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Corales pétreos, equinodermos y peces asociados a comunidades y arrecifes coralinos del Parque Nacional Huatulco, Pacífico sur mexicano
Stony corals, echinoderms and fish associated to coral communities and reefs from the Parque Nacional Huatulco, Southern Mexican Pacific
Andrés López-Pérez1, Rebeca Granja-Fernández2, Cuauhtémoc Aparicio-Cid3, Ronald C. Zepeta-Vilchis3, Ana M. Torres-Huerta4, Francisco Benítez-Villalobos4, Daniel A. López-López5, Carlos Cruz-Antonio3, Omar Valencia-Méndez5
1 Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Costeros, Departamento de Hidrobiología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, 09340 México, D. F., México
2 Programa de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro. Av. de las Ciencias s/n, Col. Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, México
3 Programa de Licenciatura en Biología Marina, Universidad del Mar, Campus Puerto Ángel, Ciudad Universitaria, Puerto Ángel, 70902 Oaxaca, México
4 Instituto de Recursos, Universidad del Mar. Campus Puerto Ángel, Ciudad Universitaria, Puerto Ángel, 70902 Oaxaca, México
5 Programa de Posgrado en Ecología Marina, Universidad del Mar. Campus Puerto Ángel, Ciudad Universitaria, Puerto Ángel, 70902 Oaxaca, México
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se decret&#243; que una porci&#243;n terrestre y su correspondiente zona marina en Oaxaca&#44; ser&#237;a parte del &#225;rea Natural Protegida Parque Nacional Huatulco &#40;PNH&#41; que abarca una superficie total de 11 980 hect&#225;reas&#44; de las cuales 5 516 corresponden a la zona marina &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Conanp&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#46; La justificaci&#243;n para la inclusi&#243;n de la zona marina fue que &#8220;estaba compuesta por recursos naturales de importancia biol&#243;gica&#44; entre los que destacan las comunidades coralinas representativas del Pac&#237;fico sur&#44; tortugas marinas&#44; delfines&#44; caracol p&#250;rpura y una variedad de especies de peces que se est&#225;n deteriorando por las actividades pesqueras y tur&#237;sticas que se realizan en el lugar de forma desordenada&#8221; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Conanp&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#46; El documento reconoce&#44; sin embargo&#44; que en su gran mayor&#237;a&#44; el conocimiento de los recursos marinos del parque se encontraba a nivel de inventario&#46; A poco m&#225;s de 3 lustros de que Huatulco se decret&#243; como ANP &#40;1998&#41;&#44; investigaciones recientes en crust&#225;ceos &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Garc&#237;a-Madrigal et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Cort&#233;s-Carrasco y Garc&#237;a-Madrigal&#44; 2013</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">Hern&#225;ndez et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">Jarqu&#237;n-Gonz&#225;lez y Garc&#237;a-Madrigal&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#44; poliquetos &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Bastida-Zavala y Guevara-Cruz&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#44; ofiuros &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Granja-Fern&#225;ndez y L&#243;pez-P&#233;rez&#44; 2012</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Granja-Fern&#225;ndez et al&#46;&#44; 2013a</a>&#41; y peces &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350">Ram&#237;rez-Guti&#233;rrez et al&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">L&#243;pez-P&#233;rez et al&#46;&#44; 2008</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">L&#243;pez-P&#233;rez et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455">Zepeta-Vilchis et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41; han adicionado un n&#250;mero considerable de nuevos registros y algunos taxa nuevos para la ciencia &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">Garc&#237;a-Madrigal&#44; 2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">Jarqu&#237;n-Gonz&#225;lez y Garc&#237;a-Madrigal&#44; 2013</a>&#41; en la zona marina del parque&#59; sin embargo&#44; el conocimiento de la diversidad biol&#243;gica del mismo es a&#250;n escaso&#46; El relativamente pobre conocimiento de la diversidad marina no es exclusiva del PNH&#44; de hecho&#44; estudios recientes sugieren que&#44; dependiendo del grupo taxon&#243;mico&#44; solamente entre el 3-25&#37; de la porci&#243;n marina de Oaxaca ha sido prospectada &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300">L&#243;pez-P&#233;rez et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La investigaci&#243;n para elaborar inventarios flor&#237;sticos y faun&#237;sticos es una tarea de enorme importancia ecol&#243;gica&#44; econ&#243;mica y social&#44; en tanto que es fundamental para la planeaci&#243;n e implementaci&#243;n de estrategias de aprovechamiento&#44; manejo y conservaci&#243;n&#46; Si bien&#44; esta labor es importante y necesaria en una ANP&#44; realizarla en el Parque Nacional Huatulco es fundamental&#44; en tanto que el &#225;rea se encuentra adyacente a un centro urbano &#40;bah&#237;as de Huatulco&#41; que ejerce una presi&#243;n considerable sobre los recursos naturales adyacentes&#46; La magnitud de dicha presi&#243;n&#44; sin embargo&#44; no puede ser evaluada ante el virtual desconocimiento de preguntas b&#225;sicas&#44; tales como &#191;qu&#233; especies hay&#63; y &#191;en d&#243;nde se encuentran&#63; En el af&#225;n de dar respuesta a estas preguntas&#44; esta contribuci&#243;n presenta el resultado de la compilaci&#243;n de informaci&#243;n bibliogr&#225;fica y de colecciones de referencia&#44; adem&#225;s de la prospecci&#243;n y recolecta de corales p&#233;treos &#8212;constructores de arrecifes&#8212;&#44; equinodermos y peces realizada desde 2006 a 2012 en la zona marina del Parque Nacional Huatulco&#46; Adem&#225;s de presentar el listado sistem&#225;tico de las especies&#44; se proveen detalles respecto a su localizaci&#243;n&#44; se compara la riqueza del parque con la riqueza en otras ANP de M&#233;xico y se analiza la importancia del PNH en un contexto regional &#40;Pac&#237;fico oriental tropical&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Materiales y m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El Parque Nacional Huatulco se localiza en la parte central de la costa de Oaxaca &#40;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;39&#39;12&#8221; y 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;47&#39;10&#8221; N&#44; 96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;06&#39;30&#8221; y 96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;15&#39;00&#8221; O&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; En t&#233;rminos oceanogr&#225;ficos&#44; la zona se encuentra bajo la influencia de la alberca de agua c&#225;lida del Pac&#237;fico oriental caracterizada por altas temperaturas &#40;SST&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>28&#176;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C&#41; y peque&#241;as oscilaciones t&#233;rmicas anuales &#40;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#176;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C&#41;&#44; una salinidad superficial promedio de 34 ups y la presencia de una termoclina<a name="p1147"></a> somera &#40;20-40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#41; y muy estable &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Fiedler y Talley&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46; La fuente de variaci&#243;n oceanogr&#225;fica interanual m&#225;s importante es el evento de El Ni&#241;o&#44; caracterizado por el incremento de la profundidad de la termoclina y nutriclina que impacta negativamente la productividad primaria de la zona &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Fiedler y Talley&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46; Cuando El Ni&#241;o cambia a su fase fr&#237;a&#44; La Ni&#241;a&#44; las condiciones se invierten lo que resulta en la reducci&#243;n de la profundidad de la termoclina&#46; Consecuentemente&#44; agua rica en nutrientes se acerca a la superficie oce&#225;nica con lo que aumenta la productividad de la regi&#243;n &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340">Pennington et al&#46;&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; trabajo de campo &#40;febrero 2006-noviembre 2012&#41; en 13 localidades &#8212;San Agust&#237;n&#44; isla San Agust&#237;n&#44; Riscalillo&#44; Jicaral&#44; Dos Hermanas&#44; La Prima&#44; La India&#44; Pomelo&#44; Copal&#44; isla Cacaluta&#44; Maguey&#44; &#195;rgano&#44; Viol&#237;n&#8212; dentro de los l&#237;mites del parque &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; La prospecci&#243;n se realiz&#243; predominantemente en ambientes coralinos&#44; coralino-rocosos y coralino-arenosos&#46; La descripci&#243;n de las localidades dentro del parque puede ser consultada en el programa de manejo &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Conanp&#44; 2003</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Glynn y Leyte-Morales&#44; 1997</a>&#41;&#46; La periodicidad de las visitas a las localidades no sigui&#243; un patr&#243;n consistente&#46; Por su parte&#44; los m&#233;todos de muestreo variaron entre grupo taxon&#243;mico y su descripci&#243;n&#44; para cada caso&#44; se detalla en p&#225;rrafos subsiguientes&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las especies de corales p&#233;treos presentes en cada localidad del PNH resultaron del muestreo mediante transectos de banda &#40;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#41;&#44; y de la inspecci&#243;n visual &#8212;recorridos errantes&#8212; de cada localidad&#44; utilizando buceo libre o aut&#243;nomo&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La composici&#243;n de especies de equinodermos que habita cada localidad se obtuvo mediante 3 aproximaciones&#46; Los erizos y pepinos fueron censados en los mismos transectos descritos anteriormente &#40;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#41;&#46; Los asteroideos&#44; dado que presentan densidades poblacionales menores a 0&#46;01<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ind&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> en el Pac&#237;fico mexicano &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365">Reyes-Bonilla y Calder&#243;n-Aguilera&#44; 1999</a>&#41;&#44; fueron censados en transectos de 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#46; Por su parte&#44; los ofiuroideos fueron recolectados sin un m&#233;todo de muestreo definido en diversos sustratos &#8212; corales p&#233;treos y blandos&#44; algas&#44; roca&#44; arena&#44; esponjas&#8212; y a distintas profundidades&#44; desde la zona intermareal hasta 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#46; Una vez en el laboratorio&#44; los ofiuros fueron anestesiados mediante una soluci&#243;n de cloruro de magnesio y agua de mar para prevenir autotom&#237;a&#46; Los espec&#237;menes fueron fijados y preservados en etanol &#40;70&#37;&#41; y depositados en la Colecci&#243;n Nacional de Equinodermos &#40;ICML-UNAM&#41; y en la Colecci&#243;n de Equinodermos de la Universidad del Mar &#40;MHN&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para obtener la composici&#243;n de peces se utilizaron 3 aproximaciones&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a</span>&#41; transectos de banda &#40;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">b</span>&#41; cilindros estacionarios &#40;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m di&#225;metro&#41; y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c</span>&#41; inspecci&#243;n visual intensiva &#40;recorridos errantes&#41; de cada sitio&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por otra parte&#44; la composici&#243;n de especies en cada localidad fue complementada con registros resultado de la b&#250;squeda exhaustiva en literatura primaria&#59; art&#237;culos&#44; monograf&#237;as&#44; libros&#59; as&#237; como museos y colecciones de referencian&#58; Colecci&#243;n Nacional de Equinodermos&#44; ICML-UNAM&#59; Colecci&#243;n de Equinodermos de la Universidad del Mar&#44; MHN&#59; Invertebrate Collection&#44; Los Angeles Natural History