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All rights reserved" "copyrightAnyo" => "2023" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "rev" "cita" => "Vacunas. 2024;25:239-53" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S1576988724000025" "issn" => "15769887" "doi" => "10.1016/j.vacun.2023.12.005" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-04-01" "aid" => "338" "copyright" => "The Authors" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "rev" "cita" => "Vacunas. 2024;25:254-63" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "es" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Revisión</span>" "titulo" => "Estado actual del herpes zóster y las nuevas perspectivas para su prevención" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "254" "paginaFinal" => "263" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "State of the art in herpes zoster and new perspectives in its prevention" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "f0010" "etiqueta" => "Figura 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1537 "Ancho" => 1654 "Tamanyo" => 264048 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0010" "detalle" => "Figura " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="sp0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Datos epidemiológicos del herpes zóster y carga de la enfermedad.</p> <p id="sp0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las tasas hacen referencia a habitantes/año. Referencias: a,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> b,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> c<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14–16</span></a></p> <p id="sp0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">*Para toda la población.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "José María Molero, Jesús Ortega, Irene Montoro, Natalia McCormick" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "José María" "apellidos" => "Molero" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jesús" "apellidos" => "Ortega" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Irene" "apellidos" => "Montoro" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Natalia" "apellidos" => "McCormick" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2445146024000281" "doi" => "10.1016/j.vacune.2024.05.001" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2445146024000281?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1576988724000025?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/15769887/0000002500000002/v2_202405080710/S1576988724000025/v2_202405080710/es/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1576988723000705" "issn" => "15769887" "doi" => "10.1016/j.vacun.2023.08.004" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-04-01" "aid" => "317" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U." "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "rev" "cita" => "Vacunas. 2024;25:233-8" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review article</span>" "titulo" => "The co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 with atypical bacterial respiratory infections: A mini review" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "233" "paginaFinal" => "238" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "La coinfección de SARS-CoV-2 con infecciones respiratorias bacterianas atípicas: Una mini revision" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Fateme Taheri, Soheil Vesal, Parnian Goudarzi, Zahra Sahafnejad, Amin Khoshbayan" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Fateme" "apellidos" => "Taheri" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Soheil" "apellidos" => "Vesal" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Parnian" "apellidos" => "Goudarzi" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Zahra" "apellidos" => "Sahafnejad" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Amin" "apellidos" => "Khoshbayan" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1576988723000705?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/15769887/0000002500000002/v2_202405080710/S1576988723000705/v2_202405080710/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "A review on non-small cell lung cancer" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "239" "paginaFinal" => "253" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Sunil Kumar Verma, Minakshi Pandey, Renu Khare, Devendra Singh" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Sunil Kumar" "apellidos" => "Verma" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "af0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Minakshi" "apellidos" => "Pandey" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "af0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Renu" "apellidos" => "Khare" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "af0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Devendra" "apellidos" => "Singh" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "devendrasingh.ibst@srmu.ac.in" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "af0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cr0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Faculty of Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow Deva Road, Barabanki-225003, Uttar Pradesh, India" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "af0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Faculty of Biosciences, Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow Deva Road, Barabanki-225003, Uttar Pradesh, India" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "af0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cr0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Revisión del cáncer de pulmón no microcítico" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "f0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1490 "Ancho" => 3346 "Tamanyo" => 444297 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0005" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A diagrammatic representation showing the different types of lung cancer along with histology based subtyping of NSCLC.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="s0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0025">Introduction</span><p id="p0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An estimated 2.3 million individuals worldwide suffer from lung cancer every year. Everyone can get lung cancer, even though smoking cigarettes is the primary cause. Regardless of the tumor's size, location, degree of dissemination, or other factors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Lung cancer is an extremely treatable illness. Since smoking has been linked to lung cancer, patients may worry that they won't get much support or assistance because they think that other people would believe that their actions caused the illness.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In actuality, not everyone who is diagnosed with lung cancer has smoked tobacco; most smokers do not acquire lung cancer. Anyone can become a victim of lung cancer.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Actually, the majority of persons who may develop lung cancer nowadays either never smoked at all or stopped years ago. Different types of cancers (lung) are described in the <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#f0005">Fig. 1</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="f0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="s0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0030">About NSCLC</span><p id="p0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lung cancer is categorized into 2 primary categories: small-cell lung cancer and NSCLC. These 2 kinds receive distinct treatment. An abnormal growth of healthy lung cells that results in a mass known as a tumor, lesion, or nodule is the first sign of NSCLC.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> This may start in any part of the lung. The tumor may be benign or malignant. A lung tumor that is malignant may release cancer cells as it grows. These cells have the ability to float away in lymph, the fluid that surrounds lung tissue, or they can be carried away in blood.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Lymph is transported via lymphatic veins, which empty into lymph nodes, which are lymph collection sites. Little bean-shaped organs called lymph nodes aid in the body's defense against infection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Along with other places in the body, the lungs, and the middle of the chest contain them. Lung cancer frequently spreads to the chest center initially, which makes sense given that lymph naturally flows from the lungs in that direction.</p></span><span id="s0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0035">Types of NSCLC</span><p id="p0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NSCLC comes in various varieties. The kind of NSCLC is crucial to understand because it affects the available treatments.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="p0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Using a microscope to examine the cancer and the sort of cells it begins in, doctors can identify the type of NSCLC a patient has.</p><p id="p0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Types of NSCLC are:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.1.1.</span><p id="p0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adenocarcinoma. As it accounts for around 40% of all instances of NSCLC, cancer (lung) develops in the mucus-producing epithelial cells that line the exterior of the lungs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.1.2.</span><p id="p0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous cells, which are flat cells that line the interior of the lungs, are where this type of cancer begins. Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for about 30% of all instances of NSCLC.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.1.3.</span><p id="p0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Large cell carcinoma. Instead of resembling adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma cells resemble enormous cells. As diagnostic technologies improve, larger cell carcinomas are being labeled as adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma, which is the least frequent kind of NSCLC.