array:23 [ "pii" => "S1130140620300504" "issn" => "11301406" "doi" => "10.1016/j.riam.2020.10.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2021-01-01" "aid" => "574" "copyright" => "Asociación Española de Micología" "copyrightAnyo" => "2020" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "crp" "cita" => "Rev Iberoam Micol. 2021;38:9-11" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1130140620300516" "issn" => "11301406" "doi" => "10.1016/j.riam.2020.09.004" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2021-01-01" "aid" => "575" "copyright" => "Asociación Española de Micología" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "crp" "cita" => "Rev Iberoam Micol. 2021;38:12-5" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Note</span>" "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Exophiala dermatitidis</span> as a cause of central line associated bloodstream infection in an infant: Case report and literature review" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "12" "paginaFinal" => "15" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Exophiala dermatitidis</span> como causante de infección del torrente sanguíneo asociada a catéter central en un lactante: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 538 "Ancho" => 750 "Tamanyo" => 67357 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Smear of an old culture showing septate, brown hyphae, conidiophores and phialides without collarettes. Conidia are pale brown, one-celled, and round to oval in shape; they gather in balls at the apices of the phialides and down the side of the conidiophore.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Anil Kumar, Aswathy Nandakumar, Sajitha Nair, Ashutosh Singh, Nandita Shashindran, Swathy Thulasidharan, Kiran Subhash, Arya Ramachandran, Anuradha Chowdhary" "autores" => array:9 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Anil" "apellidos" => "Kumar" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Aswathy" "apellidos" => "Nandakumar" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sajitha" "apellidos" => "Nair" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ashutosh" "apellidos" => "Singh" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Nandita" "apellidos" => "Shashindran" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Swathy" "apellidos" => "Thulasidharan" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Kiran" "apellidos" => "Subhash" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Arya" "apellidos" => "Ramachandran" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Anuradha" "apellidos" => "Chowdhary" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130140620300516?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/11301406/0000003800000001/v3_202111180642/S1130140620300516/v3_202111180642/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1130140620300462" "issn" => "11301406" "doi" => "10.1016/j.riam.2020.09.003" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2021-01-01" "aid" => "573" "copyright" => "Asociación Española de Micología" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "crp" "cita" => "Rev Iberoam Micol. 2021;38:5-8" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Note</span>" "titulo" => "Paracoccidioidomycosis due to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Paracoccidioides brasiliensis</span> S1 associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A case report" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "5" "paginaFinal" => "8" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Paracoccidioidomicosis por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Paracoccidioides brasiliensis</span> S1 asociado al síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida: A propósito de un caso" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1241 "Ancho" => 1500 "Tamanyo" => 199195 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Paracoccidioidomycosis diagnostic by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). (A) Chest CT showing: (1) moderate bilateral pleural effusion; (2) bilateral pleural effusion and ground-glass opacities predominating in posterior fields of both lungs, sometimes confluent (consolidations). (B) Abdominal CT showing mesenteric lymphadenopathy with necrotic center, sometimes clustered. (C) Brain MRI showing an area of signal change in corona radiate, characterized by hypersignal in T2-FLAIR and hyposignal in T1, without contrast enhancement. In addition, an intra-axial lesion, partially calcified and with pathological enhancement by venous contrast, was observed near the left lateral wall of the fourth ventricle, without mass effect or peripheral edema.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Paulo Mendes Peçanha, Isabela Cruz Bahiense, Wdson Luis Lima Kruschewsky, Cláudia Biasutti, Carlos Urbano Gonçalves Ferreira Júnior, Breno Gonçalves Pinheiro, Simone Bravim Maifrede, Zoilo Pires de Camargo, Anderson Messias Rodrigues, Tânia Regina Grão-Velloso, Aloísio Falqueto, Sarah Santos Gonçalves" "autores" => array:12 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Paulo Mendes" "apellidos" => "Peçanha" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Isabela Cruz" "apellidos" => "Bahiense" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Wdson Luis Lima" "apellidos" => "Kruschewsky" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Cláudia" "apellidos" => "Biasutti" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Carlos Urbano Gonçalves Ferreira" "apellidos" => "Júnior" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Breno Gonçalves" "apellidos" => "Pinheiro" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Simone Bravim" "apellidos" => "Maifrede" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Zoilo Pires de" "apellidos" => "Camargo" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Anderson Messias" "apellidos" => "Rodrigues" ] 9 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Tânia Regina" "apellidos" => "Grão-Velloso" ] 10 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Aloísio" "apellidos" => "Falqueto" ] 11 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sarah Santos" "apellidos" => "Gonçalves" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130140620300462?