Museum&#44; LACM&#59; Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Aut&#243;noma de Baja California Sur&#44; MHN-UABCS&#46; La lista sistem&#225;tica final est&#225; conformada s&#243;lo de especies v&#225;lidas&#46; Para corales p&#233;treos&#44; el arreglo sistem&#225;tico y la validez de los nombres sigui&#243; los criterios de <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440">Veron &#40;2000&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355">Reyes-Bonilla &#40;2002&#41;</a> y <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385">Reyes-Bonilla et al&#46; &#40;2005&#41;</a>&#46; Para equinodermos&#44; el arreglo sistem&#225;tico sigue los criterios de <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Clark &#40;1993&#41;</a> para asteroideos&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425">Smith et al&#46; &#40;1995&#41;</a> y <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435">Stohr y O&#39;Hara &#40;2013&#41;</a> para ofiuroideos&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315">Mortensen &#40;1928&#44; 1943a&#44; 1943b&#41;</a> y <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">Kroh y Smith &#40;2010&#41;</a> para equinoideos&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">Pawson y Fell &#40;1965&#41;</a> y <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415">Rowe &#40;1969&#41;</a> fueron considerados para holoturoideos&#59; por su parte&#44; los nombres v&#225;lidos de las especies fueron establecidos a partir del trabajo de <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">Granja-Fern&#225;ndez et al&#46; &#40;2014&#41;</a> y <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445">WORMS &#40;2013&#41;</a>&#46; Para peces&#44; el arreglo sistem&#225;tico de las especies sigui&#243; el sistema de clasificaci&#243;n propuesto por <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Eschmeyer &#40;1998&#41;</a>&#44; mientras que la validez de los nombres fue corroborado en <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410">Robertson y Allen &#40;2008&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">ITIS &#40;2013&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445">WORMS &#40;2013&#41;</a> y <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Fishbase &#40;2013&#41;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A partir de la base de datos por grupo taxon&#243;mico &#8212;corales p&#233;treos&#44; equinodermos&#44; peces&#8212;&#44; la riqueza del PNH fue comparada con los niveles de riqueza marina de otras ANP en el Pac&#237;fico mexicano&#44; golfo de M&#233;xico y Caribe mexicano&#46; Por su parte&#44; la relevancia de la fauna del PNH en el contexto regional &#40;Pac&#237;fico oriental&#41;&#44; fue explorada mediante el an&#225;lisis conjunto del &#237;ndice de diversidad &#40;delta&#43;&#41; y variaci&#243;n de diversidad taxon&#243;mica &#40;lambda&#43;&#41; propuesto por <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Clarke y Warwick &#40;1998&#41;</a>&#46; La t&#233;cnica fue utilizada para comparar la diversidad taxon&#243;mica del PNH con la lista regional de especies por grupo taxon&#243;mico&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a</span>&#41; corales p&#233;treos&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355">Reyes-Bonilla&#44; 2002</a>&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">b</span>&#41; equinodermos&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Alvarado et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405">R&#237;os-Jara et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">Granja-Fern&#225;ndez et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c</span>&#41; peces&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Erisman et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">FishWise&#44; 2013</a>&#46; La t&#233;cnica est&#225; dise&#241;ada para trabajar con datos de incidencia de especies &#40;presencia&#47;ausencia&#41;&#44; la cual es independiente del esfuerzo de muestreo&#44; de la riqueza de especies y es especialmente &#250;til cuando se trata de analizar datos hist&#243;ricos compilados a partir de distintos m&#233;todos&#47;esfuerzos de muestreo &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050">Clarke y Warwick&#44; 1998&#44; 2001</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">Magurran&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; La prueba submuestrea grupos de tama&#241;o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">m</span> repetidamente &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 000&#41; seleccionados al azar de la lista global&#44; y construye un intervalo de confianza &#40;95&#37;&#41; con los valores estimados de diversidad o variaci&#243;n de la diversidad taxon&#243;mica &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Clarke y Warwick&#44; 1998</a>&#41;&#46; El an&#225;lisis conjunto de diversidad &#40;delta&#43;&#41; y variaci&#243;n de<a name="p1148"></a> diversidad taxon&#243;mica &#40;lambda&#43;&#41; es f&#225;cil de interpretar&#44; si la muestra se ubica dentro del intervalo de confianza se puede considerar que posee una diversidad representativa de la diversidad taxon&#243;mica regional&#44; mientras que aquellas muestras&#47;localidades que se ubican por fuera del intervalo de confianza son un subconjunto taxon&#243;micamente pobre y no representativo del pool regional &#40;i&#46; e&#46;&#44; Pac&#237;fico oriental tropical&#41; de especies &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Clarke y Warwick&#44; 2001</a>&#41;&#46; Para corales el intervalo de confianza &#40;95&#37;&#41; se construy&#243; para una submuestra de 10 especies&#44; para equinodermos para una submuestra de tama&#241;o 30&#44; mientras que para peces para una submuestra de tama&#241;o 150&#46; La diferencia entre graficas est&#225; en funci&#243;n de la diferencia en los niveles de riqueza por grupo taxon&#243;mico &#40;i&#46; e&#46;&#44; corales&#44; equinodermos&#44; peces&#41; observados&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Resultados</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corales&#46;</span> En el PNH se registraron 10 especies de corales constructores de arrecifes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Cuadro 1</a>&#41;&#46; Seis corresponden al g&#233;nero <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pocillopora</span>&#44; 3 al g&#233;nero <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pavona</span> y s&#243;lo 1 a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Porites&#46;</span> Por su distribuci&#243;n dentro de los l&#237;mites del parque&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pocillopora damicornis&#44; P&#46; verrucosa</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Porites panamensis</span> fueron registradas en 12 localidades&#44; seguidas de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; capitata</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pavona gigantea</span> &#40;11 localidades&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; meandrina</span> &#40;8&#41; y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; eydouxi</span> &#40;6&#41;&#46; Por su parte&#44; las especies con menor distribuci&#243;n dentro del parque fueron <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; effusus</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pavona clavus</span> &#40;2 localidades&#41; y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; varians</span>&#44; la cual fue &#250;nicamente registrada en la localidad de Dos Hermanas&#46;<a name="p1149"></a><a name="p1150"></a><a name="p1151"></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De acuerdo con el n&#250;mero de especies &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Cuadro 2</a>&#41;&#44; Riscalillo&#44; Dos Hermanas y La Prima presentaron el mayor n&#250;mero de especies de corales constructores de arrecifes &#40;8 especies&#41;&#44; mientras que en isla San Agust&#237;n&#44; isla Cacaluta y Maguey se registraron 7 especies de corales p&#233;treos&#46; Por su parte&#44; en Copal no se han registrado corales constructores de arrecifes&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comparado con otras ANP localizadas en el Pac&#237;fico mexicano &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Cuadro 3</a>&#41;&#44; la riqueza de corales p&#233;treos representada en el PNH es&#44; apenas&#44; ligeramente m&#225;s alta que la reconocida para el Santuario Bah&#237;a de Chamela &#40;7 especies&#41; en la costa de Jalisco&#44; aunque es ligeramente inferior a la riqueza registrada en el Parque Nacional Isla Isabel &#40;13 especies&#41; y Parque Nacional Islas Marietas &#40;15 especies&#41;&#46; Comparado con la riqueza de especies de las ANP m&#225;s diversas en el Pac&#237;fico mexicano&#44; en el PNH s&#243;lo se registra &#8764; 45&#46;5&#37; de la riqueza de especies reconocidas para el Parque Nacional Cabo Pulmo o en la Reserva de la Biosfera Archipi&#233;lago Revillagigedo&#46; Este porcentaje&#44; sin embargo&#44; se vuelve a&#250;n menor &#40;&#8764; 26&#37;&#41; si lo comparamos con el ANP m&#225;s diversa del golfo de M&#233;xico &#40;Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano&#44; 38 especies&#41; o del Caribe mexicano &#40;&#8764; 19&#37;&#41; &#40;Reserva de la Biosfera Banco Chinchorro&#44; 53 especies&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La gr&#225;fica conjunta de diversidad &#40;delta&#43;&#41; y variaci&#243;n de diversidad taxon&#243;mica &#40;lambda&#43;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2A</a>&#41;&#44; muestra 3 caracter&#237;sticas importantes de la fauna de corales constructores de arrecifes del PNH&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a</span>&#41; posee una distinci&#243;n taxon&#243;mica &#40;delta&#43;&#41; significativamente reducida&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">b</span>&#41; posee una variaci&#243;n de la distinci&#243;n taxon&#243;mica &#40;lambda&#43;&#41; significativamente elevada y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c</span>&#41; se ubica junto con la fauna de El Salvador &#40;ES&#41;&#44; Nicaragua &#40;N&#41; y Chile &#40;CHI&#41;&#44; fuera de la regi&#243;n de distinci&#243;n&#47;variaci&#243;n de distinci&#243;n taxon&#243;mica esperada &#40;95&#37; de confianza&#41;&#44; para una diversidad de 10 especies&#46; En conjunto&#44; estos 3 resultados sugieren que la fauna de corales constructores de arrecife del PNH posee una riqueza taxon&#243;mica pobre y&#47;o no representa taxon&#243;micamente a la fauna de corales p&#233;treos del Pac&#237;fico oriental tropical&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Equinodermos&#46;</span> En el PNH se registraron 32 especies de equinodermos &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Cuadro 1</a>&#41;&#46; De &#233;stos&#44; 13 pertenecen a la clase Ophiuroidea&#44; 9 a Holothuroidea&#44; 7 a Echinoidea y s&#243;lo 3 est&#225;n incluidos en Asteroidea&#46; Dentro de la clase Ophiuroidea&#44; los g&#233;neros <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ophiothrix&#44; Ophiactis&#44; Ophiocoma</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ophioderma</span> est&#225;n representados por 2 especies cada uno&#44; mientras que el resto de los g&#233;neros s&#243;lo se encuentran representados por una especie&#46; Por su parte&#44;<a name="p1152"></a><a name="p1153"></a> el g&#233;nero <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Holothuria</span>&#44; dentro de la clase Holothuroidea est&#225; compuesto de 6 especies en el PNH&#44; mientras que el resto de los g&#233;neros que la conforman &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pentamera&#44; Cucumaria&#44; Isostichopus</span>&#41; s&#243;lo cuentan con una especie en el &#225;rea&#46; Los g&#233;neros incluidos en la clase Asteroidea y Echinoidea se encuentran representados por una sola especie en el PNH&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respecto a la distribuci&#243;n de las especies dentro de los l&#237;mites del parque&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ophiocoma alexandri</span> &#40;13 localidades&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diadema mexicanum</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Eucidaris thouarsii</span> &#40;12 localidades&#41; y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ophiocoma aethiops</span> &#40;11 localidades&#41; son los taxa con mayor distribuci&#243;n&#59; 19 especies se han registrado en entre 2 y 9 localidades&#44; mientras que 9 especies presentan pobre distribuci&#243;n dentro del PNH&#44; al estar solamente en una localidad&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por el n&#250;mero de especies de equinodermos &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Cuadro 2</a>&#41;&#44; Maguey &#40;19 especies&#41; y San Agust&#237;n &#40;17 especies&#41; son las localidades m&#225;s diversas dentro del PNH&#59; seguidas de isla San Agust&#237;n&#44; Riscalillo&#44; Jicaral e isla Cacaluta&#44; mientras que La India &#40;5 especies&#41; y &#243;rgano &#40;4 especies&#41; poseen el menor n&#250;mero de taxa&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comparado con otras ANP de M&#233;xico &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Cuadro 3</a>&#41;&#44; la riqueza de equinodermos &#40;32 especies&#41; se encuentra dentro de las m&#225;s altas del Pac&#237;fico mexicano&#44; s&#243;lo por detr&#225;s de la riqueza registrada para el Parque Nacional Cabo Pulmo &#40;38 especies&#41;&#46; Comparada con ANP del golfo de M&#233;xico y Caribe mexicano&#44; la riqueza s&#243;lo es menor a la documentada para el Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel &#40;39 especies&#41; y Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano &#40;46 especies&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por su parte&#44; la gr&#225;fica conjunta de diversidad &#40;delta&#43;&#41; y variaci&#243;n de diversidad taxon&#243;mica &#40;lambda&#43;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2B</a>&#41;&#44; sugiere que&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a</span>&#41; la distinci&#243;n taxon&#243;mica del PNH &#40;delta&#43;&#41; posee valores cercanos al promedio de la regi&#243;n&#44; aunque relativamente menores si comparamos su valor con el de la fauna de equinodermos de Panam&#225; &#40;P&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">b</span>&#41; los valores de la variaci&#243;n de la distinci&#243;n taxon&#243;mica &#40;lambda&#43;&#41; son cercanos a los valores promedio de la regi&#243;n y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c</span>&#41; la fauna de equinodermos del PNH se ubica dentro de la regi&#243;n de distinci&#243;n&#47;variaci&#243;n de distinci&#243;n taxon&#243;mica esperada &#40;95&#37; de confianza&#41;&#44; para una diversidad de 30 especies&#46; En resumen&#44; dentro de los confines del PHN se encuentra una fauna de equinodermos que puede&#44; sin lugar a dudas&#44; considerarse taxon&#243;micamente representativa de la fauna de equinodermos del Pac&#237;fico oriental tropical&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Peces&#46;</span> Dentro de los l&#237;mites del PNH fueron registradas 150 especies de peces &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Cuadro 1</a>&#41;&#46; De ellos&#44; 11 pertenecen a la clase Elasmobranchii y 139 a la clase Actinopterygii&#46; Excepto por el g&#233;nero <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Urotrygon</span> que se encuentra representado por 2 especies&#44; el resto de los g&#233;neros de la clase Elasmobranchii est&#225;n representados por una sola&#46; En cuanto a la clase Actinopterygii&#44; los g&#233;neros <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Caranx</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lutjanus</span> est&#225;n representados por 6 especies&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Haemulon</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Halichoeres</span> por 5 especies y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Scarus</span> por 4 especies&#59; por su parte&#44; 5 g&#233;neros est&#225;n representados por 3 especies&#44; 14 g&#233;neros por 2 especies y 67 g&#233;neros poseen solamente una especie dentro de los l&#237;mites del PNH&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respecto a la distribuci&#243;n de las especies dentro de los l&#237;mites del parque&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cirrhitus rivulatus&#44; Stegastes acapulcoensis</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bodianus diplotaenia</span><a name="p1154"></a> destacan por estar en la totalidad de las localidades muestreadas&#46; Adem&#225;s de estas especies&#44; 20 taxa m&#225;s habitan en m&#225;s de 10 localidades del parque&#44; 33 especies han sido registradas en entre 6-9 localidades&#44; mientras que la mayor&#237;a de las especies &#40;94&#41;&#44; han sido documentadas en menos de 5 localidades dentro de los l&#237;mites del PNH&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por el n&#250;mero de especies de peces que las componen &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Cuadro 2</a>&#41;&#44; San Agust&#237;n &#40;89 especies&#41;&#44; isla Cacaluta &#40;88 especies&#41; y Jicaral &#40;80 especies&#41; son las localidades m&#225;s diversas dentro del PNH&#59; le siguen 8 localidades en donde se ha registrado una riqueza de entre 60 y 40 especies de peces&#59; finalmente&#44; en La India &#40;34 especies&#41; y en La Prima &#40;33 especies&#41; se ha registrado el menor n&#250;mero de especies de peces dentro del parque&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comparado con otras ANP localizadas en el Pac&#237;fico mexicano &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Cuadro 3</a>&#41;&#44; la riqueza de peces &#40;150 especies&#41; se encuentra por debajo de la riqueza registrada para la Reserva de la Biosfera Islas Mar&#237;as &#40;318 especies&#41;&#44; Reserva de la Biosfera Archipi&#233;lago Revillagigedo &#40;282 especies&#41; y Parque Nacional Cabo Pulmo &#40;236 especies&#41;&#59; sin embargo&#44; se encuentra por arriba de la riqueza registrada para el Parque Nacional Isla Isabel &#40;137 especies&#41;&#44; Parque Nacional Islas Marietas &#40;115 especies&#41; y el Santuario Bah&#237;a Chamela &#40;111 especies&#41;&#46; Comparada con las ANP del golfo de M&#233;xico y Caribe mexicano&#44; la riqueza s&#243;lo es mayor a aquella documentada para el Parque Marino Nacional Costa Occidental de Isla Mujeres&#44; Punta Canc&#250;n y Punta Nizuc &#40;108 especies&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En cuanto a la representatividad de la comunidad de peces del PNH respecto a la fauna del Pac&#237;fico oriental&#44; la gr&#225;fica conjunta de diversidad &#40;delta&#43;&#41; y variaci&#243;n de diversidad taxon&#243;mica &#40;lambda&#43;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2C</a>&#41;&#44; sugiere que&#58; a&#41; la distinci&#243;n taxon&#243;mica del PNH &#40;delta&#43;&#41; posee el valor m&#225;s bajo de la regi&#243;n &#40;61&#46;3&#41;&#44; aunque se encuentra muy cercano al resto de las &#225;reas incluidas &#40;62&#46;2&#8211;66&#46;5&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">b</span>&#41; los valores de la variaci&#243;n de la diversidad taxon&#243;mica &#40;166&#46;4&#44; lambda&#43;&#41; son cercanos a los valores promedio de la regi&#243;n &#40;141&#46;1&#8211;184&#46;3&#41; y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c</span>&#41; la fauna de peces del PNH se ubica dentro de la regi&#243;n de distinci&#243;n&#47;variaci&#243;n de distinci&#243;n taxon&#243;mica esperada &#40;95&#37; de confianza&#41;&#44; para una riqueza de 50&#8211;60 especies&#44; aunque por fuera de la esperada para una riqueza de 150 especies &#40;62&#46;2&#8211;67&#46;1&#41;&#46; As&#237;&#44; el PNH alberga una fauna de peces que posee una distinci&#243;n&#47;variaci&#243;n de la distinci&#243;n taxon&#243;mica menor que la esperada para un &#225;rea que posee una riqueza de peces relativamente elevada &#40;150 especies&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A poco m&#225;s de 15 a&#241;os del decreto de Huatulco como ANP &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Conanp&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#44; mucho se ha avanzado en el conocimiento de la biodiversidad marina del parque&#46; El primer recuento de la diversidad de la porci&#243;n marina del PNH apareci&#243; en el Programa de Manejo &#40;PM&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Conanp&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#46; En dicho documento&#44; se da cuenta de la presencia de 8 especies de corales constructores de arrecife y 121 especies de peces&#46; Respecto a corales&#44; la presente contribuci&#243;n reconoce 2 especies m&#225;s &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pocillopora effusus&#44; Pavona varians</span>&#41;&#46; En cuanto a peces&#44; muchas de las especies reconocidas en el PM del parque &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Conanp&#44; 2003</a>&#41; son inv&#225;lidas &#40;49 especies&#41;&#44; su distribuci&#243;n es err&#243;neamente asignada al parque &#40;habitan el golfo de M&#233;xico&#59; 7 especies&#41;&#44; habitan ambientes dulceacu&#237;colas &#40;9 especies&#41;&#44; o se trata de especies cuyo registro no ha sido confirmado dentro de los l&#237;mites del PNH&#59; por ejemplo&#44; tibur&#243;n toro&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Carcharhinus leucas&#46;</span> Aunado a lo anterior&#44; recientes publicaciones han hecho un recuento de la riqueza de especies para algunas localidades dentro del parque &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350">Ram&#237;rez-Guti&#233;rrez et al&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">L&#243;pez-P&#233;rez et al&#46;&#44; 2008</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">L&#243;pez-P&#233;rez et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">Ju&#225;rez-Hern&#225;ndez et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#44; lo cual ha incrementado sustancialmente el conocimiento de la misma dentro de los l&#237;mites del PNH&#46; Teniendo esto en consideraci&#243;n&#44; la presente contribuci&#243;n incrementa en 25&#37; la riqueza de especies de corales&#44; mientras que lo hace en &#8764; 34&#37; respecto al grupo de los peces &#8212;considerando s&#243;lo especies v&#225;lidas de recuentos previos&#8212;&#46; Menci&#243;n aparte merece el grupo de los equinodermos&#44; en tanto que ninguna especie fue documentada en el PM del PNH &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Conanp&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#44; de tal forma que las 32 especies de equinodermos aqu&#237; incluidas representan una contribuci&#243;n importante a la diversidad marina del parque&#46; Adem&#225;s de las adiciones al recuento de la biodiversidad arriba se&#241;aladas&#44; estudios recientes indican que los avances no se restringen a corales&#44; equinodermos y peces&#44; sino que&#44; adem&#225;s&#44; se ha avanzado sustantivamente respecto a crust&#225;ceos&#44; poliquetos&#44; moluscos y algas &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395">Reyes-G&#243;mez et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420">Ruiz-Cancino et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Bastida-Zavala y Guevara-Cruz&#44; 2012</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Garc&#237;a-Madrigal et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Cort&#233;s-Carrasco y Garc&#237;a-Madrigal&#44; 2013</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">Hern&#225;ndez et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">Jarqu&#237;n-Gonz&#225;lez y Garc&#237;a-Madrigal&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El reciente avance en el conocimiento de la biodiversidad marina del PNH y la velocidad a la que nuevos registros y especies &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">Garc&#237;a-Madrigal&#44; 2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">Jarqu&#237;n-Gonz&#225;lez y Garc&#237;a-Madrigal&#44; 2013</a>&#41; se est&#225;n adicionando en la zona&#44; sugiere que el inventario de la fauna marina tanto de invertebrados como vertebrados no est&#225; completo y se espera que&#44; en un futuro&#44; el n&#250;mero registrado de especies para el &#225;rea se incremente&#46; A la fecha&#44; no se tiene una estimaci&#243;n del vac&#237;o de informaci&#243;n a este respecto&#44; sin embargo&#44; un ejercicio reciente realizado para la costa de Oaxaca sugiere que&#44; dependiendo del grupo taxon&#243;mico&#44; la riqueza esperada podr&#237;a ser 2 o 3 veces mayor a la observada &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300">L&#243;pez-P&#233;rez et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; Si bien&#44; esta estimaci&#243;n debe<a name="p1155"></a> considerarse con cautela&#44; el hecho de que la porci&#243;n marina del parque se encuentre inmersa en la provincia Pan&#225;mica de biodiversidad y endemismo caracter&#237;sticos &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Briggs y Bowen&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#44; incrementa la probabilidad de que la diversidad del PNH pudiera ser mayor&#46; A este respecto&#44; de acuerdo con los patrones de circulaci&#243;n oce&#225;nica imperante en la costa del Pac&#237;fico americano &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">Kessler&#44; 2006</a>&#41; y simulaciones num&#233;ricas realizadas para la misma &#225;rea &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">Lara-Hern&#225;ndez&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#44; existe la posibilidad de que especies que actualmente habitan al noroeste del PNH pudieran distribuirse en todo el parque&#46; No obstante&#44; las principales especies que son candidatas a ser encontradas en el PNH son aquellos invertebrados y vertebrados que han sido reconocidos en aguas someras tropicales de Centro Am&#233;rica &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">Lara-Hern&#225;ndez&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#59; ejemplos en este sentido ya han sido registrados para el caso de corales &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">Leyte-Morales et al&#46;&#44; 2001</a>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Leptoseris papyracea</span>&#41;&#44; equinodermos &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">Granja-Fern&#225;ndez et al&#46;&#44; 2013b</a>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Euapta godeffroyi</span>&#41; y peces &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455">Zepeta-Vilchis et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Opistognathus panamaensis</span>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De acuerdo con el n&#250;mero de especies por grupo taxon&#243;mico con que se cuenta &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Cuadro 3</a>&#41;&#44; la porci&#243;n marina del PNH posee una diversidad media&#47;baja que la ubica a medio camino entre aquellas ANP poco diversas localizadas en el Pac&#237;fico central mexicano &#40;Parque Nacional Isla Isabel&#44; Parque Nacional Islas Marietas&#44; Santuario Bah&#237;a Chamela&#41;&#44; y ANP insulares m&#225;s ricas en especies localizadas en el Pac&#237;fico mexicano &#40;archipi&#233;lago Revillagigedo&#44; islas Mar&#237;as&#41;&#44; Caribe y golfo de M&#233;xico &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Cuadro 3</a>&#41;&#46; En un futuro&#44; sin embargo&#44; esta posici&#243;n podr&#237;a cambiar conforme se avance en el estudio de la diversidad de la porci&#243;n marina del PNH&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La importancia num&#233;rica que el PNH &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Cuadro 3</a>&#41; reviste para la preservaci&#243;n de la biodiversidad de la regi&#243;n est&#225;&#44; en cierta medida&#44; desacoplada de la representatividad taxon&#243;mica de la misma respecto a la fauna de aguas someras del Pac&#237;fico tropical americano &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Para el caso de equinodermos&#44; el Parque Nacional Huatulco cumple en proteger un n&#250;mero importante y taxon&#243;micamente representativo de especies de la zona tropical del Pac&#237;fico oriental &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2B</a>&#41;&#46; Respecto a corales y peces&#44; este criterio est&#225; lejos de cumplirse &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figs&#46; 2A&#44; C</a>&#41;&#46; Si para cada grupo taxon&#243;mico &#40;corales&#44; peces&#41; comparamos la riqueza de especies por localidad&#44; con cualquier otra localidad en el Pac&#237;fico mexicano &#40;corales&#58; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Ketchum y Reyes-Bonilla&#44; 1997</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370">Reyes-Bonilla y Leyte-Morales&#44; 1998</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345">P&#233;rez-Vivar et al&#46;&#44; 2006</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380">Reyes-Bonilla y L&#243;pez-P&#233;rez&#44; 2009</a>&#59; peces&#58; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">&#193;lvarez-Filip et al&#46;&#44; 2006</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Galv&#225;n-Villa et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41; o Centro Am&#233;rica &#40;corales&#58; Nicaragua&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Alvarado et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#59; Ecuador&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Glynn&#44; 2003</a>&#59; Costa Rica&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Cort&#233;s y Jim&#233;nez&#44; 2003</a>&#59; Panam&#225;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310">Mat&#233;&#44; 2003</a>&#59; El Salvador&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360">Reyes-Bonilla y Barraza&#44; 2003</a>&#59; Colombia&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450">Zapata y Vargas-&#193;ngel&#44; 2003</a>&#59; peces&#58; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Benfield et al&#46;&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#44; notar&#237;amos que su n&#250;mero es cercanamente similar&#44; por lo que podr&#237;amos reconocer que el PNH acierta en conservar niveles adecuados de riqueza de corales y peces en la regi&#243;n&#46; Para ambos grupos &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figs&#46; 2A&#44; C</a>&#41;&#44; sin embargo&#44; el PNH falla en conservar una porci&#243;n taxon&#243;micamente representativa de la fauna del Pac&#237;fico americano&#44; en tanto que protege mayoritariamente especies que se encuentran filogen&#233;ticamente relacionadas &#40;i&#46; e&#46;&#44; que pertenecen a los mismos grupos supraespec&#237;ficos&#41;&#59; respecto a corales podemos destacar a las especies de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pocillopora</span> spp&#46;&#44; mientras que en peces podemos mencionar a las especies <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Caranx</span> spp&#46;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lutjanus</span> spp&#46;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Haemulon</span> spp&#46;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Halichoeres</span> spp&#46;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Scarus</span> spp&#46; Por consiguiente&#44; podemos decir que la fauna de corales y peces del PNH es taxon&#243;micamente pobre respecto a la fauna del Pac&#237;fico oriental tropical desde el punto de vista de su diversidad taxon&#243;mica &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sensu</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Clarke y Warwick&#44; 2001</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Esta falla en el dise&#241;o &#40;i&#46; e&#46;&#44; delimitaci&#243;n&#41; de la porci&#243;n marina del PNH hab&#237;a sido previamente reconocida por <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">L&#243;pez-P&#233;rez y L&#243;pez-Garc&#237;a &#40;2008&#41;</a>&#44; quienes refirieron que la sola inclusi&#243;n de bah&#237;a La Entrega al parque&#44; localidad aleda&#241;a a la porci&#243;n este del mismo&#44; incrementar&#237;a en 4 el n&#250;mero de especies protegidas en la regi&#243;n &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pocillopora inflata&#44; Psammocora stellata&#44; L&#46; papyracea&#44; Fungia curvata</span>&#41;&#44; adem&#225;s de que convertir&#237;a al parque en una de las ANP con mayor representatividad y diversidad taxon&#243;mica de corales del Pac&#237;fico americano&#46; Una situaci&#243;n similar ocurre respecto al grupo de los peces&#44; pues en La Entrega se han registrado muchas m&#225;s especies &#40;103&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">L&#243;pez-P&#233;rez et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41; que en cualquier otra localidad dentro de los l&#237;mites del parque&#44; adem&#225;s de que muchas de ellas&#59; por ejemplo&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Chaenopsis coheni&#44; Hyporhamphus rosae&#44; Katsuwonus pelamis</span>&#59; no han sido registradas dentro del mismo&#46; Por otro lado&#44; y solamente considerando a los corales constructores de arrecifes&#44; el actual dise&#241;o de la ANP impacta seriamente la conectividad de especies en la regi&#243;n&#44; pues las poblaciones de La Entrega representan el l&#237;mite de distribuci&#243;n m&#225;s al norte de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; inflata</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">L&#46; papyracea</span>&#44; adem&#225;s de que posee a las &#250;nicas poblaciones en todo el Pac&#237;fico tropical mexicano de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; stellata</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; curvata&#46;</span> As&#237;&#44; en ausencia de un instrumento de conservaci&#243;n que incluya a La Entrega un manejo adecuado de la misma&#44; se vuelve necesario&#59; en particular&#44; ante el intenso uso tur&#237;stico y las ominosas se&#241;ales de deterioro del &#225;rea &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">L&#243;pez-P&#233;rez y Hern&#225;ndez-Ballesteros&#44; 2004</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finalmente&#44; el adecuado manejo del Parque Nacional Huatulco deber&#237;a ser considerado como estrat&#233;gico para el mantenimiento de las comunidades marinas someras del sur &#40;Guerrero&#44; Oaxaca&#44; Chiapas&#41; y centro &#40;Jalisco&#44; Colima&#44; Michoac&#225;n&#41; del Pac&#237;fico mexicano&#44; pues representa la entrada de especies provenientes de<a name="p1156"></a> Am&#233;rica Central &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375">Reyes-Bonilla y L&#243;pez-P&#233;rez&#44; 1998</a>&#41;&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; en ausencia de otra ANP marina en el Pac&#237;fico sur mexicano&#44; la importancia biogeogr&#225;fica del parque es relevante en tanto se trata del &#250;nico reservorio de especies de la provincia Pan&#225;mica&#44; con alg&#250;n estatus de protecci&#243;n&#44; en el Pac&#237;fico mexicano&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2014-01-09"
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          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "biodiversidad"
            1 => "invertebrados"
            2 => "peces"
            3 => "Pac&#237;fico sur mexicano"
            4 => "&#225;reas naturales protegidas"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
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            1 => "invertebrates"
            2 => "fish"
            3 => "Southern Mexican Pacific"
            4 => "Protected Areas"