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.1.4.</span><p id="p0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NSCLC-NOS (not otherwise specified) or NSCLC undifferentiated. Even after testing, it might be challenging for clinicians to identify NSCLC.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p></li></ul></p></span><span id="s0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0040">Preventive measures and risk factors</span><p id="p0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anything that raises a person's chances of getting cancer is a risk factor. Although risk factors frequently affect how cancer develops, the majority do not really cause cancer.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> While some people who have a number of risk factors never get cancer, others who have no known risk factors do. Making better educated decisions regarding individual lifestyle and medical care may be aided by being aware of risk factors and discussing them with doctor. People who smoke or have smoked in the past to be expected to develop NSCLC. However, even non-smokers can acquire NSCLC, therefore it's critical for everyone to be aware of the risk factors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#f0010">Fig. 2</a> shows the NSCLC early pathogenesis.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="f0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="s0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0045">NSCLCs symptoms</span><p id="p0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cough, pain in the chest, shortness of breathe, blood in sputum, coughing, hoarseness, recurrent chest infections (including pneumonia and bronchitis), appetite loss, exhaustion, and weight loss are among the symptoms of NSCLCs that have been reported. Nonetheless, in the initial phases of the illness, NSCLC patients frequently exhibit no symptoms. Social history can include a long history of smoking or exposure to asbestos, radon, and heavy metals at work. Advanced illness may result in metastases, which can cause symptoms such as spinal cord impingement, bone pain, as well as neurologic symptoms (headache, limb weakness or numbness, disorientation, convulsions).</p></span></span><span id="s0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0050">Screening</span><p id="p0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before one experience any signs or symptoms, screening is performed to check symptoms of cancer. A person can be screened for particular types of cancer using tests that scientists have created and are now creating. Lowering or completely eradicating cancer-related fatalities are the overarching objectives of cancer screening.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><span id="s0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0055">Screening information for lung cancer</span><p id="p0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Various groups have examined the scientific data, dangers, and advantages of lung cancer screening. For those who are prone to develop lung cancer, several organizations have created screening guidelines.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Various organizations may have different recommendations. Discuss smoking history and screening alternatives with your medical team.</p><p id="p0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Low-dose helical or spiral computed tomography (CT or CAT) scans are used to screen for lung cancer. An x-ray machine is used in a CT scan to take images of the inside of the body. Then, using a combination of these images, a computer creates a detailed, three-dimensional image that reveals any anomalies or malignancies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="p0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of a computed tomography scan is not always advised for smokers. The following paragraphs outline the suggested changes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> It is crucial to obtain screening at a reputable facility with expertise. Medicare has given its approval to this method of lung cancer screening.</p><span id="s0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0060">Symptoms and signs</span><p id="p0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following symptoms or indicators may be present in those with NSCLC.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Changes in your body can be felt as symptoms. A lab test or measuring your blood pressure are 2 examples of how to measure something for signs. An illness can be described by its symptoms and indicators taken together. One or more of the symptoms and signs listed below may not always be present in NSCLC patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> A medical illness other than cancer may also be the cause of a symptom or indication like fatigue, cough, shortness of breath, loss of appetite, coughing up blood, unintentional weight loss, and hoarseness.</p><p id="p0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When a computed tomography scan is ordered for another purpose, such as to screen for heart problems, it may detect NSCLC in patients who do not exhibit any symptoms. The majority of NSCLC patients are identified when the tumor expands, takes up more area, or starts to affect the body's tissues close to the lungs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="p0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NSCLC can metastasize, or spread to other body parts, anyplace in the individual body. The lymph nodes, more lung tissue, bones, liver, brain, and organs known as the adrenal glands located next to the kidneys are the places where it spreads most frequently.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> NSCLC metastatic disease may result in more breathing difficulties, i.e., bone pain, headache, weakness, seizures, speech difficulties.</p><p id="p0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Metastases are not always to blame for symptoms like exhaustion, feeling lousy, or ill, and appetite loss.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Loss of appetite might result in muscle and weight loss. A person's ability to breathe can get even worse from exhaustion and weakness. Having less muscle also makes you weaker and less mobile. In the event that cancer is discovered, managing symptoms is still a crucial component of care and treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p></span></span></span><span id="s0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0065">Diagnosis</span><p id="p0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To identify or diagnose cancer, doctors do various test. Tests are also performed to determine if the cancer moved from the original site to another body area. It is known as metastasis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> To find out which treatments would work best, doctors may also perform tests.</p><p id="p0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The only guaranteed way for a doctor to determine if a body part has cancer for the majority of cancer types is through a biopsy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> During a biopsy, the doctor removes a small piece of tissue to be examined in a lab. If the option of biopsy is not available, the doctor may advise other diagnostic procedures. Blood tests can be used to identify genetic alterations in persons who already have lung cancer, but standard blood tests cannot detect lung cancer.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p><span id="s0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0070">NSCLC diagnosis</span><p id="p0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis of NSCLC is made using a variety of assays. Not every test listed here will be applied to every individual.</p><span id="s0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0075">Identifying the cancer's origin</span><p id="p0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lungs are where NSCLC begins. Numerous additional cancers have their multiple origins in the body in addition, when they metastasis, can move to the lungs. For instance, breast cancer is still referred to be such when it has progressed to the lungs. It is crucial for medical professionals to understand if the cancer originated in lungs or somewhere else.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p><p id="p0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following tests could be exploited in identifying lung cancer and determine its stage:</p></span><span id="s0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0080">Imaging tests</span><p id="p0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When treating persons with NSCLC, imaging tests are crucial. A scan cannot, however, detect NSCLC, and no test is absolute. Only a biopsy is capable of doing that. In order to fully understand where the cancer originated and whether or not it has spread, CT scan must be analyzed alongside a person's medical history, physical exam and the biopsy result.<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A CAT scan, also known as a CT scan. Using images from a CT scan, medical professionals can determine the size as well as site of a lung tumor and/or lung cancer metastases. A CT scan uses x-rays taken at various angles to create images of the interior of the body.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> These images are combined by a computer to create a detailed, three-dimensional image that reveals any anomalies or malignancies. The tumor (size) can be accessed via a CT scan. To offer precise information on the image, a contrast medium, a specific dye, is occasionally administered prior to the scan.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> This dye can be administered intravenously or as a tablet or liquid for ingestion.