covid
Buscar en
Revista de Contabilidad-Spanish Accounting Review
Toda la web
Inicio Revista de Contabilidad-Spanish Accounting Review Executive stock options and earnings management in the portuguese listed compani...
Información de la revista
Vol. 15. Núm. 2.
Páginas 211-235 (1 julio 2012)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 15. Núm. 2.
Páginas 211-235 (1 julio 2012)
Open Access
Executive stock options and earnings management in the portuguese listed companies
Opciones sobre acciones y gestión de resultados en las empresas portuguesas cotizadas
Visitas
2787
Sandra Alves
Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administração (Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal)
Este artículo ha recibido

Under a Creative Commons license
Información del artículo
Abstract

Theoretically, executive stock options align managers’ and shareholders’ interests. However, previous studies have indicated that stock options may engender manager-shareholder conflicts (Jensen, 2005) and create incentives for earnings management (e.g. Jensen, Murphy and Wruck, 2004; Burns and Kedia, 2006; Efendi, Srivastava and Swanson, 2007). Therefore, this paper examines the implications of stock option grants on earnings management. In particular, we address the following question: Does stock options grant induce incentives for earnings management? Using a sample of 33 non-financial listed Portuguese firms-year from 2003 to 2010, we find that managers are more likely to engage in earnings management when they hold stock options. This study suggests that stock options may not always be effective in aligning the interests of managers and shareholders. Rather, executive stock options seem to affect the informational quality of earnings negatively, and consequently reduce the quality and value relevance of published financial data.

Keywords:
stock options
earnings management
discretionary accruals
Resumen

Teóricamente, las opciones sobre acciones para ejecutivos permiten alinear los intereses de la dirección con los de los accionistas. No obstante, los estudios anteriores han indicado que las opciones sobre acciones pueden provocar conflictos de intereses entre ejecutivos y accionistas (Jensen, 2005) y crear incentivos para la gestión de resultados (e.g. Jensen et al., 2004; Burns and Kedia, 2006; Efendi et. al., 2007). Así, este trabajo examina las implicaciones de la atribución de opciones sobre acciones en la gestión de resultados. En particular, planteamos la siguiente pregunta: ¿La atribución de opciones sobre acciones induce la práctica de gestión de resultados? Utilizando una muestra de 33 empresas portuguesas no financieras cotizadas para el período 2003-2010, observamos que los ejecutivos son más propensos a la adopción de prácticas de gestión de resultados cuando poseen opciones sobre acciones. Consecuentemente, este estudio sugiere que las opciones sobre acciones no siempre eficaces para alinear los intereses de los ejecutivos con los de los propietarios de la compañía. De facto, las opciones sobre acciones parecen afectar negativamente la calidad de los resultados y, consecuentemente reducen la calidad y relevancia de los estados financieros publicados.

Palabras clave:
Opciones sobre acciones
Gestión de Resultados
Devengo Discrecionales
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
References
[Aboody and Kasznik, 2000]
D. Aboody, R. Kasznik.
CEO stock options awards and the timing of corporate voluntary disclosures.
Journal of Accounting and Economics, 29 (2000), pp. 73-100
[Ali et al., 2008]
S.M. Ali, N.M. Salleh, M.S. Hassan.
Ownership Structure and Earnings Management in Malaysian Listed Companies: the size effect.
Asian Journal of Business and Accounting, 1 (2008), pp. 89-116
[AlNajjar and Belkaoui, 2001]
F. AlNajjar, A.R. Belkaoui.
Growth opportunities and earnings management.
Managerial Finance, 27 (2001), pp. 72-81
[Alves, 2011]
S. Alves.
The association between executive stock options and corporate performance: evidence from Portugal.
International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics, 6 (2011), pp. 203-223
[Ashbaugh et al., 2003]
H. Ashbaugh, R. LaFond, B. Mayhew.
Do nonaudit services compromise auditor independence?.
Further evidence. The Accounting Review, 78 (2003), pp. 611-639
[Baiman, 1990]
S. Baiman.
Agency Research in Managerial Accounting: A Second Look. Accounting.
Organizations and Society, 15 (1990), pp. 341-371
[Baker et al., 2003]
T. Baker, D. Collins, A. Reitenga.
Stock Option Compensation and Earnings Management Incentives”, Journal of Accounting.
Auditing and Finance, 18 (2003), pp. 557-582
[Ball et al., 2000]
R. Ball, S.P. Kothari, A. Robin.
The Effect of International Institutional Factors on Properties of Accounting Earnings.
Journal of Accounting and Economics, 29 (2000), pp. 1-51
[Balsam et al., 2003]
S. Balsam, H. Chen, S. Sankaraguruswamy.
Earnings management prior to stock option grants.
Working Paper, (2003),
[Banderlipe, 2009]
M.R.S. Banderlipe.
The impact of selected corporate governance variables in mitigating earnings management in the Philippines.
DLSU Business & Economics Review, 19 (2009), pp. 17-27
[Barth et al., 2008]
M.E. Barth, W.R. Landsman, M.H. Lang.
International Accounting Standards and Accounting Quality.
Journal of Accounting Research, 46 (2008), pp. 467-498
[Barton and Simko, 2002]
J. Barton, P.J. Simko.
The Balance Sheet as an Earnings Management Constraint.
The Accounting Review, 77 (2002), pp. 1-27
[Bartov and Mohanram, 2004]
E. Bartov, P. Mohanram.
Private Information Earnings Manipulations, and Executive Stock-Option Exercises.
The Accounting Review, 79 (2004), pp. 889-920
[Bergstresser and Philippon, 2006]
D. Bergstresser, T. Philippon.
CEO incentives and earnings management.
Journal of Financial Economics, 80 (2006), pp. 511-529
[Booth et al., 2002]
J.R. Booth, M.M. Cornett, H. Tehranian.
Board of directors, ownership, and regulation.
Journal of Banking and Finance, 26 (2002), pp. 1973-1996
[Burns and Kedia, 2006]
N. Burns, S. Kedia.
The impact of performance-based compensation on misreporting.
Journal of Financial Economics, 79 (2006), pp. 35-67
[Caneghem, 2002]
T.V. Caneghem.
Earnings management induced by cognitive reference points.
British Accounting Review, 34 (2002), pp. 167-178
[Chen et al., 2007]
K.Y. Chen, R.J. Elder, Y.M. Hsieh.
Corporate governance and earnings management: The implications of corporate governance best-practice principles for Taiwanese listed companies.
Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics, 3 (2007), pp. 73-105
[Chen et al., 2010]
X. Chen, Q. Cheng, X. Wang.
Does increased board independence reduce earnings management?.
Evidence from recent regulatory reforms. Working Paper, (2010),
[Cheng and Warfield, 2005]
Q. Cheng, T.D. Warfield.
Equity incentives and earnings management.
The Accounting Review, 80 (2005), pp. 441-476
[Chtourou et al., 2001]
S.M. Chtourou, J. Bédard, L. Courteau.
Corporate governance and earnings management.
Working Paper, University Laval, (2001),
[Chung et al., 2002]
R. Chung, M. Firth, J.B. Kim.
Institutional monitoring and opportunistic earnings management.
Journal of Corporate Finance, 8 (2002), pp. 29-48
[Coles et al., 2006]
J.L. Coles, M. Hertzel, S. Kalpathy.
Earnings management around employee stock option reissues.
Journal of Accounting and Economics, 41 (2006), pp. 173-200
[Conyon and Freeman, 2002]
M.J. Conyon, R.B. Freeman.
Shared Modes of Compensation and Firm Performance: UK evidence.
Working Paper, Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, (2002),
[Cornett et al., 2008]
M.M. Cornett, A.J. Marcus, H. Tehraniam.
Corporate governance and pay-for-performance: The impact of earnings management.
Journal of Financial Economics, 87 (2008), pp. 357-375
[Daske et al., 2008]
H. Daske, L. Hail, C. Leuz, R. Verdi.
Mandatory IFRS Reporting Around the World: Early Evidence on the Economic Consequences.
Journal of Accounting Research, 46 (2008), pp. 1085-1142
[Davidson et al., 2004]
W.N. Davidson, P. Jiraporn, Y.S. Kim, C. Nemec.
Earnings management following duality-creating successions: Ethnostatistics impression management, and agency theory.
Academy of Management Journal, 47 (2004), pp. 267-275
[Dechow et al., 1995]
P.M. Dechow, R.G. Sloan, A.P. Sweeney.
Detecting Earnings Management.
The Accounting Review, 70 (1995), pp. 193-225
[Dechow et al., 1996]
P.M. Dechow, R.G. Sloan, A.P. Sweeney.
Causes and consequences of earnings manipulations: An analysis of firms subject to enforcement actions by the SEC.
Contemporary Accounting Research, 13 (1996), pp. 1-36
[DeFond and Jiambalvo, 1994]
M.L. DeFond, J. Jiambalvo.
Debt Covenant Violation and Manipulations of Accruals.
Journal of Accounting and Economics, 17 (1994), pp. 145-176
[DeFond and Park, 1997]
M.L. DeFond, C.W. Park.
Smoothing income in anticipation of future earnings.
Journal of Accounting and Economics, 23 (1997), pp. 115-139
[Ebrahim, 2007]
A. Ebrahim.
Earnings management and board activity: An additional evidence.
Review of Accounting and Finance, 6 (2007), pp. 42-58
[Efendi et al., 2007]
J. Efendi, A. Srivastava, E.P. Swanson.
Why do corporate managers misstate financial statements?.
The role of option compensation and other factors, Journal of Financial Economics, 85 (2007), pp. 667-708
[Eisenberg et al., 1998]
T. Eisenberg, S. Sundgren, M.T. Wells.
Larger Board Size and Decreasing Firm Value in Small Firms.
Journal of Financial Economics, 48 (1998), pp. 35-54
[Fields et al., 2001]
T.D. Fields, Z.L. Thomas, L. Vincent.
Empirical research on accounting choice.
Journal of Accounting and Economics, 31 (2001), pp. 255-307
[Finkelstein and D’Aveni, 1994]
S. Finkelstein, R.A. D’Aveni.
CEO duality as a double-edged sword: How boards of directors balance entrenchment avoidance and unity of command.
Academy of Management Journal, 37 (1994), pp. 1079-1108
[Gaver and Gaver, 1993]
J.J. Gaver, K.M. Gaver.
Additional evidence on the association between the investment opportunity set and corporate financing, dividend, and compensation policies.
Journal of Accounting and Economics, 16 (1993), pp. 125-160
[Gaver and Gaver, 1995]
J.J. Gaver, K.M. Gaver.
Compensation Policy and Investment Opportunity Set.
Financial Management, 24 (1995), pp. 19-32
[Guay et al., 1996]
W. Guay, S. Kothari, R. Watts.
A market-based evaluation of discretionary accrual models.
Journal of Accounting Research, 34 (1996), pp. 83-105
[Guidry et al., 1999]
F. Guidry, A.J. Leone, S. Rock.
Earnings-based bonus plans and earnings management by business-unit managers.
Journal of Accounting and Economics, 26 (1999), pp. 113-142
[Hall and Murphy, 2002]
B.J. Hall, K.J. Murphy.
Stock options for undiversified executives.
Journal of Accounting and Economics, 33 (2002), pp. 3-42
[Hall and Murphy, 2003]
B.J. Hall, K.J. Murphy.
The trouble with stock options.
Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17 (2003), pp. 49-70
[Hanlon et al., 2003]
M. Hanlon, S. Rajgopal, T. Shevlin.
Are executive stock options associated with future earnings?.
Journal of Accounting and Economics, 36 (2003), pp. 3-43
[Healy, 1985]
P.M. Healy.
The effect of bonus schemes on accounting decisions.
Journal of Accounting and Economics, 7 (1985), pp. 85-107
[Holthausen et al., 1995]
R.W. Holthausen, D. Larcker, R.G. Sloan.
Annual bonus schemes and the manipulation of earnings.
Journal of Accounting and Economics, 19 (1995), pp. 29-74
[Jaggi and Tsui, 2007]
B. Jaggi, J. Tsui.
Insider trading earnings management and corporate governance: Empirical evidence based on Hong Kong Firms.
Journal of International Financial Management and Accounting, 18 (2007), pp. 192-222
[Jensen and Meckling, 1976]
M.C. Jensen, W.H. Meckling.
Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency and Ownership Structure.
Journal of Financial Economics, 4 (1976), pp. 305-360
[Jensen, 2005]
M. Jensen.
Agency costs of overvalued equity.
Financial Management, 34 (2005), pp. 5-19
[Jensen et al., 2004]
M. Jensen, K. Murphy, E. Wruck.
Remuneration: Where we’ve been, how we got to here, what are the problems, and how to fix them.
Working Paper, (2004),
[Jiang et al., 2008]
W. Jiang, P. Lee, A. Anandarajan.
The association between corporate governance and earnings quality: Further evidence using the GOV-score.
Advances in Accounting incorporating Advances in International Accounting, 24 (2008), pp. 191-201
[Johari et al., 2008]
N.H. Johari, N.M. Saleh, R. Jaffar, M.S. Hassan.
The influence of Board Independence.
Competency and Ownership on Earnings Management in Malaysia. International Journal of Economics and Management, 2 (2008), pp. 281-306
[Jones, 1991]
J.J. Jones.
Earnings Management During Import Relief Investigations.
Journal of Accounting Research, 29 (1991), pp. 193-228
[Liu and Lu, 2007]
Q. Liu, Z.J. Lu.
Corporate governance and earnings management in the Chinese listed companies: A Tunneling perspective.
Journal of Corporate Finance, 13 (2007), pp. 881-906
[Kanagaretnam et al., 2009]
K. Kanagaretnam, R. Mathieu, R. Ramanan.
Stock options grants, current operating performance and deferral of earnings.
International Journal of Management, 26 (2009), pp. 26-32
[Kato et al., 2005]
H.K. Kato, M. Lemmon, M. Luo, J. Schallheim.
An empirical examination of the costs and benefits of executive stock options: Evidence from Japan.
