&#44; respectivamente&#46; Similares resultados se obtuvieron en este trabajo&#44; en el cual&#44; sobre un total de 166 aislados&#44; se identificaron correctamente el 91&#44;57&#37; de los aislados de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces&#47;Actinotignum</span> a nivel de especie y el 95&#44;18&#37; a nivel de g&#233;nero&#46; Ferrand et al&#46; mostraron menor porcentaje de identificaci&#243;n correcto&#44; 58&#44;2 y 85&#44;4&#37; a nivel especie y g&#233;nero&#44; respectivamente&#59; y Fong et al&#46;&#44; sobre 77 aislados de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces</span> spp&#46;&#44; informaron un 57&#44;1 y un 88&#44;3&#37; a nivel de especie y g&#233;nero&#44; respectivamente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a>&#46; Estas diferencias pueden explicarse con el hecho de que estos autores utilizaron los <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">scores</span> sugeridos por el fabricante&#44; en lugar de los <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">scores</span> m&#225;s bajos sugeridos en la literatura<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las especies de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces</span> y g&#233;neros relacionados son parte de la microbiota normal de mucosas&#59; por tal motivo&#44; la mayor&#237;a de las infecciones en las que se involucran son end&#243;genas &#40;monomicrobianas o polimicrobianas&#41;&#44; en donde ocurre disrupci&#243;n de mucosas del hospedero<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;33</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En un trabajo publicado por Ko&#776;no&#776;nen y Wade &#40;2015&#41; se detalla la distribuci&#243;n de las especies de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces</span> y g&#233;neros relacionados en nichos espec&#237;ficos del cuerpo humano&#46; Conocer esta distribuci&#243;n puede contribuir a afrontar el desaf&#237;o que supone determinar la significancia cl&#237;nica del aislamiento de estos microorganismos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En este trabajo&#44; la mayor&#237;a de las infecciones por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinotignum schaalii</span> estuvieron relacionadas con infecci&#243;n del tracto urinario &#40;ITU&#41; y correspondieron a infecciones monomicrobianas&#46; Si bien las infecciones urinarias por esta especie son poco frecuentes &#40;0&#44;1-0&#44;2&#37; de la prevalencia de la ITU en nuestro hospital&#41;&#44; consideramos importante el hallazgo de este microorganismo&#44; especialmente en pacientes a&#241;osos o con patolog&#237;as urinarias de base&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; en las ITU por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; schaalii</span>&#44; se debe considerar la posibilidad de falla terap&#233;utica con tratamientos emp&#237;ricos con quinolonas o trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol&#44; dado que a menudo este microorganismo presenta resistencia a ambos antimicrobianos&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; schaalii</span> fue descripto en 1997 y numerosas publicaciones&#44; principalmente en pa&#237;ses europeos&#44; hacen referencia a su rol en la infecci&#243;n urinaria&#44; cistitis o pielonefritis&#44; con o sin bacteriemia&#44; lo que sugiere&#44; adem&#225;s&#44; su rol invasivo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4&#44;18&#44;19&#44;25</span></a>&#46; La mayor&#237;a de los pacientes incluidos en este trabajo presentaron alg&#250;n factor urinario predisponente&#46; Si bien la mayor&#237;a de los pacientes eran a&#241;osos&#44; un aislamiento correspondi&#243; a un paciente de 17 a&#241;os con pielonefritis&#44; con falla renal y hemodi&#225;lisis como factor predisponente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En los tres casos de abscesos cerebrales&#44; la especie aislada fue <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; europaeus</span>&#59; esto ocurri&#243; en pacientes con focos otog&#233;nicos como otitis media cr&#243;nica &#40;OMC&#41; y colesteatoma y&#44; en todos los casos&#44; el cultivo fue polimicrobiano&#44; asociado con bacterias anaerobias&#44; tales como <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Prevotella intermedia&#44; Prevotella bergensis&#44; Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Slackia exigua&#46;</span> En este trabajo se observ&#243; una FD elevada para la asociaci&#243;n absceso cerebral&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; europaeus</span>&#46; No existen hasta el momento publicaciones que describan el hallazgo de dicha especie en esta localizaci&#243;n infecciosa&#46; En 1997&#44; Funke et al&#46; describen la especie <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; europaeus</span> aislada de muestras de abscesos&#44; pero ninguno en localizaci&#243;n cerebral&#58; abscesos perianales&#44; suprap&#250;bicos y de mama<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; En este trabajo&#44; solo en una paciente se aisl&#243; este microorganismo en absceso de mama en una mastitis no puerperal sin factor predisponente&#44; por lo que la FD no mostr&#243; asociaci&#243;n entre <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; europaeus</span> y absceso de mama&#46; Sin embargo&#44; esta localizaci&#243;n fue descripta por varios autores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;30&#44;35</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; urogenitalis</span> fue originalmente descripto en muestras genitourinarias&#44; de all&#237; su nombre<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; En este trabajo se incluyeron casos de pacientes con sedimento urinario patol&#243;gico &#40;&#62; 5 leucocitos&#47;cpo&#41; y s&#237;ntomas de disuria&#44; con aislamiento monomicrobiano y un recuento significativo &#40;&#62; 10&#46;000 UFC&#47;mL&#41; de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; urogenitalis</span> en cuatro muestras de orina&#46; Sin embargo&#44; lo que result&#243; de particular inter&#233;s fue el hallazgo de esta especie en infecciones de piel y partes blandas &#40;PPB&#41; y hueso&#44; en algunos casos&#44; en pacientes diab&#233;ticos en cultivo polimicrobiano&#44; y tambi&#233;n en pacientes con pr&#243;tesis osteoarticular&#46; La FD fue elevada para esta asociaci&#243;n&#46; Excepto por nuestro grupo de trabajo que ha documentado la sensibilidad de aislados de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; urogenitalis</span> y una inusual resistencia a clindamicina en aislamientos de muestras de PPB y hueso&#44; hasta el momento no hay otras publicaciones que hagan referencia a dicha localizaci&#243;n en relaci&#243;n con esta especie<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En coincidencia con lo que documenta la literatura&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; turicensis</span> tambi&#233;n fue una de las especies prevalentes en este estudio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;27&#44;32</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s de la localizaci&#243;n urogenital&#44; esta especie se present&#243; en casos de abscesos abdominales&#46; La localizaci&#243;n p&#233;lvico-abdominal suele ser una de las m&#225;s frecuentes en los casos de actinomicosis cl&#225;sica&#44; adem&#225;s de la localizaci&#243;n cervicofacial y tor&#225;cica&#46; Sin embargo&#44; ni en relaci&#243;n con esta especie ni con ninguna otra de las halladas en este estudio se logr&#243; conocer si estos casos correspond&#237;an a este tipo de presentaci&#243;n cl&#225;sica&#46; La importancia del aislamiento de una especie de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces</span> puede ser incierta&#44; en ausencia del hallazgo anatomopatol&#243;gico de la actinomicosis&#59; sin embargo&#44; otros autores han demostrado una asociaci&#243;n entre sitio de aislamiento e infecci&#243;n para estas especies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El grupo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; naeslundii&#47;viscosus</span> es un grupo heterog&#233;neo cuyas especies muestran m&#225;s del 99&#37; de similitud en el gen que codifica la subunidad 16S del ARNr y&#44; por lo tanto&#44; no pueden diferenciarse por comparaci&#243;n de estas secuencias&#59; s&#237;&#44; en cambio&#44; comparando secuencias parciales de los genes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">housekeeping</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">atpA</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">metG</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46; Si bien los factores de virulencia de los miembros de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces</span> son poco conocidos&#44; especies como <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; oris</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; naeslundii</span> juegan un importante rol en la formaci&#243;n de la placa dental &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">biofilm</span>&#41;&#44; a trav&#233;s de sus fimbrias&#44; las que se unen a las prote&#237;nas ricas en prolina de la saliva adsorbidas a la superficie dental<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;20</span></a>&#46; En nuestro trabajo&#44; los aislados de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; naeslundii&#47;viscosus</span> de cabeza y cuello estuvieron relacionados con foco odont&#243;geno&#46; A diferencia de otros autores que afirman que el 25&#37; de las infecciones odontog&#233;nicas pueden estar representadas por actinomicosis orocervicofacial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#44; nosotros no pudimos establecer que se trataran de actinomicosis orales cl&#225;sicas&#46; Algunos autores han identificado a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; naeslundii</span> como causa de infecci&#243;n periprot&#233;sica de cadera<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#46; En nuestro caso&#44; la FD result&#243; significativa en muestras respiratorias &#40;esputos y BAL&#41;&#44; en pacientes inmunodeprimidos y en aislamiento polimicrobiano&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Asimismo&#44; este estudio mostr&#243; un solo caso de infecci&#243;n por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces canis</span>&#44; cuyo foco correspondi&#243; a PPB&#44; generado por mordedura de perro en una paciente de sexo femenino con infecci&#243;n por HIV bajo tratamiento antirretroviral&#46; La infecci&#243;n fue de tipo polimicrobiana&#44; acompa&#241;ada por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> spp&#46; y bacterias anaerobias&#46; Esta especie fue descripta por Hoyles et al&#46; en relaci&#243;n con patolog&#237;a dentaria canina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; Fong et al&#46; mencionan un solo caso de aislamiento de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces</span> en humano de un conjunto de 77 aislados&#44; sin mencionar el rol patog&#233;nico de esta reciente especie en humanos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La espectrometr&#237;a de masas MALDI-TOF MS es una herramienta r&#225;pida&#44; poco laboriosa y confiable para la identificaci&#243;n de especies de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces&#47;Actinotignum</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En este trabajo&#44; el elevado porcentaje de aislados de especies