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A scan using positron emission tomography (PET). A PET-CT scan, often known as a PET scan, typically combines a CT scan However, the doctor might simply call this treatment a PET scan. Images of the tissues and organs inside the body can be produced using a PET scan. The patient receives a little radioactive sugar compound injection. Cells with a high energy demand take up this sugar molecule. Cancer absorbs additional radioactive substance due to its propensity for active energy utilization. In order to create photos of the body's inside, a scanner then identifies this material.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). Additionally, an MRI generates images that enable medical professionals to locate lung tumors and/or metastases as well as assess the tumor size. An MRI creates precise images of the body using magnetic fields rather than x-rays.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> To get a crisper image, a contrast medium, a particular dye, is administered prior to the scan. This dye can be given to a patient as an injection into a vein or as a pill or liquid to ingest. Nevertheless, MRI scanning does not effectively capture images of moving body organs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bone scanning. During a bone scan, a radioactive tracer is used to examine the interior of the bones. The tracer contains too little radiation to be dangerous. A patient receives the tracer by injection into a vein. It gathers in specific regions of the bone and is seen by a specialized camera. Areas of injury, for instance, non-infected or normal bone seems lighter. Bone scans have been replaced by PET scans in order to detect NSCLC that has progressed to the bones; however, these scans may not always be advised.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p></li></ul></p><p id="p0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to diagnose cancer (lung) and determine the best course of therapy, physicians perform the following techniques while collecting tissue:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Biopsy. Removing a small tissue sample for microscopic inspection is known as a biopsy. To determine the NSCLC subtype and perform additional molecular testing, it is beneficial to have a bigger tumor sample. If not enough tissue is retrieved to perform these tests, then another biopsy might be necessary. Following the biopsy, the sample is analyzed by a pathologist, a physician with expertise in interpreting lab results as well as evaluating tissues, cells, and/or organs(s).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#f0015">Fig. 3</a> shows the tumor type in small biopsy specimen.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="f0015"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bronchoscopy. During a bronchoscopy, the doctor inserts a light-equipped thin, flexible tube through the mouth or nose, down the windpipe, and into the lungs' breathing passages.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> This operation can be done by a pulmonologist. The doctor can view the lungs through the tube. To collect fluid or tissue samples for the pathologist to evaluate, tiny tools can be found inside the tube. Using an ultrasound to direct the bronchoscopy, lymph nodes are frequently inspected, and samples are frequently taken. A term for this is endobronchial ultrasonography (EBUS).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Needle aspiration/core biopsy. A particular kind of radiologist known as an interventional radiologist numbs the skin before removing a lung tumor sample for analysis. The radiologist frequently utilizes a fluoroscope, a specialized x-ray device. Generally speaking, a core biopsy yields more tissue than a needle aspiration. As previously mentioned, doctors have discovered that additional tissue is required for NSCLC molecular testing and diagnosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thoracentesis. Afterward numbing the skin (chest), a needle is injected through the wall plus into the space where fluid can accumulate among the lung as well as the chest wall. The pathologist removes the fluid and examines it for cancer cells.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mediastinoscopy. The patient is given general anesthesia for this operation, which is done in the OR (operating room). A small incision is made at the top of the breastbone to allow the surgeon access to the lymph nodes underneath the breastbone for examination and sample collection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> Additionally, requiring general anesthesia, this treatment is carried out in an OR.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0070"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thoracotomy. The patient is given general anesthesia, and this process is carried out in an OR.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> Next, a surgeon makes a chest incision to view the lung up close and collect tissue samples for analysis. Though it is uncommon to utilize a thoracotomy to detect lung cancer.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a></p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="s0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0085">Tumor biomarker analysis</span><p id="p0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinician can advise performing tumor sample tests to find particular genes, proteins along with other characteristics that are exclusive to the tumor. This could also be described as tumor molecular testing.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a></p><p id="p0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a lung tumor, multiple genes may have modifications, or mutations, which might promote the growth and spread of the cancer. These mutations are exclusively identified in the tumor; they are not present in the body's healthy cells. This indicates that certain mutations cannot be inherited or passed on to your offspring.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a></p><p id="p0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patient may be advised to targeted therapy, that can be aimed at particular mutations, depending on the results of these tests and the stage of NSCLC one may have. Targeted drugs are now available for many genetic variations known to cause the cancer (lung), and further research is ongoing to create more.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a></p><p id="p0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is currently routine practice to screen the tumor for the genes KRAS, ALK, BRAF, EGFR, HER2, TRK, ROS1, MET, and RET because these genes are known to frequently experience genetic changes that lead to the formation of lung cancer.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> Individuals who have never smoked and those who have adenocarcinoma NSCLC are far more likely to have certain mutations, which might be treated with the help of targeted therapy (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#f0020">Fig. 4</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="f0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="p0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite a prior history of smoking, testing for molecular changes is essential because persons with a past history of cigarette smoking might also have genetic abnormalities that are treatable with tailored treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a></p></span></span><span id="s0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0090">Types of treatment</span><p id="p0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The various therapies, usually referred to as treatments, that make up the accepted standard of care for NSCLC are described in this section. “Standard of care” refers to the very best medical interventions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> Individuals are advised to consider the possibility of clinical trials with your doctor while deciding on a treatment strategy. This trial (clinical) is a research project that evaluates a novel therapeutic strategy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> Clinical trials allow doctors to determine whether a novel treatment is risk-free, efficient, and perhaps even superior to the accepted practice. A new medicine, a novel combination of conventional therapies, or novel dosages of those therapies can all be tested in clinical trials.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> All stages of cancer have the option of clinical trials.</p><span id="s0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0095">How NSCLC is treated</span><p id="p0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the context of cancer care, many medical specialties frequently collaborate to develop a patient's comprehensive treatment plan, which incorporates a variety of therapies. A interdisciplinary team is what this is. A wide range of other medical specialists, including physician assistants, nurse practitioners, oncology nurses, social workers, pharmacists, counselors, nutritionists, and others, are part of cancer care teams.</p><p id="p0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The type of the cancer, potential side effects of the cancer, cancer stages, the patient's preferences, and their general health are just a few of the variables that can affect the recommended course of treatment. Spend some time researching all of your therapy options, and make sure to clarify anything that is unclear. Discuss with the doctor the intended outcomes of each course of treatment as well as what to anticipate during it. Discussions of this nature are referred to as “shared decision-making.” When you and your doctors collaborate to select therapies that meet the objectives of your care, this is known as shared decision-making. Given the variety of available treatments for NSCLC, shared decision-making is especially crucial.</p><span id="s0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0100">Surgery</span><p id="p0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lung tumor and the adjacent lymph nodes in the chest are totally removed during surgery. A “negative margin” indicates that no cancer was discovered in the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor when the pathologist examined the lung or a portion of the lung that was surgically removed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> A medical professional who focuses on surgically treating cancer is known as a surgical oncologist. To operate on lung cancer, a thoracic surgeon has received specialized training. The following types of surgery may be used for NSCLC:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0025"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0075"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lobectomy. There are 5 lobes in total, with 3 in the right lung and 2 in the left. A complete lung lobe is removed during a lobectomy. Even when the lung tumor is relatively small, it is currently thought to be the kind of surgery that works the best. Clinical trials are being conducted to determine whether less invasive procedures produce comparable results for tumors 2 cm or smaller.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0080"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A wedge resection. If a lung lobe cannot be completely removed, the surgeon can remove the tumor and a margin of healthy lung around it.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0085"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Segmentectomy. When a lung lobe cannot be completely removed, this is an alternative method of cancer removal. A segmentectomy involves the surgeon removing the lung tissue where the cancer first appeared. A segmentectomy typically involves more lung tissue and lymph node removal than a wedge resection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0090"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pneumonectomy. A pneumonectomy carries greater risks than a lobectomy, and before doing this procedure, your doctor will need to assess the health of your heart and lungs. The entire lung may need to be removed by the surgeon if the tumor is toward the chest's center.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a></p></li></ul></p><p id="p0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before the operation, individual may get neoadjuvant therapy, sometimes referred to as induction therapy. This kind of therapy is utilized to lessen the scope of surgery in addition to treating the original tumor and reducing the chance of recurrence.</p><p id="p0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment that is given following surgery is called adjuvant therapy. It aims to eradicate any lung cancer cells that could still be present in the body following surgery.</p><p id="p0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chemotherapy and immunotherapy are 2 examples of medicines that may be combined in adjuvant therapies. Below is a description of each therapy.</p></span><span id="s0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0105">Radiation therapy</span><p id="p0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">X-rays (high energy) or other particles are used in radiation therapy for killing of cancer cells. A physician who specializes in administering radiation treatment to treat cancer is known as a radiation oncologist.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a> It is among most used form of radiation therapy. A radiation therapy procedure, often known as a schedule, typically has a predetermined number of sessions spread out over a predetermined amount of time. Which can last anywhere from a few days to several weeks.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a></p><p id="p0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Radiation therapy (RT) is not a practical treatment option for cancer, much like surgery. RT only eliminates cancer cells that are immediately in its path. Along its course, it also harms healthy cells.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a> Because of this, it can't be used in extensive body region treatment. Radiation therapy using intensity modulation (IMRT) is the most popular type of radiation. Some people's cancers necessitate a specific kind of radiation, i.e., proton treatment or SBRT (stereotactic body radiation therapy). These kinds of radiation therapy use PET or CT scans to precisely plan where to point the radiation beam, reducing the chance of harming the body's healthy tissues. When surgery is not an option, it may be utilized for tiny tumors and early-stage disease, albeit it is not a choice for all individuals. SBRT may be used to treat some patients with stage I NSCLC or those who are unable to undergo surgery.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a></p></span></span><span id="s0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0110">Therapies using medication</span><p id="p0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medication to destroy cancerous cells could be part of the therapeutic strategy. To reach cancer cells all across the body, medication might be injected into the bloodstream. This nature of drug administration is called as systemic treatment. Additionally, medication may be administered locally, which entails applying it directly to the malignancy or keeping it in a specific region of the body.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a></p><p id="p0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An expert in using medication to treat cancer, a medical oncologist typically prescribes this course of treatment. Medications are frequently administered orally or via an intravenous (IV) tube that is inserted into the individual vein.</p><p id="p0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following categories of drugs are used for treating NSCLC:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0030"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0095"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chemotherapy</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0100"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Targeted therapy</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0105"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Immunotherapy</p></li></ul></p><p id="p0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The specifics of each of these therapy are covered below. One type of medication may be administered to a patient at a phase, or a number of drugs may be given concurrently. They can correspondingly be administered as a component of a treatment strategy that includes radiation therapy and/or surgery. The medications prescribed for cancer are being looked at more and more often.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> The best approach to understand the medications your doctor has given for you, their intended use, and any possible side effects or drug interactions is frequently to speak with your doctor. It's crucial to patients to inform the doctor if he/she is taking any additional prescription, over-the-counter, or dietary supplements.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a> Herbs, dietary supplements, and other pharmaceuticals may interact with cancer treatments, resulting in undesirable side effects or diminished efficacy.</p></span><span id="s0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0115">Chemotherapy</span><p id="p0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this process, medications are used for killing the cancerous cells, typically by preventing the growth, division, and production of new cancer cells. It has been demonstrated to prolong and enhance life quality in patients suffering with cancer (lung) at all stages.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a></p><p id="p0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A chemotherapy regimen, often known as a schedule, typically entails a defined number of cycles administered over a predetermined amount of time. The drugs recommended for chemotherapy varies depending up on the lung cancer types individual have i.e., squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a> Following surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy is typically administered for a shorter amount of time (i.e., 4 rounds) than it is for stage IV cancer (lung) patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a> One medication either single or in mixture with 2 or 3 other medications is frequently used for treating cancer (lung). A few popular medications are shown in the <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t0005">Table 1</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="t0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="p0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Blood, skin, and nerve cells, as well as other body cells, may also be harmed by chemotherapy. Chemotherapy side effects might include mouth sores, loss of appetite, dysentery, nausea, exhaustion, low blood cell counts, infection risk, and vomiting and hair loss.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">79</span></a> These effects varies depending up on the suffers and the dose administered. Some chemotherapy regimens for lung cancer don't significantly reduce hair growth. To assist alleviate several side effects, your medical oncologist may frequently prescribe medications. Also frequently preventable are nausea and vomiting.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">80</span></a></p></span><span id="s0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0120">Targeted therapy</span><p id="p0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A treatment known as targeted therapy specifically targets the cancer's unique genes, proteins, or tissue environment that promotes the growth and survival of the disease. This form of therapy prevents the development along with expansion of cancer cells while minimizing harm to healthy cells.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">81</span></a></p><p id="p0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The targets of every tumor vary. Cancer cells of some lung tumors, aberrant proteins are present in extremely high concentrations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">82</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">83</span></a> When possible, this enables doctors to provide every patient with the maximum beneficial care. Furthermore, research studies keep learning more about certain molecular targets and brand-new therapies aimed at them.