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Producto de la revisi&#243;n de literatura cient&#237;fica especializada&#44; visitas a colecciones de referencia y trabajo de campo&#44; se presenta el listado de corales p&#233;treos &#40;10 especies&#41;&#44; equinodermos &#40;32 especies&#41; y peces &#40;150 especies&#41; que habitan el Parque Nacional Huatulco &#40;PNH&#41;&#46; Las 192 especies aqu&#237; registradas representan un incremento de &#8764; 66&#46;9&#37; respecto a estudios previos&#46; En cuanto a otras &#225;reas naturales protegidas &#40;ANP&#41; en M&#233;xico&#44; el PNH alberga una riqueza de especies mayor con relaci&#243;n a las ANP localizadas en el Pac&#237;fico central mexicano&#44; aunque debajo de aquella presente en ANP del Caribe y golfo de M&#233;xico&#46; De acuerdo con el an&#225;lisis de diversidad y variaci&#243;n de la diversidad taxon&#243;mica&#44; la representatividad taxon&#243;mica de corales y peces del PNH es baja respecto a la fauna de aguas someras del Pac&#237;fico tropical americano&#44; en tanto que protege mayoritariamente especies que se encuentran filogen&#233;ticamente relacionadas&#44; por lo que es taxon&#243;micamente poco diversa&#46; El manejo del PNH es estrat&#233;gico para el mantenimiento de las comunidades marinas costeras del sur y centro del Pac&#237;fico mexicano&#44; pues representa la entrada de especies provenientes de Am&#233;rica Central&#44; adem&#225;s de ser el &#250;nico reservorio protegido de especies de la provincia Pan&#225;mica en el Pac&#237;fico mexicano&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">As a result of literature review&#44; collection visit and field work we compile the systematic list of stony corals &#40;10 species&#41;&#44; echinoderms &#40;32 species&#41; and fish &#40;150 species&#41; that inhabit the Parque Nacional Huatulco &#40;PNH&#41;&#46; The number of reported species &#40;191&#41; represents an increase &#8764; 66&#46;9&#37; respect to previous studies&#46; Respect to other Protected Areas &#40;PA&#41; in Mexico&#44; the PNH harbors larger species richness than PA located in the Central Mexican Pacific&#44; but below the richness recorded in PA located in the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico&#46; Although the PNH harbors a relatively large number of species&#44; the taxonomic diversity of stony corals and fish is lower than expected since only protects taxonomically related species&#44; therefore is taxonomically impoverished regarding the tropical eastern Pacific fauna&#46; The management of the PNH is strategic for the maintenance of the shallow marine communities from western Mexico&#44; since it guarantees the entrance of species from Central America to the Mexican Pacific&#44; but also because the PNH is the only protected reservoir of species from the Panamic Province in the entire Mexican Pacific&#46;<a name="p1146"></a></p></span>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ubicaci&#243;n del Parque Nacional Huatulco&#44; Oaxaca&#44; en el Pac&#237;fico mexicano&#46; La l&#237;nea punteada representa el l&#237;mite del parque&#46; 1&#61; San Agust&#237;n&#44; 2&#61; isla San Agust&#237;n&#44; 3&#61; Riscalillo&#44; 4&#61; Jicaral&#44; 5&#61; Dos Hermanas&#44; 6&#61; La Prima&#44; 7&#61; La India&#44; 8&#61; Pomelo&#44; 9&#61; Copal&#44; 10&#61; isla Cacaluta&#44; 11&#61; Maguey&#44; 12&#61; &#211;rgano&#44; 13&#61; Viol&#237;n&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Regiones con una probabilidad de 95&#37; para pares de diversidad &#40;delta&#43;&#41; y variaci&#243;n de la diversidad taxon&#243;mica &#40;lambda&#43;&#41;&#46; A&#44; corales p&#233;treos&#59; B&#44; equinodermos&#59; C&#44; peces&#46; Elipses&#61; subgrupos de 10 &#40;A&#41;&#44; 30 &#40;B&#41;&#44; 150 &#40;C&#41; especies&#46; Los valores observados &#40;delta&#43;&#44; lambda&#43;&#41; para cada localidad se encuentran superpuestos&#46; PNH&#61; Parque Nacional Huatulco&#44; ES&#61; El Salvador&#44; N&#61; Nicaragua&#44; CHI&#61; Chile&#44; GT&#61; golfo de Tehuantepec&#44; P&#61; Panam&#225;&#44; PCM&#61; Pac&#237;fico central mexicano&#44; GAL&#61; islas Gal&#225;pagos&#44; OAX&#61; Oaxaca&#44; CHIS&#61; Chiapas&#44; EC&#61; Ecuador&#44; COL&#61; Colombia&#44; GRO&#61; Guerrero&#46; Note las diferencias de escala &#40;delta&#43;&#44; lambda&#43;&#41; en cada caso&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Phylum Cnidaria Hatschek&#44; 1888&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Clase Anthozoa Ehrenberg&#44; 1834&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Subclase Hexacorallia Haeckel&#44; 1866&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Orden Scleractinia Bourne&#44; 1900&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Suborden Astrocoeniina Vaughan y Wells&#44; 1943&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Pocilloporidae Gray&#44; 1842&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pocillopora capitata</span> Verrill&#44; 1864 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;7&#44;8&#44;10&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pocillopora damicornis</span> &#40;Linnaeus&#44; 1758&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;7&#44;8&#44;10&#44;11&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pocillopora effusus</span> Veron&#44; 2000&#42; 3&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pocillopora eydouxi</span> Milne-Edwards y Haime&#44; 1860 2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;6&#44;10&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pocillopora meandrina</span> Dana&#44; 1846 2&#44;3&#44;5&#44;6&#44;8&#44;10&#44;11&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pocillopora verrucosa</span> &#40;Ellis y Solander&#44; 1786&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;7&#44;8&#44;10&#44;11&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Suborden Fungiina Verrill&#44; 1865&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Agariciidae Gray&#44; 1847&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pavona clavus</span> &#40;Dana&#44; 1846&#41; 5&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pavona gigantea</span> Verrill&#44; 1869 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;7&#44;8&#44;10&#44;11&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pavona varians</span> Verrill&#44; 1964&#42; 5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Poritidae Gray&#44; 1842&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Porites panamensis</span> Verrill&#44; 1866 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;7&#44;8&#44;10&#44;11&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Phylum Echinodermata Brugi&#233;re&#44; 1791&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Clase Asteroidea Blainville&#44; 1830&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Orden Valvatida Perrier&#44; 1884&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Asteropseidae Hotchkiss y A&#46; M&#46; Clark&#44; 1976&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Asteropsis carinifera</span> &#40;Lamarck&#44; 1816&#41;&#42; 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Ophidiasteridae Verrill&#44; 1870&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pharia pyramidatus</span> &#40;Gray&#44; 1840&#41;&#42; 2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;6&#44;8&#44;10&#44;11&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phataria unifascialis</span> &#40;Gray&#44; 1840&#41;&#42; 2&#44;3&#44;5&#44;6&#44;8&#44;10&#44;11&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Clase Ophiuroidea Gray&#44; 1840&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Orden Ophiurida M&#252;ller y Troschel&#44; 1840&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Amphiuridae Ljungman&#44; 1867&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Amphipholis squamata</span> &#40;Delle Chiaje&#44; 1828&#41; 1&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ophiocnida hispida</span> &#40;Le Conte&#44; 1851&#41; 12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Ophiotrichidae Ljungman&#44; 1867&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ophiothrix &#40;Ophiothrix&#41; rudis</span> Lyman&#44; 1874 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ophiothrix &#40;Ophiothrix&#41; spiculata</span> Le Conte&#44; 1851 1&#44;4&#44;5&#44;10&#44;11&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ophiothela mirabilis</span> Verrill&#44; 1867 1&#44;2&#44;10&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Ophiactidae Matsumoto&#44; 1915&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ophiactis savignyi</span> &#40;M&#252;ller y Troschel&#44; 1842&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;4&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ophiactis simplex</span> &#40;Le Conte&#44; 1851&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;4&#44;10&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Ophionereididae Ljungman&#44; 1867&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ophionereis annulata</span> &#40;Le Conte&#44; 1851&#41; 1&#44;5&#44;8&#44;10&#44;11&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Ophiocomidae Ljungman&#44; 1867&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ophiocoma aethiops</span> L&#252;tken&#44; 1859 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;8&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ophiocoma alexandri</span> Lyman&#44; 1860 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;7&#44;8&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Ophiodermatidae Ljungman&#44; 1867&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ophioderma panamensis</span> L&#252;tken&#44; 1859 5&#44;6&#44;11&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ophioderma teres</span> &#40;Lyman&#44; 1860&#41; 5&#44;6&#44;9&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Ophiolepididae Ljungman&#44; 1867&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ophiolepis pacifica</span> L&#252;tken&#44; 1856 1&#44;3&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Clase Echinoidea Leske&#44; 1778&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Orden Cidaroida Claus&#44; 1880&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Cidaridae Gray&#44; 1825&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Eucidaris thouarsii</span> L&#46; Agassiz y Desor&#44; 1846&#42; 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;7&#44;8&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hesperocidaris asteriscus</span> H&#46; L&#46; Clark&#44; 1948&#42; 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Orden Diadematoida Duncan&#44; 1889&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Diadematidae Gray&#44; 1855&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centrostephanus coronatus</span> &#40;Verrill&#44; 1867&#41;&#42; 1&#44;3&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diadema mexicanum</span> A&#46; Agassiz&#44; 1863 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;7&#44;8&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Orden Camarodonta Jackson&#44; 1912&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Echinometridae Gray&#44; 1855&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinometra vanbrunti</span> A&#46; Agassiz&#44; 1863&#42; 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;7&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Toxopneustidae Troschel&#44; 1872&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toxopneustes roseus</span> &#40;A&#46; Agassiz&#44; 1863&#41;&#42; 2&#44;3&#44;5&#44;6&#44;8&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tripneustes depressus</span> A&#46; Agassiz&#44; 1863&#42; 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Clase Holothuroidea Blainville&#44; 1834&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Orden Dendrochirotida Grube&#44; 1840&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Phyllophoridae &#214;stergren&#44; 1907&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pentamera chierchiae</span> &#40;Ludwig&#44; 1887&#41;&#42; 10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Cucumariidae Ludwig&#44; 1894&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cucumaria flamma</span> Sol&#237;s-Mar&#237;n y Laguarda-Figueras&#44; 1999&#42; 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Orden Aspidochirotida Grube&#44; 1840&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Holothuriidae Ludwig&#44; 1894&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Holothuria &#40;Halodeima&#41; kefersteini</span> &#40;Selenka&#44; 1867&#41;&#42; 2&#44;3&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Holothuria &#40;Mertensiothuria&#41; hilla</span> Lesson&#44; 1830&#42; 11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Holothuria &#40;Platyperona&#41; difficilis</span> Semper&#44; 1868&#42; 4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Holothuria &#40;Selenkothuria&#41; lubrica</span> Selenka&#44; 1867&#42; 11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Holothuria &#40;Semperothuria&#41; imitans</span> Ludwig&#44; 1875&#42; 4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Holothuria &#40;Thymiosycia&#41; impatiens</span> &#40;Forsk&#229;l&#44; 1775&#41;&#42; 1&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Stichopodidae Haeckel&#44; 