de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces</span> en forma monomicrobiana sugiere su relevancia cl&#237;nica&#46; Los datos aqu&#237; presentados mostraron algunos sitios m&#225;s frecuentes en t&#233;rminos estad&#237;sticos para ciertas especies&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; schaalii&#47;A&#46; sanguinis</span> en orina<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#59; A&#46; europaeus</span> en abscesos cerebrales&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; turicensis</span> en abscesos abdominales<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44; A&#46; urogenitalis</span> en muestras osteoarticulares y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; naeslundii&#47;viscosus</span> en muestras respiratorias&#46; El papel patog&#233;nico de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces</span> spp&#46; podr&#225; determinarse con mayor claridad en la medida que estos microorganismos puedan ser reconocidos gracias al cultivo prolongado y a los avances de la tecnolog&#237;a de identificaci&#243;n facilitada por MALDI-TOF MS&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El presente trabajo ha sido financiado con fondos del proyecto UBACYT 2018&#44; modalidad I&#58; c&#243;digo 20020170100109BA&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces</span> y g&#233;neros relacionados son bacilos grampositivos&#59; estos pat&#243;genos oportunistas han sido involucrados&#44; principalmente&#44; en infecciones end&#243;genas&#46; Dado lo complejo que resulta abordar la identificaci&#243;n de estos microorganismos en la mayor&#237;a de los laboratorios cl&#237;nicos&#44; existe un desconocimiento acerca de su real significado cl&#237;nico&#46; En este trabajo se estudi&#243; una colecci&#243;n de 166 aislados correspondientes a 13 especies diferentes de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces&#47;Actinotignum</span>&#44; recuperados de muestras cl&#237;nicas de pacientes atendidos en un hospital universitario&#46; La identificaci&#243;n se realiz&#243; por estudios moleculares y por espectrometr&#237;a de masas MALDI-TOF MS&#46; Mediante MALDI-TOF MS se identific&#243; al 91&#44;57&#37; de los aislados &#40;152&#47;166&#41; a nivel de especie&#44; con un <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> &#8805; 1&#44;7&#59; un 3&#44;61&#37; &#40;6&#47;166&#41; solo se pudo identificar a nivel de g&#233;nero&#44; con un <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> &#8805; 1&#44;5&#46; Esta metodolog&#237;a no produjo resultados de identificaci&#243;n confiable en el 4&#44;82&#37; &#40;8&#47;166&#41; de los aislados&#46; Estas 13 especies de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces&#47;Actinotignum</span> se hallaron en diversos tipos de muestras&#58; partes blandas &#40;n &#61; 47&#41;&#44; orina &#40;n &#61; 35&#41;&#44; abscesos de cabeza&#47;cuello &#40;n &#61; 19&#41;&#44; abscesos genitales &#40;n &#61; 11&#41;&#44; sangre &#40;n &#61; 10&#41;&#44; abscesos de mama &#40;n &#61; 8&#41;&#44; osteoarticulares &#40;n &#61; 6&#41;&#44; l&#237;quido asc&#237;tico&#47;abdominal &#40;n &#61; 3&#41;&#44; abscesos abdominales &#40;n &#61; 5&#41;&#44; esputos&#47;BAL &#40;n &#61; 4&#41;&#44; abscesos cerebrales &#40;n &#61; 3&#41;&#44; otros &#40;n &#61; 15&#41;&#46; El an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico mostr&#243; una frecuencia diferencial elevada &#40;&#62; 2&#41; para la asociaci&#243;n localizaci&#243;n&#47;especie en los siguientes casos&#58; orina&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; schaalii&#47;sanguinis</span>&#59; abscesos cerebrales&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; europaeus</span>&#59; muestras osteoarticulares&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; urogenitalis</span>&#59; abscesos abdominales&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; turicensis</span>&#59; muestras respiratorias&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; naeslundii&#47;viscosus</span>&#46; Consideramos que esta informaci&#243;n contribuir&#225; a una mejor comprensi&#243;n de la relevancia cl&#237;nica y epidemiol&#243;gica de estas especies&#59; al mismo tiempo&#44; muestra que el papel patog&#233;nico de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces</span> spp&#46; podr&#225; ser develado en la medida que estos microorganismos puedan ser reconocidos gracias al cultivo prolongado y los avances de la tecnolog&#237;a de identificaci&#243;n&#44; facilitada por MALDI-TOF MS&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces</span> and related genera are grampositive bacilli&#44; opportunistic pathogens&#44; which have been mainly involved in endogenous infections&#46; However&#44; due to the complexity in identifying them for most clinical laboratories&#44; there is scant knowledge about their real clinical significance&#46; In this work&#44; 166 isolates of 13 different species of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces&#47;Actinotignum</span> species recovered from clinical samples of patients treated in a university hospital were studied&#46; The identification was performed by MALDI-TOF MS and molecular identification&#46; MALDI-TOF MS identified 91&#46;57&#37; of the isolates &#40;152&#47;166&#41; at the species level using a score &#8805; 1&#46;7 and 3&#46;61&#37; &#40;6&#47;166&#41; of the isolates were identified only at the gender level with a score &#8805; 1&#46;5&#46; MALDI-TOF MS did not yield reliable identification results for 4&#46;82&#37; &#40;8&#47;166&#41; of the isolates&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces&#47;Actinotignum</span> species were isolated from&#58; soft tissue &#40;n&#58; 47&#41;&#44; urine samples &#40;n&#58; 