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Inicio Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología Efecto del aislamiento social, el déficit de afrontamiento e pérdidas personal...
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Vol. 39. Núm. 6.
Páginas 371-380 (enero 2004)
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Vol. 39. Núm. 6.
Páginas 371-380 (enero 2004)
Acceso a texto completo
Efecto del aislamiento social, el déficit de afrontamiento e pérdidas personales, la apatía y el bloqueo de la percepción n enfermos de Alzheimer
Effect of social isolation, coping deficit after personal losses, apathy and perception blockade in patients with Alzheimer's disease
Visitas
3089
L.M. Sánchez de Machado
Autor para correspondencia
stopalzheimer@hotmail.com
sanchez@fcs.uner.edu.ar

Correspondencia: Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. 8 de Junio 600. 3260 Concepción del Uruguay. Entre Ríos. Argentina.
Catedrático de Metodología de la Investigación. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Argentina
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Objetivo

explorar el encadenamiento de perfiles personales restringidos de relación y comunicación, pérdidas personales significativas y déficit de afrontamiento, que culmina en un autobloqueo perceptivo e instala el proceso denominado Alzheimer.

Material y métodos

se estudió en 33 mujeres y 23 varones, actualmente con enfermedad de Alzheimer, el desarrollo de 7 áreas de relación-comunicación, las eventuales pérdidas personales y la capacidad de afrontamiento de éstas, y se compararon separadamente con otras tantas mujeres y varones con envejecimiento normal, emparejados por edad, perfil laboral, escolaridad, ingreso del grupo familiar, etnia y otros factores (seudogemelos). Los datos e informaciones se obtuvieron mediante entrevistas en profundidad, bajo protocolos previamente validados, efectuadas al familiar cuidador central o al familiar más cercano, mejor instruido y dispuesto, y en forma directa a los voluntarios con envejecimiento normal.

Resultados

todos los participantes actualmente con Alzheimer pasaron por una fase de desmotivación o depresión sui generis de leve a extrema y posterior deterioro perceptivo manifiesto. El perfil de relación y comunicación resultó significativamente menos plural y más bajo que en los seudogemelos con envejecimiento normal, y la capacidad de afrontamiento fue notablemente menor. Sin embargo, las pérdidas personales significativas fueron, en general, similares en ambos grupos.

Conclusiones

se deduce entonces que una historia de vida con introversión social importante, sumada a la incapacidad de afrontamiento de las pérdidas personales, es la ecuación de crisis en que se produce una plural desmotivación de vida y que se continúa con un autobloqueo perceptivo.

Discusión

se presume que la desmotivación con bloqueo perceptivo desencadenará a su vez la anulación o aversión del reforzamiento natural de las redes neuronales, con la consiguiente desintegración progresiva de las funciones cerebrales. Ésta sería entonces la base para una teoría que conjuga factores psicosociales con otros propiamente neurobiológicos en la instalación del proceso de alzheimerización.

Palabras clave:
Alzheimer
Perfil relacional
Pérdidas personales
Afrontamiento Bloqueo perceptivo
Aversión
Reforzamiento
Desintegración funciones cerebrales
Objective

to explore the links among restricted social relationships and communication profiles, significant personal losses and inadequate coping culminating in perception blockade and the process known as Alzheimer's disease.

Material and methods

seven areas of social relationships and communication, personal losses and the ability to cope with these were studied in 33 women and 23 men with Alzheimer's disease and were separately compared in the same number of women and men with normal ageing, matched by age, occupational profile, schooling, family income, ethnic group and other factors (pseudo-twins). Data and information were obtained through in-depth interviews with the main family caregiver or closest relative, or the best informed and most collaborative relative, using previously validated protocols. Volunteers with normal ageing were directly interviewed.

Results

all the participants with Alzheimer's disease passed through a phase of demotivation or mild to severe sui generis depression and subsequently manifested perceptive dysfunction. Social relationships and communication profiles were significantly less plural and lower than in pseudo-twins with normal ageing, and the ability to cope was markedly lower. However, significant personal losses were generally similar in both groups.

Conclusions

a life history with marked social introversion added to inadequate coping with personal losses is the critical equation that produces demotivation to continue living followed by perception blockade.

Discussion

it is presumed that demotivation with perception blockade will in turn trigger cancellation or aversion of natural reinforcement of the neuronal networks, with a consequent progressive disintegration of brain functions. This could then form the basis for a theory that would combine psychosocial and neurobiological factors in the initiation of the process of Alzheimerisation.

Key words:
Alzheimer
Social relationships
Personal losses
Coping
Perception blockade
Aversion
Reinforcement
Brain function disintegration
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Copyright © 2004. Sociedad Española de Geriatría y Gerontología
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