</p><p id="p0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to rapid scientific discovery, tailored therapy for NSCLC is transforming quickly. Clinical trials are increasingly being conducted to examine new targeted medicines.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">84</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">85</span></a></p><p id="p0340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NSCLC targeted therapy includes:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0035"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0110"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.1.5.</span><p id="p0345" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">EGFR (Epidermal growth factor receptor) inhibitors. In between 10% and 15% of lung cancer cases, EGFR is present. When lung cancer cells contain a specific EGFR mutation, researchers have discovered that medications that block certain mutations may be useful for halting or delaying the growth of the disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">86</span></a> FDA-approved EGFR inhibitors include the following dacomitinib (Vizimpro), afatinib (Gilotrif), erlotinib (Tarceva), and gefitinib (Iressa).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0115"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.1.6.</span><p id="p0350" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Drugs that target EGFR exon. Exon 20 of the EGFR gene is altered in some individuals. A so-called EGFR exon 20 insertion.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">87</span></a> As a second-line of treatment, the following medications have been authorized to target EGFR exon 20 insertion:<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">88</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0120"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0355" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Amivantamab (Rybrevant)</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0125"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0360" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mobocertinib (Exkivity).<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0045"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0130"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.1.7.</span><p id="p0365" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Drug that target HER2 mutations. Mutations in the HER2 gene promote the growth and metastasis of cancer cells. 1–4 percentage of NSCLC cases have HER2 mutations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">89</span></a> When identified by an FDA-approved test, one medication is permitted to treat HER2 mutations in patients who have previously received systemic therapy:<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">90</span></a></p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0135"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0370" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki (Enhertu).<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0050"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0140"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.1.8.</span><p id="p0375" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Drugs that target <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NTRK</span> fusion. This kind of genetic alteration promotes the proliferation of cancer cells and is seen in a variety of malignancies. Less than 1% of cancer (lung) patients have it. NTRK fusion has one authorized medication as a target: entrectinib (Rozlytrek) and larotrectinib (Vitrakvi).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">91</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0145"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.1.9.</span><p id="p0380" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ALK (Anaplastic lymphoma kinase) inhibitors. This protein (ALK) is involved in the process of cell division. If present, this promotes the growth of cancer cells.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">92</span></a> ALK inhibitors aid in halting this procedure. ALK gene alterations are discovered in around 4% of NSCLC patients. Currently, the following medicines are used for treating this genetic alteration:<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">93</span></a></p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0150"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0385" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alectinib (Alecensa)</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0155"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0390" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Brigatinib (Alunbrig)</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0160"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0395" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ceritinib (Zykadia)</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0165"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0400" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Crizotinib (Xalkori)</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0170"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0405" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lorlatinib (Lorbrena).<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0055"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0175"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.1.10.</span><p id="p0410" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Drugs that target <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KRAS</span> G12C mutations. Among the most frequent genetic variants identified in NSCLC patients is KRAS G12C. Most lung cancer patients (20%–25%) have this mutation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">94</span></a> In the second-line situation, after undergoing immunotherapy only or along with chemotherapy, 2 medications are licensed to target this mutations:<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">95</span></a> one is Adagrasib (Krazati) and other one is Sotorasib (Lumakras).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0180"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.1.11.</span><p id="p0415" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Drugs that target <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ROS1</span> fusion. Cell growth and differentiation issues might result from the rare ROS1 rearrangement or ROS1 fusion mutations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">96</span></a> The process through which cells transform from one type into another type of cell is known as cell differentiation. Around 1%–2% of sufferer with cancer (lung) had ROS1 fusion. The following medications target alterations in the ROS1 gene:<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">97</span></a></p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0185"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0420" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ceritinib (Zykadia)</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0190"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0425" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Crizotinib (Xalkori)</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0195"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0430" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Entrectinib (Rozlytrek).<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0060"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0200"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.1.12.</span><p id="p0435" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Drugs that target <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">RET</span> fusion. RET fusion positive instances can make up to 2% of all cases of NSCLC. The following medications are permitted for treating RET fusion positive NSCLC:<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">98</span></a></p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0205"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0440" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pralsetinib (Gavreto)</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0210"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0445" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Selpercatinib (Retevmo).<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0065"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0215"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.1.13.</span><p id="p0450" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Drugs that target <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">MET</span> exon 14 skipping. Above 3% cases of NSCLC had MET exon 14 skipping, a genetic abnormality. Its medications include:<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">99</span></a></p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0220"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0455" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Capmatinib (Tabrecta)</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0225"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0460" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tepotinib (Tepmetko).<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0070"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0230"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.1.14.</span><p id="p0465" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Drugs that target <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BRAF</span> V600E mutations. A protein produced by the BRAF gene participate in cell development and can promote the growth and metastasis of cancer cells. In 4% of NSCLC patients, this mutations have been discovered. The following medications is used in combination to address BRAF V600E mutations:<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">100</span></a></p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0235"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0470" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dabrafenib (Tafinlar)</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0240"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0475" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Trametinib (Mekinist).