35&#41;&#44; head &#47; neck abscesses &#40;n&#58; 19&#41;&#44; genital abscesses &#40;n&#58; 11&#41;&#44; blood samples &#40;n&#58; 10&#41;&#44; breast abscesses &#40;n&#58; 8&#41;&#44; osteoarticular samples &#40;n&#58; 6&#41;&#44; abdominal&#47;ascitic fluids &#40;n&#58; 3&#41;&#44; abdominal abscesses &#40;n&#58; 5&#41;&#44; sputum&#47;BAL &#40;n&#58; 4&#41;&#44; brain abscesses &#40;n&#58; 3&#41;&#44; and others &#40;n&#58; 15&#41;&#46; The results obtained from the statistical analysis showed a high differential frequency &#40;&#62; 2&#41; for the location&#47;species association&#58; urine&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; schaalii</span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sanguinis</span>&#59; brain abscesses&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; europaeus</span>&#59; osteoarticular samples&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; urogenitalis</span>&#59; abdominal abscesses&#47; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; turicensis</span>&#59; respiratory samples&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; naeslundii&#47;viscosus</span>&#46; This information provides a greater understanding of the clinical and epidemiological relevance of these species&#46; The pathogenic role of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces</span> spp&#46; will be increasingly revealed as these microorganisms could be recognized thanks to prolonged culture and the advances in identification technology facilitated by MALDI-TOF MS&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A&#46; graevenitzii&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A&#46; grupo naeslundii&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A&#46; israelii&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A&#46; neuii ss neuii<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A&#46; odontolyticus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A&#46; radicidentis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A&#46; radingae&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A&#46; schaalii&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A&#46; turicensis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A&#46; urogenitalis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A&#46; canis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Absceso cerebral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;1&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;1&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Absceso abdominal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Abscesogenital&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;1&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;1&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;6&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Absceso mama&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;4&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cabeza y cuello&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;11&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">L&#237;q&#46; asc&#46;&#47;abd&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Orina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Osteoarticular&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Partes blandas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribuci&#243;n de las especies de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces&#47;Actinotignum</span> por sitio de infecci&#243;n</p>"
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          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
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                0 => array:2 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Comparison of the Bruker MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry system and conventional phenotypic methods for identification of grampositive rods"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Barberis"
                            1 => "A&#46; Almuzara"
                            2 => "O&#46; Join-Lambert"
                            3 => "M&#46;S&#46; Ram&#237;rez"
                            4 => "A&#46; Famiglietti"
                            5 => "C&#46; Vay"
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                      "doi" => "10.1371/journal.pone.0106303"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "PloS One&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "9"
                        "paginaInicial" => "e106303"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25184254"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                0 => array:2 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces</span> and related genera reveals an unusual clindamycin resistance among <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces urogenitalis</span> strains"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:11 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Barberis"
                            1 => "M&#46; Budia"
                            2 => "S&#46; Palombarani"
                            3 => "C&#46;H&#46; Rodriguez"
                            4 => "M&#46;S&#46; Ram&#237;rez"
                            5 => "B&#46; Arias"
                            6 => "L&#46; Bonofiglio"
                            7 => "A&#46; Famiglietti"
                            8 => "M&#46; Mollerach"
                            9 => "M&#46; Almuzara"
                            10 => "C&#46; Vay"
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 03257541
Idioma original: Español
DOI:10.1016/j.ram.2020.11.005
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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos