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array:20 [ "pii" => "S1576988724000797" "issn" => "15769887" "doi" => "10.1016/j.vacun.2024.08.001" "estado" => "S200" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-09-24" "aid" => "372" "copyrightAnyo" => "2024" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "cor" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "itemSiguiente" => array:16 [ "pii" => "S1576988724000803" "issn" => "15769887" "doi" => "10.1016/j.vacun.2024.08.002" "estado" => "S200" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-10-03" "aid" => "373" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Monitoring of hepatitis B infection in the elderly population of eastern Iran" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Monitorización de la infección por hepatitis B en los sujetos mayores de Irán oriental" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Abdol Sattar Pagheh, Effat Alemzadeh, Eisa Nazar, Mitra Moodi, Farshad Sharifi, Ebrahim Miri-Moghaddam, Mohamad Taghi Rahimi, Soroush Mohammadi, Masood Ziaee" "autores" => array:9 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Abdol Sattar" "apellidos" => "Pagheh" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Effat" "apellidos" => "Alemzadeh" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Eisa" "apellidos" => "Nazar" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mitra" "apellidos" => "Moodi" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Farshad" "apellidos" => "Sharifi" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ebrahim" "apellidos" => "Miri-Moghaddam" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mohamad Taghi" "apellidos" => "Rahimi" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Soroush" "apellidos" => "Mohammadi" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Masood" "apellidos" => "Ziaee" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1576988724000803?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/15769887/unassign/S1576988724000803/v1_202410030414/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:14 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Letter to the editor</span>" "titulo" => "Artificial intelligence and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Sara Kamal Shahsavar, Arman Alinezhad, Masoud Keikha" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Sara Kamal" "apellidos" => "Shahsavar" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "af0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "af0010" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Arman" "apellidos" => "Alinezhad" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "arman.76.alinejad@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "af0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "af0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cr0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Masoud" "apellidos" => "Keikha" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "masoud.keykha90@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "af0015" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cr0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "af0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "af0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "af0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cr0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding authors." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Inteligencia artificial y dudas sobre la vacuna contra la COVID-19" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="s0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0005">Dear Editor</span><p id="p0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic state with the irruption of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on March 11, 2020, there have been more than 700 million infected as well as 7 million deaths.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> This makes the event the greatest global public health threat in the 21st century. Therefore, it is obvious that establishing global awareness regarding SARS CoV2 and COVID-19, as along with prevention measures, is of utmost importance and using accurate information is the main corner stone to support it.</p><p id="p0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to available scientific literature, the spread of misinformation on social media has contributed as a critical factor for unfavorable feedbacks in the general population regarding COVID-19 vaccination.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> At the other hand, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are becoming increasingly popular among healthcare sectors. AI-based techniques are emerged as a useful tool in releasing faster and more effective information that may lead to an upgrade in healthcare services.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In accordance with this fact, the application of Chatbot Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (ChatGPT) to COVID-19 vaccine conspiracy information has been investigated by several researchers. Meo et al. reveal that the ChatGPT platform has achieved satisfactory multiple choice questions (MCQs) grades (44/60) regarding COVID-19 pandemic-allied examination; they believed that ChatGPT could give support to medical educators, and healthcare authorities in making global understanding in relation to SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and COVID-19 vaccines.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Alipour et al. (2024) showed that social platforms, e.g., Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, Reddit, YouTube, and ChatGPT have played crucial roles in disseminating information and promoting vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, they found that ChatGPT spread their information more gradually than other-related platforms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="p0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sallam et al. investigated the role of OpenAI ChatGPT content as a source of SARS-CoV2 vaccine conspiracy beliefs. They concluded that ChatGPT could be considered as a correct source of acquisition of answers regarding clinical efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines. However, there might also be incorrect information due to misleading information delivered.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Salas et al. as well as Tekinay et al. also exhibited that the ChatGPT responses regarding COVID-19 vaccines were generally satisfactory but there were also false and incorrect responses.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The review of the available studies disclose that ChatGPT platform could not be applied as a reliable alternative source such as the WHO or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations.</p><p id="p0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although AI-based technologies are generating the overall satisfactory response regarding various aspects concerning COVID-19 vaccines, chatbots such as ChatGPT are vulnerable to generate erroneous content due to errors or even due to human factors and misunderstandings. Furthermore, there are concerns regarding the privacy and security of health data that is used as input information to feed these chatbots. Thus, it is essential that AI-based contents are thoroughly supervised by a third expert person before releasing the information to the public. The review of available literature highlighted that ChatGPT could not be used as the sole informative source for healthcare sectors and even less to the general public; their content should be interpreted with extreme caution.</p></span><span id="s0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0010">Funding</span><p id="p0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Not applicable.</p></span><span id="s0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0015">Author's contribution</span><p id="p0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All authors have actively contributed in writing, editing and revision of the manuscript.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0005" "titulo" => "Dear Editor" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0010" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0015" "titulo" => "Author's contribution" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack775908" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 4 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2024-08-11" "fechaAceptado" => "2024-08-19" "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0005" "etiqueta" => "1." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "John Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "WWW" => array:1 [ "link" => "https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0010" "etiqueta" => "2." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Medical knowledge of ChatGPT in public health, infectious diseases, COVID-19 pandemic, and vaccines: multiple choice questions examination based performance" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "S.A. Meo" 1 => "M. Alotaibi" 2 => "M.Z. Meo" 3 => "M.O. Meo" 4 => "M. Hamid" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Front Public Health" "fecha" => "2024" "volumen" => "12" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0015" "etiqueta" => "3." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cross-platform social dynamics: an analysis of ChatGPT and COVID-19 vaccine conversations" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "S. Alipour" 1 => "A. Galeazzi" 2 => "E. Sangiorgio" 3 => "M. Avalle" 4 => "L. Bojic" 5 => "M. Cinelli" 6 => "W. Quattrociocchi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1038/s41598-024-53124-x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sci Rep" "fecha" => "2024" "volumen" => "14" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "2789" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38307909" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0020" "etiqueta" => "4." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "ChatGPT output regarding compulsory vaccination and COVID-19 vaccine conspiracy: a descriptive study at the outset of a paradigm shift in online search for information" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:9 [ 0 => "M. Sallam" 1 => "N.A. Salim" 2 => "B. Ala'a" 3 => "M. Barakat" 4 => "D. Fayyad" 5 => "S. Hallit" 6 => "H. Harapan" 7 => "R. Hallit" 8 => "A. Mahafzah" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Cureus" "fecha" => "2023" "volumen" => "15" "numero" => "2" ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0025" "etiqueta" => "5." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Chatting with ChatGPT to learn about safety of COVID-19 vaccines–a perspective" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A. Salas" 1 => "I. Rivero-Calle" 2 => "F. Martinón-Torres" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Hum Vaccin Immunother" "fecha" => "2023" "volumen" => "19" "numero" => "2" ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0030" "etiqueta" => "6." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Curious questions about Covid-19 pandemic with ChatGPT: answers and recommendations" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "O.N. Tekinay" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s10439-023-03209-x" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ann Biomed Eng" "fecha" => "2023" "volumen" => "51" "numero" => "7" "paginaInicial" => "1371" "paginaFinal" => "1373" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37071282" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack775908" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" "texto" => "<p id="p0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Not applicable.</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/15769887/unassign/S1576988724000797/v1_202409240425/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => null "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/15769887/unassign/S1576988724000797/v1_202409240425/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1576988724000797?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