1896&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Isostichopus fuscus</span> &#40;Ludwig&#44; 1875&#41;&#42; 2&#44;7&#44;8&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Phylum Vertebrata Cuvier&#44; 1812&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Clase Elasmobranchii Bonaparte&#44; 1838&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Orden Orectolobiformes Compagno&#44; 1973&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Ginglymostomatidae Gill&#44; 1862&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ginglymostoma cirratum</span> &#40;Bonnaterre&#44; 1788&#41; 5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Orden Torpediniformes Buen&#44; 1926&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Narcinidae Gill&#44; 1862&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diplobatis ommata</span> &#40;Jordan y Gilbert&#44; 1890&#41;&#42; 1&#44;11&#44;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Orden Rajiformes Berg&#44; 1940&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Rhinobatidae M&#252;ller y Henle&#44; 1837&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhinobatos prahli</span> Acero y Franke&#44; 1995&#42; 11&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zapteryx xyster</span> Jordan y Evermann&#44; 1896&#42; 1&#44;11&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Orden Myliobatiformes Compagno&#44; 1973&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Dasyatidae Jordan&#44; 1888&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dasyatis dipterura</span> &#40;Jordan y Gilbert&#44; 1880&#41;&#42; 10&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dasyatis longa</span> &#40;Garman&#44; 1880&#41;&#42; 12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Gymnuridae Fowler&#44; 1934&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gymnura marmorata</span> &#40;Cooper&#44; 1864&#41; 11&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Myliobatidae Bonaparte&#44; 1838&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aetobatus narinari</span> &#40;Euphrasen&#44; 1790&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;5&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Urolophidae M&#252;ller y Henle&#44; 1841&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Urobatis concentricus</span> Osburn y Nichols&#44; 1916 10&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Urobatis halleri</span> Cooper&#44; 1863&#42; 10&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Urotrygonidae McEachran&#44; Dunn y Miyake&#44; 1996&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Urotrygon chilensis</span> &#40;G&#252;nther&#44; 1872&#41;&#42; 11&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Urotrygon rogersi</span> &#40;Jordan y Starks&#44; 1895&#41;&#42; 1&#44;11&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Clase Actinopterygii Klein&#44; 1885&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Orden Anguilliformes Regan&#44; 1909&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Muraenidae G&#252;nther&#44; 1870&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echidna nebulosa</span> &#40;Ahl&#44; 1789&#41; 5&#44;7&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echidna nocturna</span> &#40;Cope&#44; 1872&#41;&#42; 4&#44;8&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gymnomuraena zebra</span> &#40;Shaw&#44; 1797&#41; 1&#44;3&#44;5&#44;9&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gymnothorax castaneus</span> &#40;Jordan y Gilbert&#44; 1883&#41; 1&#44;4&#44;6&#44;8&#44;9&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gymnothorax panamensis</span> &#40;Steindachner&#44; 1876&#41;&#42; 8&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Muraena lentiginosa</span> Jenyns&#44; 1842 1&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Ophichthidae Jordan y Evermann&#44; 1896&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Myrichthys tigrinus</span> Girard&#44; 1859 1&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phaenomonas pinnata</span> Myers y Wade&#44; 1941&#42; 8&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Congridae Kaup&#44; 1856&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Paraconger californiensis</span> Kanazawa&#44; 1961&#42; 9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Orden Clupeiformes Bleeker&#44; 1959&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Clupeidae Cuvier&#44; 1817&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Harengula thrissina</span> &#40;Jordan y Gilbert&#44; 1882&#41;&#42; 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sardinops sagax</span> &#40;Jenyns&#44; 1842&#41; 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Orden Aulopiformes Rosen&#44; 1973&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Synodontidae Gill&#44; 1872&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Synodus lacertinus</span> Gilbert&#44; 1890 1&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Synodus sechurae</span> Hildebrand&#44; 1946 1&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Clase Actinopteri&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Orden Cyprinodontiformes Berg&#44; 1940&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Belonidae Gill&#44; 1832&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Platybelone argalus argalus</span> &#40;Lesueur&#44; 1821&#41; 1&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tylosurus pacificus</span> &#40;Steindachner&#44; 1876&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;4&#44;5&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Orden Beloniformes Berg&#44; 1940&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Hemiramphidae Gill&#44; 1859&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Oxyporhamphus micropterus micropterus</span> &#40;Valenciennes&#44; 1847&#41;&#42; 3&#44;5&#44;8&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hemiramphus saltator</span> Gilbert y Starks&#44; 1904 1&#44;10&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Orden Beryciformes Regan&#44; 1909&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Holocentridae Richardson&#44; 1846&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Myripristis leiognathus</span> Valenciennes&#44; 1846 1&#44;3&#44;6&#44;8&#44;10&#44;11&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sargocentron suborbitalis</span> &#40;Gill&#44; 1863&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;10&#44;11&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Orden Syngnathiformes Berg&#44; 1940&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Aulostomidae Ranfinesque&#44; 1815&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aulostomus chinensis</span> &#40;Linnaeus&#44; 1766&#41;&#42; 9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Fistulariidae Blainville&#44; 1818&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fistularia commersonii</span> R&#252;ppell&#44; 1838 1&#44;3&#44;4&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Syngnathidae Bonaparte&#44; 1831&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hippocampus ingens</span> Girard&#44; 1858 1&#44;3&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Orden Scorpaeniformes Garman&#44; 1899&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Scorpaenidae Risso&#44; 1827&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Scorpaena histrio</span> Jenyns&#44; 1840&#42; 6&#44;7&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Scorpaena mystes</span> Jordan y Starks&#44; 1895 3&#44;8&#44;9&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Scorpaenodes xyris</span> &#40;Jordan y Gilbert&#44; 1882&#41;&#42; 2&#44;4&#44;8&#44;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Orden Perciformes Bleeker&#44; 1859&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Serranidae Swainson&#44; 1839&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Alphestes immaculatus</span> Breder&#44; 1936 3&#44;4&#44;9&#44;11&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cephalopholis panamensis</span> &#40;Steindachner&#44; 1876&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;8&#44;10&#44;11&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dermatolepis dermatolepis</span> &#40;Boulenger&#44; 1895&#41; 1&#44;3&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Epinephelus analogus</span> Gill&#44; 1863&#42; 2&#44;8&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Epinephelus itajara</span> &#40;Lichtenstein&#44; 1822&#41; 3&#44;5&#44;7&#44;9&#44;10&#44;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Epinephelus labriformis</span> &#40;Jenyns&#44; 1840&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;8&#44;10&#44;11&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycteroperca xenarcha</span> Jordan&#44; 1888&#42; 1&#44;3&#44;5&#44;8&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Paranthias colonus</span> &#40;Valenciennes&#44; 1846&#41;&#42; 3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;8&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rypticus bicolor</span> Valenciennes&#44; 1846 3&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Serranus psittacinus</span> Valenciennes&#44; 1846 1&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;10&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Opistognathidae Cuvier&#44; 1816&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Opistognathus rosenblatti</span> Allen y Robertson&#44; 1991&#42; 5&#44;7&#44;8&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Opistognathus panamaensis</span> Allen y Robertson&#44; 1991 3&#44;5&#44;10&#44;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Kuhliidae Gill&#44; 1972&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Kuhlia mugil</span> &#40;Forster&#44; 1801&#41;&#42; 4&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Apogonidae Jordan y Gilbert&#44; 1882&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Apogon atricaudus</span> Jordan y McGregor&#44; 1898&#42; 4&#44;7&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Apogon pacificus</span> &#40;Herre&#44; 1935&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;4&#44;5&#44;8&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Apogon retrosella</span> &#40;Gill&#44; 1862&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;10&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Carangidae Rafinesque&#44; 1815&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Caranx caballus</span> G&#252;nther&#44; 1868 1&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;8&#44;10&#44;11&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Caranx caninus</span> G&#252;nther&#44; 1867 1&#44;4&#44;7&#44;8&#44;11&#44;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Caranx lugubris</span> Poey&#44; 1860&#42; 1&#44;6&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Caranx melampygus</span> Cuvier&#44; 1833&#42; 2&#44;4&#44;7&#44;9&#44;10&#44;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Caranx sexfasciatus</span> Quoy y Gaimard&#44; 1825&#42; 1&#44;3&#44;4&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Caranx vinctus</span> Jordan y Gilbert&#44; 1882&#42; 12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Elagatis bipinnulata</span> &#40;Quoy y Gaimard&#44; 1825&#41; 1&#44;4&#44;6&#44;7&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Naucrates ductor</span> &#40;Linnaeus&#44; 1758&#41;&#42; 2&#44;7&#44;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Selar crumenophthalmus</span> &#40;Bloch&#44; 1793&#41; 1&#44;6&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Seriola rivoliana</span> Valenciennes&#44; 1833 1&#44;4&#44;9&#44;11&#44;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trachinotus rhodopus</span> Gill&#44; 1863 1&#44;2&#44;4&#44;5&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Nematistiidae Gill&#44; 1862&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nematistius pectoralis</span> Gill&#44; 1862&#42; 8&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Lutjanidae Springer y Raasch&#44; 1995&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hoplopagrus guentherii</span> Gill&#44; 1862&#42; 3&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lutjanus argentiventris</span> &#40;Peters&#44; 1869&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;7&#44;8&#44;10&#44;11&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lutjanus