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/11301406/0000003800000001/v3_202111180642/S1130140620300462/v3_202111180642/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Note</span>" "titulo" => "Lack of relationship between genotype and virulence in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "9" "paginaFinal" => "11" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Judith Díaz-García, Maiken C. Arendrup, Rafael Cantón, Julio García-Rodríguez, Elia Gómez García de la Pedrosa, Gabriella Parisi, Javier Pemán, Brunella Posteraro, Maurizio Sanguinetti, Daniel Archimedes Da Matta, Arnaldo L. Colombo, Patricia Muñoz, Carlos Sánchez-Carrillo, Jesús Guinea, Pilar Escribano" "autores" => array:15 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Judith" "apellidos" => "Díaz-García" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Maiken C." "apellidos" => "Arendrup" "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Rafael" "apellidos" => "Cantón" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span>" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">g</span>" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Julio" "apellidos" => "García-Rodríguez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">h</span>" "identificador" => "aff0040" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Elia Gómez García" "apellidos" => "de la Pedrosa" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span>" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">g</span>" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Gabriella" "apellidos" => "Parisi" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">i</span>" "identificador" => "aff0045" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Javier" "apellidos" => "Pemán" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">j</span>" "identificador" => "aff0050" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">k</span>" "identificador" => "aff0055" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Brunella" "apellidos" => "Posteraro" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">l</span>" "identificador" => "aff0060" ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Maurizio" "apellidos" => "Sanguinetti" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">m</span>" "identificador" => "aff0065" ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Daniel Archimedes" "apellidos" => "Da Matta" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">n</span>" "identificador" => "aff0070" ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Arnaldo L." "apellidos" => "Colombo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">n</span>" "identificador" => "aff0070" ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Patricia" "apellidos" => "Muñoz" "referencia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">o</span>" "identificador" => "aff0075" ] 3 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">p</span>" "identificador" => "aff0080" ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Carlos" "apellidos" => "Sánchez-Carrillo" "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">o</span>" "identificador" => "aff0075" ] ] ] 13 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Jesús" "apellidos" => "Guinea" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "jguineaortega@yahoo.es" ] "referencia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">o</span>" "identificador" => "aff0075" ] 3 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Pilar" "apellidos" => "Escribano" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:16 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unit of Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 6 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] 7 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "h" "identificador" => "aff0040" ] 8 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo-Forlanini, Rome, Italy" "etiqueta" => "i" "identificador" => "aff0045" ] 9 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "j" "identificador" => "aff0050" ] 10 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "k" "identificador" => "aff0055" ] 11 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Dipartimento di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino-Metaboliche e Nefro-Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy" "etiqueta" => "l" "identificador" => "aff0060" ] 12 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A, Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy" "etiqueta" => "m" "identificador" => "aff0065" ] 13 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Special Laboratory of Mycology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "n" "identificador" => "aff0070" ] 14 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias-CIBERES (CB06/06/0058), Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "o" "identificador" => "aff0075" ] 15 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "p" "identificador" => "aff0080" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Ausencia de relación entre el genotipo y la virulencia en especies de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span>" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 598 "Ancho" => 2955 "Tamanyo" => 92816 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Survival curves of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. mellonella</span> larvae infected with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> (a), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. parapsilosis</span> (b), and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis</span> (c) isolates (clusters and singleton genotypes).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Candidemia is primarily caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida parapsilosis</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida glabrata</span>, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida tropicalis</span>.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The virulence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> isolates, such as adherence and biofilm formation, the ability to evade the host's immune system, and the production of tissue-damaging hydrolytic enzymes (proteases, phospholipases, and haemolysins), may play a role in the prognosis of infected patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,11</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Galleria mellonella</span> has become a useful model of infection for testing different pathogens as larvae are easy to handle, are cheap, and their innate immune system resembles that of mammals.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> However, the relationship between genotype and virulence is mostly unknown.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,8,9,12,13</span></a> We previously showed intra- and inter-species differences in terms of virulence among <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> strains using a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. mellonella</span> infection model,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> and that clusters present greater biofilm production than singleton isolates.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Here we evaluated the potential relationship between genotype and virulence in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> by studying <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> cluster and singleton genotypes using a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. mellonella</span> model.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We studied 68 clusters of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species causing candidemia in patients admitted to 16 tertiary hospitals in Spain, Denmark, Italy and Brazil during 2014–2015. Isolates had been genotyped previously using species-specific microsatellite markers.