<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0075"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0245"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.2.</span><p id="p0480" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anti-angiogenesis therapy. It halts angiogenesis, the process of developing new blood vessels. The objective of anti-angiogenesis therapy is to “starve” the tumor since blood arteries provide the nutrients that tumors need to grow and expand.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">101</span></a> Lung cancer treatment may include the following anti-angiogenic medications:<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">102</span></a></p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p><p id="p0485" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">• Combining atezolizumab (Tecentriq), which is an immunotherapy medication, with chemotherapy and bevacizumab (Avastin, Mvasi).</p><p id="p0490" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">• Cyramza (ramucirumab) is used with docetaxel, a chemotherapy medication.</p></span><span id="s0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0125">Immunotherapy</span><p id="p0495" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Immunotherapy strengthens your immune system's capacity to counter cancer cells in order to combat the disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">103</span></a> Immunotherapy for the individuals suffering from NSCLC disease may be administered as a single medication, in aggregation with other immunotherapy medications, or along with chemotherapy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0520"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">104</span></a> When a targeted therapy cannot be used for treating advanced NSCLC, immunotherapy or immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy is frequently the first line of action. The immune system of the body can be used in a variety of ways by immunotherapy to treat cancer.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">105</span></a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0080"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0250"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.2.1.</span><p id="p0500" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medications that obstruct the PD-1 route. This pathway might be crucial for the immune system's capacity to restrain the spread of malignancy. In some cases, the progress of NSCLC has been prevented or slowed down by using PD-L1 and PD-1 antibodies to block this pathway.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">106</span></a> The following immunotherapy medicines are given for treating NSCLC because they block this pathway:</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0255"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0505" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Atezolizumab (Tecentriq)</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0260"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0510" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Durvalumab (Imfinzi)</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0265"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0515" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cemiplimab-rwlc (Libtayo)</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0270"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0520" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nivolumab (Opdivo)</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0275"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0525" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pembrolizumab (Keytruda).<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0090"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0280"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.2.2.</span><p id="p0530" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medications that obstruct the CTLA-4 route. This pathway is an additional immunological pathway that might be targeted:</p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0285"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0535" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ipilimumab (Yervoy). Nivolumab is used along with ipilimumab to inhibit the PD-1 pathway. Additionally, chemotherapy may be utilized with this mixture.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0290"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0540" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tremelimumab (Imjudo). Combining tremelimumab with durvalumab along with chemotherapy is an option. Metastatic NSCLC will be treated by this combination without a specific EGFR or ALK gene mutation.</p></li></ul></p><p id="p0545" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Immunotherapy can have a variety of adverse effects. Combining a CTLA-4 inhibitor with a PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor increases the likelihood of immune-related adverse effects.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">107</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">108</span></a></p></span></span><span id="s0110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0131">Remission and recurrence of cancer</span><p id="p0550" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When cancer is not found in the body in addition to no account of cancer symptoms, it is said to be in remission. Having “no evidence of disease” or NED is another name for this.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">109</span></a> A remission can be either brief or long-lasting. Many people are concerned that cancer will reoccur due to this uncertainty. Even though many remissions are long-lasting, it's crucial to discuss the likelihood of the cancer coming back with your doctor. One can feel more ready if the lung cancer does come back if you are aware of your recurrence risk and your available treatment options.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">110</span></a></p><p id="p0555" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recurrent cancer signifies to cancer which returns after the initial treatment. It could return there again (this is known as a local recurrence), close by (regional recurrence), or elsewhere (distant recurrence). When there is a recurrence, stage IV illness is most frequently involved.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">111</span></a></p><p id="p0560" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A fresh cycle of tests will start if there is a recurrence in order to gather as much information as feasible. Radiation therapy, surgery, and chemotherapy are frequently part of the treatment strategy, though they could be administered in a different order or at a different pace.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">112</span></a></p></span><span id="s0115" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0135">Clinical trials</span><p id="p0565" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Researchers and medical professionals are constantly exploring for more effective strategies to cure patients with NSCLC.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">113</span></a> Clinical trials are research projects that doctors design to promote medical science. Clinical trials were used to test every medication that the FDA of the US has currently approved. Clinical research is typically conducted by doctors in phases with specific objectives.</p><p id="p0570" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For all varieties as well as stages of NSCLC disease, clinical trials will be used. Many people concentrate on novel therapies to find out if they are risk-free, efficient, and perhaps even superior to current therapies. These studies assess novel therapeutic agents, therapeutic paradigms, and novel preventive strategies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">114</span></a></p><p id="p0575" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical trial participants may be among the foremost to get a cure earlier it is made available to the general public. A clinical study does include some risks, though, including the potential for unfavorable side effects as well as the possibility that the novel therapy may not be effective. People are urged to discuss the benefits and drawbacks of participating in a particular study with their medical team.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">115</span></a> Some clinical trials investigate new methods for treating side effects and symptoms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0580"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">116–126</span></a></p></span><span id="s0120" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0140">Latest research</span><p id="p0580" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Doctors are attempting to gain more knowledge about NSCLC, including strategies to avoid it, the best ways to cure it, and the best ways to care for those who have been diagnosed with the condition.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> Through clinical trials, new treatment choices for patients may be found in the research areas listed below.