guttatus</span> &#40;Steindachner&#44; 1869&#41;&#42; 1&#44;3&#44;8&#44;9&#44;10&#44;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lutjanus inermis</span> &#40;Peters&#44; 1869&#41;&#42; 8&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lutjanus jordani</span> &#40;Gilbert&#44; 1898&#41;&#42; 9&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lutjanus novemfasciatus</span> Gill&#44; 1862&#42; 2&#44;4&#44;8&#44;9&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lutjanus viridis</span> &#40;Valenciennes&#44; 1846&#41;&#42; 3&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Gerreidae Gill&#44; 1972&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Eucinostomus currani</span> Zahuranec&#44; 1980 1&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gerres cinereus</span> &#40;Walbaum&#44; 1792&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Haemulidae Richarson&#44; 1848&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Haemulon flaviguttatum</span> Gill&#44; 1862 5&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Haemulon maculicauda</span> &#40;Gill&#44; 1862&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;8&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Haemulon scudderii</span> Gill&#44; 1862 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;8&#44;10&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Haemulon sexfasciatum</span> Gill&#44; 1862 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;8&#44;10&#44;11&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Haemulon steindachneri</span> &#40;Jordan y Gilbert&#44; 1882&#41; 1&#44;3&#44;4&#44;7&#44;10&#44;11&#44;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Anisotremus interruptus</span> &#40;Gill&#44; 1862&#41;&#42; 4&#44;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Sparidae Bonaparte&#44; 1832&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Calamus brachysomus</span> &#40;Lockington&#44; 1880&#41;&#42; 4&#44;5&#44;9&#44;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Sciaenidae Regan&#44; 1913&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pareques</span> sp&#46; 1&#44;4&#44;5&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pareques fuscovittatus</span> &#40;Kendall y Radcliffe&#44; 1912&#41;&#42; 8&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pareques viola</span> &#40;Gilbert&#44; 1898&#41; 4&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Mullidae G&#252;nther&#44; 1859&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mulloidichthys dentatus</span> &#40;Gill&#44; 1862&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;10&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pseudupeneus grandisquamis</span> &#40;Gill&#44; 1863&#41;&#42; 8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Kyphosidae Gill&#44; 1972&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Kyphosus analogus</span> &#40;Gill&#44; 1862&#41; 1&#44;3&#44;4&#44;6&#44;8&#44;11&#44;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Kyphosus elegans</span> &#40;Peters&#44; 1869&#41; 1&#44;4&#44;5&#44;7&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sectator ocyurus</span> &#40;Jordan y Gilbert&#44; 1882&#41;&#42; 4&#44;9&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Chaetodontidae Bonaparte&#44; 1832&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Chaetodon humeralis</span> G&#252;nther&#44; 1860 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;10&#44;11&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Johnrandallia nigrirostris</span> &#40;Gill&#44; 1862&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;8&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Pomacanthidae Frasser-Bunner&#44; 1933&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Holacanthus passer</span> Valenciennes&#44; 1846 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;7&#44;8&#44; 10&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pomacanthus zonipectus</span> &#40;Gill&#44; 1862&#41; 1&#44;6&#44;9&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Cirrhitidae Rafinesque&#44; 1810&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus</span> &#40;Bleeker&#44; 1855&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;8&#44;10&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cirrhitus rivulatus</span> Valenciennes&#44; 1846 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;7&#44;8&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Oxycirrhites typus</span> Bleeker&#44; 1857 2&#44;4&#44;8&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Mugilidae Bonaparte&#44; 1831&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mugil curema</span> Valenciennes&#44; 1836 1&#44;3&#44;4&#44;8&#44;10&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Pomacentridae &#40;Cuvier&#44; 1816&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abudefduf concolor</span> &#40;Gill&#44; 1862&#41; 1&#44;10&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abudefduf declivifrons</span> &#40;Gill&#44; 1862&#41; 1&#44;3&#44;4&#44;6&#44;7&#44;8&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abudefduf troschelii</span> &#40;Gill&#44; 1862&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;4&#44;5&#44;7&#44;8&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&#44;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Chromis alta</span> Greenfield y Woods&#44; 1980&#42; 4&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Chromis atrilobata</span> Gill&#44; 1862 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;7&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microspathodon bairdii</span> &#40;Gill&#44; 1862&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;7&#44;8&#44;10&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microspathodon dorsalis</span> &#40;Gill&#44; 1862&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;7&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Stegastes acapulcoensis</span> &#40;Fowler&#44; 1944&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;7&#44;8&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Stegastes flavilatus</span> &#40;Gill&#44; 1862&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;7&#44;10&#44;11&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Stegastes rectifraenum</span> &#40;Gill&#44; 1862&#41; 4&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Labridae Cuvier&#44; 1816&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bodianus diplotaenia</span> &#40;Gill&#44; 1862&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;7&#44;8&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Halichoeres chierchiae</span> Di Caporiacco&#44; 1948 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;7&#44;8&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Halichoeres dispilus</span> &#40;G&#252;nther&#44; 1864&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;8&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Halichoeres melanotis</span> &#40;Gilbert&#44; 1890&#41; 4&#44;8&#44;9&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Halichoeres nicholsi</span> &#40;Jordan y Gilbert&#44; 1882&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;8&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Halichoeres notospilus</span> &#40;G&#252;nther&#44; 1864&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;8&#44;10&#44;11&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Iniistius pavo</span> &#40;Valenciennes&#44; 1840&#41; 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Novaculichthys taeniourus</span> &#40;Lacep&#233;de&#44; 1801&#41; 1&#44;5&#44;9&#44;10&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Thalassoma grammaticum</span> Gilbert&#44; 1890 1&#44;3&#44;4&#44;6&#44;10&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Thalassoma lucasanum</span> &#40;Gill&#44; 1862&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;7&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Scaridae Rafinesque&#44; 1810&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Scarus compressus</span> &#40;Osburn y Nichols&#44; 1916&#41; 1&#44;3&#44;5&#44;9&#44;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Scarus ghobban</span> Forssk&#229;l&#44; 1775 1&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;8&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Scarus perrico</span> Jordan y Gilbert&#44; 1882&#42; 4&#44;7&#44;8&#44;10&#44;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Scarus rubroviolaceus</span> Bleeker&#44; 1847 1&#44;2&#44;4&#44;9&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nicholsina denticulata</span> &#40;Evermann y Radcliffe&#44; 1917&#41;&#42; 5&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Uranoscopidae Regan&#44; 1913&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Astroscopus zephyreus</span> Gilbert y Starks&#44; 1897&#42; 8&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Labrisomidae Bleeker&#44; 1859&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Labrisomus xanti</span> Gill&#44; 1860&#42; 9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malacoctenus ebisui</span> Springer&#44; 1959&#42; 8&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malacoctenus hubbsi</span> Springer&#44; 1959&#42; 8&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Blenniidae Rafinesque&#44; 1810&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ophioblennius steindachneri</span> Jordan y Evermann&#44; 1898 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;7&#44;8&#44;10&#44;11&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Plagiotremus azaleus</span> &#40;Jordan y Bollman&#44; 1890&#41; 1&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;8&#44;10&#44;11&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Gobiidae Fleming&#44; 1822&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Elacatinus puncticulatus</span> &#40;Ginsburg&#44; 1938&#41;&#42; 3&#44;5&#44;9&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Zanclidae Parenti&#44; 1981&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zanclus cornutus</span> &#40;Linnaeus&#44; 1758&#41; 4&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Acanthuridae Bleeker&#44; 1859&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acanthurus nigricans</span> &#40;Linnaeus&#44; 1758&#41; 3&#44;6&#44;9&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acanthurus xanthopterus</span> Velenciennes&#44; 1835 1&#44;3&#44;4&#44;7&#44;8&#44;910&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Prionurus laticlavius</span> &#40;Valenciennes&#44; 1846&#41; 1&#44;5&#44;7&#44;10&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Prionurus punctatus</span> Gill&#44; 1862 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;7&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Scombridae Rafinesque&#44; 1815&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Scomberomorus sierra</span> Jordan y Starks&#44; 1895&#42; 4&#44;8&#44;9&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Orden Pleuronectiformes Bleeker&#44; 1859&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Bothidae Norman&#44; 1934&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bothus mancus</span> &#40;Broussonet&#44; 1782&#41;&#42; 8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Orden Tetraodontiformes Berg&#44; 1940&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Balistidae Regan&#44; 1902&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Balistes polylepis</span> Steindachner&#44; 1876 1&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;7&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Melichthys niger</span> &#40;Bloch&#44; 1786&#41; 10&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pseudobalistes naufragium</span> &#40;Jordan y Starks&#44; 1985&#41; 8&#44;9&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sufflamen verres</span> &#40;Gilbert y Starks&#44; 1904&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Monacanthidae Parr&#44; 1933&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aluterus scriptus</span> &#40;Osbeck&#44; 1765&#41; 1&#44;3&#44;6&#44;9&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cantherhines dumerilii</span> &#40;Hollard&#44; 1854&#41; 1&#44;4&#44;8&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Ostraciidae Rafinesque&#44; 1810&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ostracion