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a> A cluster was defined as an identical genotype infecting at least two patients. Comparisons of 194 isolates from clusters (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>114 isolates from 41 clusters; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. parapsilosis</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>74 isolates from 24 clusters; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6 isolates from 3 clusters) and other 194 isolates with singleton genotype (one isolate per genotype) from patients with candidemia admitted to Gregorio Marañón hospital, were carried out. Virulence was established by assessing the survival in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. mellonella</span> larvae infection model as previously reported.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Briefly, each <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> inoculum was adjusted to 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cells/ml (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis</span>) or 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span>–5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cells/ml (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. parapsilosis</span>) with a Neubauer hematocytometer. Each experimental group containing 10 larvae of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. mellonella</span> (Bichosa, Salceda de Caselas, Spain) with similar size and weigh were infected with 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl of each cell suspension. Ten larvae PBS-inoculated and 10 non-injected larvae were used as controls. Larvae were incubated at 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C, and death was determined visually for seven days. Isolate survival curves were generated using Kaplan–Meier method. Median survival was calculated and log-rank (Mantel–Cox test) was applied to examine the differences between the survival curves (Graph Pad Prism statistical 5.02 software, GraphPad, La Jolla, USA). The interquartile range (IQR) of median survival was calculated per species, and for clusters and singletons, by pooling the isolates. Isolates were further classified as highly virulent (median survival<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>percentil<span class="elsevierStyleInf">25</span>), low virulent (median survival<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>percentile<span class="elsevierStyleInf">75</span>) and moderately virulent (in between) according to the pooled analysis of clusters and singleton isolates. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hospital Gregorio Marañón (CEIC-A1; study no. 201/18).</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PBS control larvae and those non-injected were alive the seven days post-infection. Overall, the pooled median survival times of larvae infected by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species were the following: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> (2 days, IQR 1–2), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis</span> (2 days, IQR 1.13–3.13), and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. parapsilosis</span> (2 days, IQR 2–3). Differences in median survival between larvae infected by cluster isolates and singletons did not reach statistical significance except for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis</span> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05). Mean of survival and IQR ranges of clusters and singleton were as follows: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> (2 days, IQR 1.5–2 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs.</span> 2 days, IQR 1–2.25; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. parapsilosis</span> (2 days, IQR 1.5–2.6 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs.</span> 2 days, IQR 2–3.3; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05), and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis</span> (1 day, IQR 1–3.5 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs.</span> 2 days, IQR 2–3.5; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05). High intra-cluster variability in terms of mean survival was found regardless the species. Based on median survival data, clusters <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>. singleton isolates were classified as highly virulent [<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> (0% <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs.</span> 0%), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. parapsilosis</span> (28.4% <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>. 10.8%), and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis</span> (50% <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs.</span> 0%)], moderately virulent [<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> (76% <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs.</span> 75.4%), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. parapsilosis</span> (48.6% <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs.</span> 64.9%), and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis</span> (16.7% <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs.</span> 86.3%)], and low virulent [<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> (3.7% <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs.</span> 24.6%), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. parapsilosis</span> (23% <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs.</span> 24.3%), and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis</span> (33.3% <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs.</span> 16.7%).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study supports previous observations of higher mortality associated to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis</span> in comparison to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. parapsilosis</span> in both <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. mellonella</span> models and clinical observations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,8</span></a> Moreover, we aimed to decipher potential intra-species differences in terms of virulence between clusters and singletons. Differences reached statistical significance only for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis,</span> although the low number of isolates due to the lower number of cases of candidemia caused by this species (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12) did not allow us to reach solid conclusions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a> We carried out a species-specific classification of isolates based on <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. mellonella</span> mortality. Subtle differences were observed, despite the fact that we found significantly higher percentages of highly virulent isolates of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. parapsilosis</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis</span> in clusters compared with singletons. These observations suggest that genotypes and mortality in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. mellonella</span> are unrelated. In previous studies, contradictory conclusions were reported when the genotype was compared with virulence factors not related to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. mellonella</span> mortality. Some authors found positive correlations,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,9,12,15</span></a> and others did no find such relationship.