Percepción de autoeficacia en el afrontamiento de los problemas y su contribución en la satisfacción vital de las personas muy mayores | Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología

Información del artículo

Resumen

Introducción y objetivos

la autoeficacia hace referencia a las creencias personales sobre la capacidad de organizar y comprometerse en acciones particulares para manejar una determinada situación. Dentro de un estudio más amplio sobre calidad de vida, hemos intentado conocer cómo es la percepción de autoeficacia en el manejo de los problemas y su contribución como modulador del estrés en la vejez avanzada.

Sujetos y método

participaron 400 personas (75-104 años) no institucionalizadas de Salamanca. Medimos la percepción de autoeficacia presente y futura, además de variables sociodemográficas y de satisfacción con la vida (satisfaction with life scale; Diener et al, 1985).

Resultados

la mayoría de las personas mayores de 75 años percibe como efectivo su manejo de los problemas actuales y futuros. Aparecen diferencias de edad (los de 75-84 años consideran su capacidad de afrontamiento presente y futura más efectiva que los mayores de 85 años) y de sexo (las mujeres muy mayores se perciben menos autoeficaces que los varones muy mayores). La percepción de autoeficacia futura predice la satisfacción vital de las personas muy mayores.

Conclusiones

percibirse como autoeficaces en el manejo de los problemas futuros protege el bienestar de las personas muy mayores. Se comprueba el papel de la autoeficacia en el mantenimiento de la resistencia psicológica en la vejez avanzada.

Palabras clave:

Autoeficacia de afrontamiento

Satisfacción vital

Vejez avanzada

Abstract

Introduction

and objectives: self-efficacy refers to a personal belief in one's ability to organize and commit oneself to specific actions for dealing with a concrete situation. As part of a broader study on quality of life, we aimed to further our understanding of perception of self-efficacy in dealing with problems and its role as a stress modulator in advanced old age.

Subjects and method

the study included 400 very elderly persons aged between 75 and 104 years from the city of Salamanca (Spain) who were residing in the community. We measured present and future perception of self-efficacy, sociodemographic variables and satisfaction with life –satisfaction with life scale– (Diener et al, 1985).

Results

most of those aged over 75 years perceived their handling of current and future problems to be effective. Differences were found according to age (those aged between 75 and 84 considered their present and future ability to cope to be more effective than those aged over 85) and according to gender (very old women perceived themselves to be less self-effective than very old men). The perception of future self-efficacy predicted satisfaction with life in very old people.

Conclusions

the perception of self-efficacy in the handling of future problems protects the personal well-being of very old people. The results of the present study verify the role of self-efficacy in the maintenance of psychological resilience in advanced old age.

Key words:

Coping self-efficacy

Life satisfaction

Advanced old age

El Texto completo está disponible en PDF

Bibliografía

[1.]

R. Abeles.

Sense of control, quality of life, and frail older people.

The concept and measure of quality of life in the frail elderly, pp. 297-314

[2.]

P.B. Baltes, M.M. Baltes.

ccessful aging: perspectives from the behavioural sciences.

Cambridge University Press, (1990),

[3.]

S.T. Fiske, S.E. Taylor.

Social cognition.

McGraw-Hill, (1991),

[4.]

C.J. Holahan, R. Moos.

Life stressors an mental health. Advances in conceptualizing stress resistance.

Stress and mental health: contamporary issues and prospects for the future, pp. 213-238

[5.]

S.C. Thompson, S. Spacapan.

Perceptions of control in vulnerable populations.

J Soc Issues, 41 (1991), pp. 1-21

[6.]

E.A. Skinner.

Perceived control, motivation and coping.

Sage, (1995),

[7.]

D.C. Welch, R.L. West.

Self-efficacy and mastery: Its application to issues of environmental control, cognition, and aging.

Dev Rev, 15 (1995), pp. 150-171

[8.]

A. Bandura.

Social foundation of thought and action: a social cognitive theory.

Prentice-Hall, (1986),

[9.]

A. Bandura.

Self-efficacy: the exercise of control.

Freeman, (1997),

[10.]

J. Stock, D. Cervone.

Proximal goal-setting and self-regulatory processes on complex decision making performance.

Cogn Ther Res, 14 (1990), pp. 483-494

[11.]

J. Cohen.

Perceived control, reinforcement, satisfaction, and depression in community elderly.

J Appl Gerontol, 9 (1990), pp. 492-503

[12.]

L.I. Pearlin, M.M. Skaff.

Stressors in adaptation in late life.

Emerging issues in mental health and aging,

[13.]

R. Schwarzer, B. Renner.

Social-cognitive predictors of health behaviour: Action self-efficacy and coping self-efficacy.

Health Psychol, 19 (2000), pp. 487-495

Medline

[14.]

Y.A.W. Slangen-de Kort, C.J.H. Midden, A.F. Van Wagenberg.

Predictors of the adaptive problem solving of older persons in their homes.

J Environmental Psychol, 18 (1998), pp. 187-197

[15.]

D.H. Schunk.

Self-regulation of self-efficacy and attributions in academia settings.

Self-regulation of learningand performance: issues and educational applications, pp. 75-99

[16.]