meleagris</span> Shawn&#44; 1796 3&#44;7&#44;9&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Tetraodontidae Bonaparte&#44; 1832&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Arothron hispidus</span> &#40;Linnaeus&#44; 1758&#41; 1&#44;4&#44;8&#44;10&#44;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Arothron meleagris</span> &#40;Anonymus&#44; 1798&#41; 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;8&#44;9&#44;10&#44;11&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Canthigaster punctatissima</span> &#40;G&#252;nther&#44; 1870&#41; 1&#44;4&#44;6&#44;7&#44;10&#44;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sphoeroides annulatus</span> &#40;Jenyns&#44; 1842&#41; 1&#44;5&#44;7&#44;8&#44;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sphoeroides lobatus</span> &#40;Steindachner&#44; 1870&#41; 1&#44;6&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Familia Diodontidae Bibron&#44; 1855&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diodon holocanthus</span> Linnaeus&#44; 1758 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;10&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diodon hystrix</span> Linnaeus&#44; 1758 1&#44;2&#44;3&#44;4&#44;5&#44;6&#44;8&#44;10&#44;11&#44;12&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Lista sistem&#225;tica de corales p&#233;treos&#44; equinodermos y peces registrados en el Parque Nacional Huatulco&#44; Oaxaca&#46; S&#243;lo especies v&#225;lidas fueron incluidas&#46; Corales&#58; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Glynn y Leyte-Morales &#40;1997&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">Leyte-Morales &#40;1997&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">L&#243;pez-P&#233;rez et al&#46; &#40;2002&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">L&#243;pez-P&#233;rez y Hern&#225;ndez-Ballesteros &#40;2004&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385">Reyes-Bonilla et al&#46; &#40;2005&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">L&#243;pez-P&#233;rez et al&#46; &#40;2007&#41;</a>&#46; Equinodermos&#58; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Herrera-Escalante et al&#46; &#40;2005&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Ben&#237;tez-Villalobos et al&#46; &#40;2008&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">L&#243;pez-P&#233;rez et al&#46; &#40;2008&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Granja-Fern&#225;ndez y L&#243;pez-P&#233;rez &#40;2012&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Granja-Fern&#225;ndez et al&#46; &#40;2013a&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">Granja-Fern&#225;ndez et al&#46; &#40;2013b&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">Granja-Fern&#225;ndez et al&#46; &#40;2014&#41;</a>&#46; Peces&#58; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350">Ram&#237;rez-Guti&#233;rrez et al&#46; &#40;2007&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290">L&#243;pez-P&#233;rez et al&#46; &#40;2008&#44; 2010&#44; 2012&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">Ju&#225;rez-Hern&#225;ndez et al&#46; &#40;2013&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455">Zepeta-Vilchis et al&#46; &#40;2013&#41;</a>&#46; &#42;&#61; registros nuevos&#46; Localidades&#58; 1&#61; San Agust&#237;n&#44; 2&#61; isla San Agust&#237;n&#44; 3&#61; Riscalillo&#44; 4&#61; Jicaral&#44; 5&#61; Dos Hermanas&#44; 6&#61; La Prima&#44; 7&#61; La India&#44; 8&#61; Pomelo&#44; 9&#61; Copal&#44; 10&#61; isla Cacaluta&#44; 11&#61; Maguey&#44; 12&#61; &#243;rgano&#44; 13&#61; Viol&#237;n</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="bottom" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">San Agust&#237;n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">I&#46; San Agust&#237;n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Riscalillo</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Jicaral</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dos Hermanas</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">La Prima</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">La India</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pomelo</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Copal</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">I Cacaluta</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Maguey</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#211;rgano</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Violin</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Corales p&#233;treos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Equinodermos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Peces&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">111&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">101&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">109&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">N&#250;mero de especies de corales p&#233;treos&#44; equinodermos y peces por localidad del Parque Nacional Huatulco&#44; Oaxaca</p>"
        ]
      ]
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        "etiqueta" => "Cuadro 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="bottom" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PNH</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PNCP</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">RBIM</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">RBAR</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PNIM</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PNII</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">7</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SBCh</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">9</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PNSAV</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">RBBCh</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">13</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">RBSK</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">16</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PNIMCN</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">17</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PNAC</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">18</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PNAPM</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">20</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Corales p&#233;treos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">38<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Equinodermos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">31<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">46<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">24<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8212;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">39<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Peces&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">150&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">236&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">318<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">282&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">115&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">137&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">111&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">387<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">206&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">181&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">108&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">282&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">226&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">192&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">296&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">346&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">332&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">157&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">181&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">124&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">471&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">259&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">221&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">166&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">326&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">298&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">N&#250;mero de especies de corales p&#233;treos&#44; equinodermos y peces en la porci&#243;n marina de las &#225;reas naturales protegidas de M&#233;xico&#46; PNH&#61; Parque Nacional Huatulco&#44; PNCP&#61; Parque Nacional Cabo Pulmo&#44; RBIM&#61; Reserva de la Biosfera Islas Mar&#237;as&#44; RBAR&#61; Reserva de la Biosfera Archipi&#233;lago Revillagigedo&#44; PNIM&#61; Parque Nacional Islas Marietas&#44; PNII&#61; Parque Nacional Isla Isabel&#44; SBCh&#61; Santuario Bah&#237;a Chamela&#44; PNSAV&#61; Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano&#44; RBBCh&#61; Reserva de la Biosfera Banco Chinchorro&#44; RBSK&#61; Reserva de la Biosfera Sian Ka&#39;an&#44; PNIMCN&#61; Parque Marino Nacional Costa Occidental de Isla Mujeres&#44; Punta Canci&#243;n y Punta Nizuc&#44; PNAC&#61; Parque Marino Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel&#44; PNIC&#61; Parque Nacional Isla Contoy&#44; PNAPM&#61; Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Puerto Morelos&#46; 1&#61; este trabajo&#44; 2&#61; Reyes-Bonilla et al&#46; &#40;en prensa&#41;&#44; 3&#61; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Conanp &#40;2011a&#41;</a>&#44; 4&#61; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Erisman et al&#46; &#40;2011&#41;</a>&#44; 5&#61; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Conanp &#40;2004&#41;</a>&#44; 6&#61; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Conanp &#40;2007&#41;</a>&#44; 7&#61; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Conanp &#40;2005&#41;</a>&#44; 8&#61; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400">R&#237;os-Jara et al&#46; &#40;2008&#41;</a>&#44; 9&#61; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Conanp &#40;2011b&#41;</a>&#44; 10&#61; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">Ortiz-Lozano et al&#46; &#40;2013&#41;</a>&#44; 11&#61; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430">Sol&#237;s-Mar&#237;n et al&#46; &#40;2007&#41;</a>&#44; 12&#61; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">del Moral-Flores et al&#46; &#40;2013&#41;</a>&#44; 13&#61; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Conanp &#40;2000a&#41;</a>&#44; 14&#61; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">de la Fuente-Betancourt et al &#40;2001&#41;</a>&#44; 15&#61; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">Laguarda-Figueras et al&#46; &#40;2009&#41;</a>&#44; 16&#61; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Conanp &#40;2011c&#41;</a>&#44; 17&#61; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Conanp &#40;1998a&#41;</a>&#44; 18&#61; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Conanp &#40;1998b&#41;</a>&#44; 19&#61; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">Laguarda-Figueras et al&#46; &#40;2009&#41;</a>&#44; 20&#61; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Conanp &#40;2000b&#41;</a></p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Literatura citada"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:91 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "Alvarado et al&#46;&#44; 2010"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Echinoderm &#40;Echinodermata&#41; diversity in the Pacific coast of Central America"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "J&#46;J&#46; Alvarado"
                            1 => "F&#46;A&#46; Sol&#237;s-Mar&#237;n"
                            2 => "C&#46;G&#46; Ahearn"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Marine Biodiversity"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "40"
                        "paginaInicial" => "45"
                        "paginaFinal" => "56"
                      ]
                    ]
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ISSN: 18703453
Idioma original: Español
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