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,7,13</span></a> One of the most studied virulence factors is biofilm formation. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> biofilm producing isolates are more aggressive than non-biofilm producer isolates in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. mellonella</span> larvae model,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> although we were unable to initially support these observations in a previous study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Subsequently, we included genotyping in the equation and observed a tendency of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> clusters to form more biofilm than singletons.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> However, the huge intra-cluster variability found in terms of biofilm formation,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> along with the variability in terms of mortality in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. mellonella</span> reported here, suggest notable isolate-to-isolate differences rather than a genotype–phenotype virulence relationship. Our study is subject to certain limitations. First, we have a heterogeneous number of isolates per species. Second, since whole genome sequencing of these isolates has not yet been performed, the variability among isolates in clusters can be a consequence of the lack of discriminatory potential for the microsatellites. Finally, we were unable to include any clinical data of patients and make a correlation between our <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> findings and patient outcome.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, no relationship between genotype and virulence in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. mellonella</span> infection model was found for the three studied <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species, suggesting that epigenetic factors are important determinants of virulence.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Author contributions</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Judith Díaz-García: methodology; formal analysis; writing – original draft preparation. Maiken C. Arendrup and Rafael Cantón: data collection; resources (samples); writing –review & editing. Julio García-Rodríguez, Elia Gómez García de la Pedrosa, Gabriella Parisi, Javier Pemán, Brunella Posteraro, Maurizio Sanguinetti, Daniel Archimedes Da Matta, Arnaldo L. Colombo, Patricia Muñoz, Carlos Sánchez-Carrillo: data collection; resources (samples) and writing. Jesús Guinea and Pilar Escribano: conceptualization; project administration; data collection; supervision; validation; visualization; writing – original draft preparation and review & editing.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Funding</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was supported by grants <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs1">PI16/01012</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs1">CP15/00115</span> from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria</span></span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">FIS</span>, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Plan Nacional de I<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>I 2013–2016). The study was co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (<span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs2">FEDER</span>) ‘A way of making Europe.’ In Brazil, this work was supported by a grant <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs3">2017/02203-7</span> from Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa-São Paulo (<span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs3">FAPESP</span>).</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PE (MS15/00115) is a recipient of a Miguel Servet contract supported by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">FIS</span>. JG is a steady researcher contracted by Fundación para Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón. JD is supported by a predoctoral grant by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">FIS</span> (FI19/00021).</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">JG has received funds for participating at educational activities organized on behalf of Astellas, Gilead, Pfizer, MSD, Scynexis, and Biotoscana-United Medical; he has also received research funds from FIS, Gilead, Scynexis, Cidara, Basilea Ltd, and F2G outside the submitted work. ALC received educational grants from Biotoscana-United Medical, MSD, Pfizer and a research grant from Astellas and Pfizer. RC has received funds for participating at educational activities organized by MSD and Pfizer. MCA reports personal fees from Astellas, Basilea, Gilead, MSD, Pfizer, T2Biosystems, and Novartis, and others from Amplyx, Astellas, Basilea, Gilead, T2Biosystems, F2G, Novabiotics and Scynexis outside the submitted work. The rest of the authors have no conflicts of interests.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1612026" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Aims" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1441396" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1612027" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Antecedentes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1441397" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Author contributions" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack568557" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-05-25" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-10-07" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1441396" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span>" 1 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida parapsilosis</span>" 2 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida tropicalis</span>" 3 => "Genotyping" 4 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Galleria mellonella</span>" 5 => "Virulence" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1441397" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span>" 1 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida parapsilosis</span>" 2 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida tropicalis</span>" 3 => "Genotipado" 4 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Galleria mellonella</span>" 5 => "Virulencia" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The virulence of isolates among different <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species causing candidemia may play a role in the prognosis of the patients. Furthermore, the potential relationship between genotype and virulence is still unclear and need to be further studied.