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0635"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">127</span></a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0095"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0295"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0585" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Personalized drug therapy. In order to determine if a certain medication, such as chemotherapy or targeted therapy, will be helpful, researchers are examining characteristics of lung cancers. Patients are increasingly being asked to have extra studies of the tumor samples collected when the cancer is first detected in order to get this data. For these follow-up tests, there is not enough tumor tissue recovered from the biopsy to determine the cancer in numerous individuals for whom therapy is recommended. These patients might be requested to undergo a second biopsy to help with treatment planning and, if they're a part of a clinical trial, to aid in the discovery of new lung cancer therapies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0640"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">128</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0300"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0590" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Targeted therapy. Researchers are examining gene and protein alterations that might represent fresh therapeutic targets. These include modifications known as NRG fusion. Drugs that can be able to assist patients when an initial targeted therapy fails are also the subject of additional investigation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0645"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">129</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0305"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0595" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Immunotherapy. More research is being done on employing these sorts of medications to aid the immune system in controlling the NSCLC growth as a result of promising outcomes in immunotherapy for NSCLC and the recent approval of several types of immunotherapy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0650"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">130</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0310"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0600" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Better techniques for radiation and surgery therapy. By minimizing their negative effects, radiation therapy and surgery are becoming more effective treatments for cancer. For instance, a recent study compares lobectomy to wedge resection or segmentectomy for the treatment of early-stage NSCLC. This protects the lung tissue in the area. For NSCLC, stereotactic radiation treatment is also being researched. Using this method, radiation therapy can be directed to the tumor while sparing healthier tissue. The ability of clinicians to mix medicine, radiation therapy, and surgery for the treating NSCLC at all stages will improve as a result of advancements in all treatment modalities.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0655"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">131</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0315"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0605" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Liquid biopsies: Floaters of cancer. It is possible to identify molecular alterations in your malignancy using DNA from blood testing. These are frequently applied after initial diagnosis and when certain targeted medicines stop working (during acquired resistance to a treatment). Research is still being done to determine potential applications for liquid biopsies, such as evaluating therapy response or finding residual cancer DNA after surgery.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0320"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0610" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Improved screening. The fact that NSCLC responds better to treatment when discovered early has increased interest in screening for lung cancer before any symptoms manifest. In order to determine whether individuals are at a higher risk of emergent lung cancer, researchers are looking into improved screening methods, such as genetic testing and blood tests.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0660"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">132</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0325"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0615" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stopping tobacco use. The best strategy to counteract lung cancer deaths is through campaigns that urge people to never start smoking and, if they have, to stop. This is true even with the best tools for the early detection and treatment of lung cancer. Lung cancer is typically a largely preventable disease. Even for those who have already been diagnosed with cancer (lung), quitting smoking extends life, reduces side effects, and lowers the likelihood of emerging a second lung cancer.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">87</span></a> Even more difficult than usual while receiving cancer treatment is quitting smoking. The medical staff can assist with nicotine replacement therapy and additional methods to make it simpler to stop smoking.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0665"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">133</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0330"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0620" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Palliative care/supportive care. To enhance patients' comfort along with quality of life, clinical studies are being conducted to discover more effective strategies to lessen the symptoms coupled with side effects of existing lung cancer treatments.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p></li></ul></p><p id="p0625" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Targeting and treating the biofilms and obesity will also play an important role in the treatment of this disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0670"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">134–137</span></a></p></span><span id="s0125" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0145">Conclusion</span><p id="p0630" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NSCLC is a complex disease that poses significant challenges for effective diagnosis and treatment. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying NSCLC have led to the development of targeted therapies and immunotherapies that offer improved patient outcomes. Ongoing research into novel therapeutic strategies holds great promise for the future management of this devastating disease.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:14 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2141555" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "as0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1818113" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2141554" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "as0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1818114" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "s0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0010" "titulo" => "About NSCLC" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0015" "titulo" => "Types of NSCLC" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0020" "titulo" => "Preventive measures and risk factors" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0025" "titulo" => "NSCLCs symptoms" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "s0030" "titulo" => "Screening" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "s0035" "titulo" => "Screening information for lung cancer" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0040" "titulo" => "Symptoms and signs" ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "s0045" "titulo" => "Diagnosis" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "s0050" "titulo" => "NSCLC diagnosis" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0055" "titulo" => "Identifying the cancer's origin" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0060" "titulo" => "Imaging tests" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0065" "titulo" => "Tumor biomarker analysis" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "s0070" "titulo" => "Types of treatment" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "s0075" "titulo" => "How NSCLC is treated" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0080" "titulo" => "Surgery" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0085" "titulo" => "Radiation therapy" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0090" "titulo" => "Therapies using medication" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0095" "titulo" => "Chemotherapy" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0100" "titulo" => "Targeted therapy" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0105" "titulo" => "Immunotherapy" ] ] ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0110" "titulo" => "Remission and recurrence of cancer" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0115" "titulo" => "Clinical trials" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0120" "titulo" => "Latest research" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0125" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 12 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack743301" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 13 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2023-11-03" "fechaAceptado" => "2023-12-08" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1818113" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Cancer" 1 => "Experimental drugs" 2 => "Treatment" 3 => "Diagnosis" 4 => "Prevention" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1818114" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Cáncer" 1 => "fármacos experimentales" 2 => "tratamiento" 3 => "diagnóstico" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="as0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="sp0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Lung cancer is among the leading causes of death related to cancer globally, with NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer) accounting for about 85% of all cases. NSCLC is characterized by a complex genetic landscape, with multiple driver mutations and epigenetic alterations that promote tumor progression and resistance to therapy. NSCLC is treated with immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, or molecularly targeted therapy. However, a significant number of patients who had surgery are likely to experience local recurrence or distant metastases. Immunotherapy and targeted therapies have advanced rapidly in the last few years. Here, in this review, details related to NSCLC, its types, preventive measures, and risk factors, their symptoms, method of screening, diagnosis, and related treatment, and the latest updates related to NSCLC are discussed.