Journal of Financial Economics, 78 (2005), pp. 435-461
[Klein, 2002]
A. Klein.
Audit Committee, Board of Director Characteristics, and Earnings Management.
Journal of Accounting and Economics, 33 (2002), pp. 375-400
[Koh, 2003]
P.S. Koh.
On the association between institutional ownership and aggressive corporate earnings management in Australia.
The British Accounting Review, 35 (2003), pp. 105-128
[Kothari et al., 2005]
S.P. Kothari, A.J. Leone, C.E. Wasley.
Performance matched discretionary accrual measures.
Journal of Accounting and Economics, 39 (2005), pp. 163-167
[Kuang, 2008]
Y.F. Kuang.
Performance-vested Stock Options and Earnings Management.
Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 35 (2008), pp. 1049-1078
[Melle-Hernández, 2005]
M. Melle-Hernández.
¿Cómo valora el Mercado de valores español la adopción de planes de opciones sobre acciones para directivos y consejeros?.
Investigaciones Económicas, 29 (2005), pp. 73-115
[Meulbroek, 2001]
L.K. Meulbroek.
The Efficiency of Equity-Linked Compensation: Understanding the Full Cost of Awarding Executive Stock Options.
Financial Management, 30 (2001), pp. 5-44
[O’Connor et al., 2006]
J.P. O’Connor, R.L. Priem, J.E. Coombs, K.M. Gilley.
Do CEO stock options prevent or promote fraudulent financial reporting?.
Academy of Management Journal, 49 (2006), pp. 483-500
[Park and Shin, 2004]
Y.W. Park, H.H. Shin.
Board composition and earnings management in Canada.
Journal of Corporate Finance, 10 (2004), pp. 431-457
[Peasnell et al., 2000]
K.V. Peasnell, P.F. Pope, S. Young.
Accrual Management to meet earnings targets: UK evidence pre- and post-Cadbury.
British Accounting Review, 32 (2000), pp. 415-445
[Peasnell et al., 2005]
K.V. Peasnell, P.F. Pope, S. Young.
Board monitoring and earnings management: do outside directors influence abnormal accruals?.
Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 32 (2005), pp. 1311-1346
[Peasnell et al., 2006]
K.V. Peasnell, P.F. Pope, S. Young.
Do outside directors limit earnings management?.
Corporate Finance Review, 10 (2006), pp. 5-10
[Rhoades et al., 2001]
D.L. Rhoades, P.L. Rechner, C. Sundaramurthy.
A Meta-analysis of Board Leadership Structure and Financial Performance: are “two heads better than one”?.
Corporate Governance: An International Review, 9 (2001), pp. 311-319
[Saleh et al., 2007]
N.M. Saleh, T.M. Iskandar, M.M. Rahmat.
Audit committee characteristics and earnings management: evidence from Malaysia.
Asian Review of Accounting, 15 (2007), pp. 147-163
[Sloan, 1996]
R.G. Sloan.
Do stock prices fully reflect information in accruals and cash flows about future earnings?.
The Accounting Review, 71 (1996), pp. 289-315
[Smith and Watts, 1992]
C.W. Smith, R.L. Watts.
The investment opportunity set and corporate financing, dividend, and compensation policies.
Journal of Financial Economics, 32 (1992), pp. 263-292
[Subramanyam, 1996]
K. Subramanyam.
The Pricing of Discretionary Accruals.
Journal of Accounting and Economics, 22 (1996), pp. 249-281
[Tabachnick and Fidell, 2001]
B.G. Tabachnick, L.S. Fidell.
Using Multivariate Statistics. Allyn and Bacon.
New York, (2001),
[Vafeas, 1999]
N. Vafeas.
Board Meeting Frequency and Firm Performance.
Journal of Financial Economics, 53 (1999), pp. 113-142
[Xie et al., 2003]
B. Xie, W.N. Davidson, P.J. DaDalt.
Earnings management and corporate governance: the role of the board and the audit committee.
Journal of Corporate Finance, 9 (2003), pp. 295-316
[Yang et al., 2008]
C.Y. Yang, H.N. Lai, B.L. Tan.
Managerial Ownership Structure and Earnings Management.
Journal of Financial Reporting & Accounting, 6 (2008), pp. 35-53
[Yermack, 1997]
D. Yermack.
Good Timing: CEO Stock Option Awards and Company News Announcements.
The Journal of Finance, 52 (1997), pp. 449-476
[Zhang et al., 2008]
X. Zhang, K.M. Bartol, K.G. Smith, M.D. Pfarrer, D.M. Khanin.
CEOs on the Edge: Earnings manipulation and stock-based incentive misalignment.
Academy of Management Journal, 51 (2008), pp. 241-258
Copyright © 2012. Asociación Española de Profesores Universitarios de Contabilidad (ASEPUC)
Descargar PDF
Opciones de artículo