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Aims</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We aim to assess the relationship between genotype and virulence in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species using a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Galleria mellonella</span> larvae infection model.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">One hundred and ninety-four isolates from 68 clusters (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span>, 114/41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida parapsilosis</span>, 74/24; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida tropicalis</span>, 6/3) were compared against the same number of each species singleton genotypes in terms of survival of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. mellonella</span> larvae.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The median of survival and the IQR ranges of clusters and singleton were as follows: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> (2 days, IQR 1.5–2 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs.</span> 2 days, IQR 1–2.25), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. parapsilosis</span> (2 days, IQR 1.5–2.6 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs.</span> 2 days, IQR 2–3.3), and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis</span> (1 day, IQR 1–3.5 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs.</span> 2 days, IQR 2–3.5; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05). High intra-cluster variability in terms of median of survival was found regardless the species.</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No relationship between genotype and virulence in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> was observed with the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. mellonella</span> model.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Aims" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Antecedentes</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La virulencia de cepas de diferentes especies de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> causantes de candidemia puede jugar un papel en el pronóstico de los pacientes, y su estudio en el modelo de infección en <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Galleria mellonella</span> puede ser útil para entender su contribución general a la infección. Además, la potencial relación entre genotipo y virulencia requiere de más estudios.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se evaluó la relación entre genotipo y virulencia en especies de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> mediante el modelo de infección de larvas de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. mellonella</span>.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Métodos</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se estudió la supervivencia de las larvas infectadas con 194 aislados incluidos en 68 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">clusters</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span>, 114/41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida parapsilosis</span>, 74/24; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida tropicalis</span>, 6/3) y con el mismo número de aislados con genotipos únicos por especie.</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La mediana de supervivencia y los rangos intercuartílicos (IQR) de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">clusters</span> y genotipos únicos se muestra a continuación: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> (2 días, IQR: 1,5-2 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs.</span> 2 días, IQR: 1-2,25), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. parapsilosis</span> (2 días, IQR: 1,5-2,6 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs.</span> 2 días, IQR: 2-3,3), y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis</span> (un día, IQR: 1-3,5 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs.</span> 2 días, IQR: 2-3,5; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,05). Encontramos una importante variabilidad en la mediana de supervivencia entre cepas del mismo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cluster</span>, independientemente de la especie analizada.</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No se encontró relación entre el genotipo y la virulencia entre los aislados de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> evaluados mediante el modelo de infección de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. mellonella</span>.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Antecedentes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 598 "Ancho" => 2955 "Tamanyo" => 92816 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Survival curves of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. mellonella</span> larvae infected with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> (a), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. parapsilosis</span> (b), and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis</span> (c) isolates (clusters and singleton genotypes).</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:15 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Genotypes and virulence factors of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species isolated from oralcavities of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "S. 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Lack of relationship between genotype and virulence in Candida species
Ausencia de relación entre el genotipo y la virulencia en especies de Candida
Judith Díaz-Garcíaa,b, Maiken C. Arendrupc,d,e, Rafael Cantónf,g, Julio García-Rodríguezh, Elia Gómez García de la Pedrosaf,g, Gabriella Parisii, Javier Pemánj,k, Brunella Posterarol, Maurizio Sanguinettim, Daniel Archimedes Da Mattan, Arnaldo L. Colombon, Patricia Muñoza,b,o,p, Carlos Sánchez-Carrilloa,b,o, Jesús Guineaa,b,o,
, Pilar Escribanoa,b
Autor para correspondencia
a Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
b Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
c Unit of Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
d Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
e Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
f Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
g Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
h Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
i Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo-Forlanini, Rome, Italy
j Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
k Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
l Dipartimento di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino-Metaboliche e Nefro-Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
m Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A, Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
n Special Laboratory of Mycology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
o CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias-CIBERES (CB06/06/0058), Madrid, Spain
p Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
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