D. Artistico, D. Cervone, L. Pezzuti.

Perceived self-efficacy and everyday problem solving among young and older adults.

Psychol Aging, 18 (2003), pp. 68-79

Medline

[17.]

D.L. Carroll.

The importance of self-efficacy expectations in elderly patients recovering from coronary artery bypass surgery.

Heart Lung, 24 (1995), pp. 50-59

Medline

[18.]

T.E. Seeman, J.B. Unger, G. McAvay, C.F. Mendes de Leon.

Self-efficacy beliefs and perceived declines in functional ability: MacArthur studies of successful aging.

J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci, 54B (1999), pp. 214-222

[19.]

A.J. Zautra, J.W. Reich, J.T. Newsom.

Autonomy sense of control among older adults: an examination of their effects on mental health.

Promoting successful and productive aging, pp. 325-400

[20.]

P.B. Baltes, K.U. Mayer.

The Berlin Aging Study: aging from 70 to 100.

Cambridge University Press, (1999),

[21.]

J.L. Vega, B. Bueno, J. Buz, A.B. Navarro.

Calidad de vida de las personas mayoresy muy mayores. Memoria técnica.

Excmo. Ayto. de Salamanca. Universidad de Salamanca, (2001),

[22.]

E. Diener, R.A. Emmons, R.J. Larsen, S. Griffin.

The satisfaction with life scale.

J Pers Asses, 49 (1985), pp. 71-75

[23.]

B. Bueno, A.B. Navarro.

¿Cómo afrontan sus problemas las personas muy mayores? Actas del II Simposium de la Asociación de Motivación y Emoción.

Salamanca, (2002), pp. 97-98

[24.]

B. Bueno, A.B. Navarro.

Afrontamiento y calidad de vida.

Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol, 39 (2004), pp. 31-37

[25.]

A.B. Navarro, B. Bueno.

Efectos del sexo, el nivel educativo y el nivel económico en el afrontamiento de los problemas en personas muy mayores.

Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol, 40 (2005), pp. 34-43

[26.]

C.M. Aldwin, K.J. Sutton, G. Chiava, A. Spiro.

Age differences in stress, coping and appraisal: findings from the normative aging study.

J Gerontol, 51 (1996), pp. 179-188

[27.]

J. Heckhausen.

Developmental regulation across adulthood: Primary and secondary control of age-related challenges.

Dev Psychol, 33 (1997), pp. 176-187

Medline

[28.]

G.D. Nunn.

Adult learners’ locus of control, self-evaluation and learningtemperament as a function of age and gender.

J Instr Psychol, 21 (1994), pp. 260-264

[29.]

C. Rhee, M. Gatz.

Cross-generational attributions concerning locus of control beliefs.

International J Aging Hum Dev, 37 (1993), pp. 153-161

[30.]

B.A. Shaw, N. Krause.

Exploring race variations in aging and personal control.

J Gerontol, 56B (2001), pp. 119-124

[31.]

C.H.M. Smits, D.J.H. Degg, R.J.B. Bosscher.

Well-being and control in older persons: the prediction of well-being from control measures.

J Aging Hum Dev, 40 (1995), pp. 237-251

[32.]

J.M. Berry, R.L. West.

Cognitive self-efficacy in relation to personal mastery and goal setting across the life span.

Int J Behav Dev, 16 (1993), pp. 351-379

[33.]

A. Bandura.

Social cognitive theory of personality.

The coherence of personality: social-cognitive bases of consistency, variability and organization, pp. 185-241

[34.]

C.M. Aldwin.

Does affect the stress and coping process? Implications of age differences in perceived control.

J Gerontol, 46 (1991), pp. 174-180

[35.]

M.A. García, M.I. Hombrados.

Control percibido y bienestar subjetivo: un análisis de la literatura gerontológica.

Rev Mult Gerontol, 12 (2002), pp. 90-100

[36.]

J. Buz, P. Mayoral, B. Bueno, J.L. Vega.

Factores sociales del bienestar subjetivo en la vejez.

Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol, 39 (2004), pp. 38-45

[37.]

M. Pinquart, S. Sörensen.

Gender differences in self-concept and psychological well-being in old age: a meta-analysis.

J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci, 56 (2001), pp. 195-213

[38.]

U. Schimmack, E. Diener, S. Oishi.

Life-satisfaction is a momentary judgment and a stable personality characteristic: the use of chronically accesible and stable sources.

J Pers, 70 (2002), pp. 345-384

Medline

[39.]

J.L. Vega, P. Mayoral, J. Buz, B. Bueno.

Dominios globales y específicos del bienestar de las personas muy mayores.

Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol, 39 (2004), pp. 23-30

☆

Este trabajo recibió el Premio Pañella-Casas a la mejor comunicación oral en el área de Ciencias Sociales y del Comportamiento presentada en el XLVII Congreso Nacional de la Sociedad Española de Geriatría y Gerontología celebrado en Málaga en el año 2005.

Indexada en:

Síguenos:

Suscribirse:

Indexada en:

Síguenos:

Suscribirse:

Suscríbase a la newsletter