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="as0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="sp0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El cáncer de pulmón se encuentra entre las principales causas de muerte relacionadas con el cáncer a nivel mundial, y el NSCLC (cáncer de pulmón de células no pequeñas) representa aproximadamente el 85 por ciento de todos los casos. El NSCLC se caracteriza por un panorama genético complejo, con múltiples mutaciones impulsoras y alteraciones epigenéticas que promueven la progresión del tumor y la resistencia a la terapia. El NSCLC se trata con inmunoterapia, quimioterapia, radiación, cirugía o terapia molecularmente dirigida. Sin embargo, es probable que un número significativo de pacientes sometidos a cirugía experimenten recurrencia local o metástasis a distancia. La inmunoterapia y las terapias dirigidas han avanzado rápidamente en los últimos años. Aquí, en esta revisión, se analizan los detalles relacionados con el NSCLC, sus tipos, medidas preventivas y factores de riesgo, sus síntomas, método de detección, diagnóstico y tratamiento relacionado, y las últimas actualizaciones relacionadas con el NSCLC.</p></span>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "f0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1490 "Ancho" => 3346 "Tamanyo" => 444297 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0005" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A diagrammatic representation showing the different types of lung cancer along with histology based subtyping of NSCLC.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "f0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1327 "Ancho" => 1612 "Tamanyo" => 143873 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0010" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An overview of the current understanding of the etiology of NSCLC.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "f0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1957 "Ancho" => 2756 "Tamanyo" => 362670 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0015" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The described algorithm is used to determine the tumor type in small biopsy specimen taken from the patient. After collecting the sample from the patient, it was analyzed and on the basis of morphological features or on the basis of presence of p40 and TTF, the clinicians will decide whether it is squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "f0020" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1520 "Ancho" => 2360 "Tamanyo" => 205677 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0020" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The targetable mutations in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma that changed the pathologists' approach to the diagnosis of NSCLC.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "t0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0025" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Drug \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Brand name \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Used in cancer type \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">References \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Carboplatin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Given as a generic medication \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ovarian and lung cancer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cisplatin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Given as a generic medication \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, bladder cancer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Docetaxel \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Taxotere \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Breast, lung, prostate, stomach cancer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">62</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Etoposide \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Available as a generic drug \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Prostate, testicular, stomach, bladder, and lung cancer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64–66</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Gemcitabine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Gemzar \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Bladder and breast cancer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">68</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Nab-paclitaxel \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Abraxane \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Pancreatic cancer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">69–71</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Paclitaxel \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Taxol \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Kaposi's sarcoma, ovarian, lung, and breast cancer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">72–74</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Pemetrexed \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Alimta \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Pleural mesothelioma, NSCLC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">75</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">76</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vinorelbine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Navelbine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Breast cancer and NSCLC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">77</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">78</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3530326.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">List of few popular medications used in chemotherapy.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:137 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "1 - introduction to cancer and treatment approaches" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/B978-0-323-90951-8.00010-2" "LibroEditado" => array:5 [ "editores" => "M.K.Swamy, T.Pullaiah, Z.-S.Chen" "titulo" => "Paclitaxel" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "27" "serieFecha" => "2022" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Natural products that target cancer stem cells" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.4018/978-1-7998-9258-8.ch008" "LibroEditado" => array:5 [ "editores" => "A.Pandurangan, S.Anandasadagopan, F.Alhumaydhi" "titulo" => "Handbook of Research on Natural Products and Their Bioactive Compounds as Cancer Therapeutics" "paginaInicial" => "169" "paginaFinal" => "186" "serieFecha" => "2022" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0015" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cancer genes and the pathways they control" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1038/nm1087" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nat Med" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "10" "numero" => "8" "paginaInicial" => "789" "paginaFinal" => "799" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0020" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cancer: an unknown territory; rethinking before going ahead" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.gendis.2020.09.002" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Genes Dis" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "8" "numero" => "5" "paginaInicial" => "655" "paginaFinal" => "661" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0025" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Non–small cell lung cancer: epidemiology, screening, diagnosis, and treatment" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.01.013" "Revista" => array:8 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mayo Clin Proc" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "94" "numero" => "8" "paginaInicial" => "1623" "paginaFinal" => "1640" "link" => array:1 [ …1] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0030" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Conquering lung cancer: current status and prospects for the future" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.pulmoe.2020.02.005" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pulmonology" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "26" "numero" => "5" "paginaInicial" => "283" "paginaFinal" => "290" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0035" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Non–small cell lung cancer" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "StatPearls" "serieFecha" => "2023" ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0040" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Non-small-cell lung cancer in 2022: a review for general practitioners in oncology" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3390/curroncol29030150" "Revista" => array:8 [ "tituloSerie" => "Curr Oncol." "fecha" => "2022" "volumen" => "29" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "1828" "paginaFinal" => "1839" "link" => array:1 [ …1] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0045" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Lung cancer: epidemiology, etiology, and prevention" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ccm.2011.09.001" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Clin Chest Med" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "32" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "605" "paginaFinal" => "644" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0050" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "American College of Chest Physicians. 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A review on non-small cell lung cancer
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a Faculty of Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow Deva Road, Barabanki-225003, Uttar Pradesh, India
b Faculty of Biosciences, Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow Deva Road, Barabanki-225003, Uttar Pradesh, India