Compartir
array:21 [ "pii" => "S1576988724000967" "issn" => "15769887" "doi" => "10.1016/j.vacun.2024.09.004" "estado" => "S200" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-10-25" "aid" => "377" "copyrightAnyo" => "2024" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "itemSiguiente" => array:16 [ "pii" => "S1576988724000979" "issn" => "15769887" "doi" => "10.1016/j.vacun.2024.09.005" "estado" => "S200" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-10-29" "aid" => "378" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "cor" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:8 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "The growing threat of monkeypox and the urgent need for vaccination in Pakistan" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Amenaza creciente de la viruela del mono y necesidad urgente de vacunación en Pakistán" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Alisha Saleem, Ashar Masood Khan, Danish Faheem, Bina Fawad" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alisha" "apellidos" => "Saleem" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ashar Masood" "apellidos" => "Khan" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Danish" "apellidos" => "Faheem" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Bina" "apellidos" => "Fawad" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1576988724000979?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/15769887/unassign/S1576988724000979/v1_202410291641/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:16 [ "pii" => "S1576988724000797" "issn" => "15769887" "doi" => "10.1016/j.vacun.2024.08.001" "estado" => "S200" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-09-24" "aid" => "372" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "cor" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:9 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Letter to the editor</span>" "titulo" => "Artificial intelligence and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Inteligencia artificial y dudas sobre la vacuna contra la COVID-19" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Sara Kamal Shahsavar, Arman Alinezhad, Masoud Keikha" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sara Kamal" "apellidos" => "Shahsavar" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Arman" "apellidos" => "Alinezhad" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Masoud" "apellidos" => "Keikha" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1576988724000797?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/15769887/unassign/S1576988724000797/v1_202409240425/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:18 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original</span>" "titulo" => "Evaluation of the effect of melatonin on patients with COVID-19 admitted to ICU: A double-blind randomized clinical trial" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Mahmoud Ganjifard, Shokouh Ghafari, Adeleh Sahebnasagh, Mahboubeh Esmaeili, Ali Reza Amirabadizadeh, Azadeh Ebrahimzadeh, Parvin Askari, Razieh Avan" "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Mahmoud" "apellidos" => "Ganjifard" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "af0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Shokouh" "apellidos" => "Ghafari" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "af0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Adeleh" "apellidos" => "Sahebnasagh" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "af0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Mahboubeh" "apellidos" => "Esmaeili" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "af0020" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ali Reza" "apellidos" => "Amirabadizadeh" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>" "identificador" => "af0025" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Azadeh" "apellidos" => "Ebrahimzadeh" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span>" "identificador" => "af0030" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Parvin" "apellidos" => "Askari" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span>" "identificador" => "af0030" ] ] ] 7 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Razieh" "apellidos" => "Avan" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "avanr91@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">g</span>" "identificador" => "af0035" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cr0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Anesthesia, Emam Reza General Hospital, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "af0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "af0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "af0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Nursing, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "af0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Student Research Committee, Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "af0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "af0030" ] 6 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran" "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "af0035" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cr0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author at: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Evaluación del efecto de la melatonina en pacientes con COVID-19 ingresados en la UCI: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado doble ciego" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "f0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2465 "Ancho" => 2771 "Tamanyo" => 293994 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0005" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Consort flow diagram of patients.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="s0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0065">Introduction</span><p id="p0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The development of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) or novel coronavirus 19 (nCoV-19)), responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has posed a huge global health concern from its initial documentation in December 2019 in Wuhan, China.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Patients who suffered from the new form of pneumonia commonly experienced symptoms such as fever, dry cough, and muscle pain, accompanied by unusual chest computed tomography) CT (scan results. Less frequently observed symptoms included diarrhea and headaches.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="p0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A hyper-inflammatory response known as a “cytokine storm,” which includes the excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin IL-6, (IL)-1β, IL-8, IL-10, NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, is a hallmark of the pathophysiology of severe COVID-19. This life-threatening situation may lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5–7</span></a> Since this inflammatory cascade contributes to the advancement of the disease, effective therapeutic approaches are required.</p><p id="p0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since there is currently no special therapy for COVID-19, it may be valuable to consider affordable, accessible drugs like melatonin as a possible additional option for treating COVID-19.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Melatonin has no effect on the reduction of viral load, viral replication, and transcription, but it has different indirect antiviral effects.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Melatonin, known as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, showed clinical efficacy in sepsis and several viral diseases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Most research has focused on the ability of melatonin to alleviate vessel permeability, anxiety improvement, and sleep quality which may also help improve the results of patients with COVID-19, in terms of their clinical conditions and prognosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Recent studies have shown that melatonin can improve clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 by reducing inflammation and enhancing immune function. A meta-analysis by Tóth et al. (2024) showed that melatonin as an adjunctive therapy significantly improved outcomes in COVID-19 patients, highlighting its potential role in the management of severe cases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> In addition, Likhvantsev, et al. (2023) reported on long-term health-related quality of life in intensive care unit (ICU) survivors and emphasized the need for effective adjuvant therapies during hospitalization.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> In addition, melatonin has antidepressant, anxiolytic, neuroprotective, and antihypertensive properties.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Melatonin potentiates the effect of ribavirin as an anti-influenza drug, possibly due to its immunomodulatory effects.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Also, several literatures have revealed the effect of melatonin as an additive or routine therapy in patients with COVID-19 who suffer from acute lung injury, pneumonia, and ARDS.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Furthermore, melatonin may reduce pulmonary fibrosis which is an important complication of COVID-19.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> It is worth noting that melatonin is also quite safe. It's side effects include alteration in sleep cycles, insomnia, somnolence, headache, confusion, dizziness, and nausea.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> As far as we know, there are very limited clinical trials on the efficacy of melatonin on ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients. The object of the current study was to assess the effectiveness of melatonin in progressing the symptoms of COVID-19 patients.</p></span><span id="s0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0070">Material and methods</span><span id="s0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0075">Study design</span><p id="p0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From August 2021 to December 2021, this investigation was conducted as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. We enrolled 46 subjects from the Vali-e-Asr Hospital, Birjand University of Medical Sciences (Birjand, Iran). The research protocol was planned and written according to the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) guideline. The study was officially filed at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials on July 18, 2021, under the unique identification number IRCT20150724023315N2. The Ethics Committee approved this trial, which was performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines (approval IR.BUMS.REC.1399.345). COVID-19 patients who were admitted to the ICU were evaluated for eligibility in our study. Demographic characteristics of patients including age, sex, underlying disease (diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, lung disorders, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver problems, central nervous system, etc.), alcohol consumption, smoking and addiction, drug history sensitivity, duration of hospitalization and laboratory, paraclinical, and clinical results were be extracted from patients' records and collected in a questionnaire.</p></span><span id="s0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0080">Patients</span><p id="p0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The COVID-19 diagnosis was based on the following criteria: (1) confirmation of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 through a reverse transcription-PCR in nasopharyngeal swab or oropharyngeal swabs, and (2) abnormal CT scan results of the chest (ground-glass opacities) with blood arterial oxygen saturation (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">pO2</span>) <<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>90% at rest. Before participating in the study, all patients provided their informed consent by signing the necessary documentation.</p></span><span id="s0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0085">Inclusion criteria</span><p id="p0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To be included in the study, patients needed to meet the following criteria: age ≥<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18 years ≤<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>75, confirmed COVID-19 within the previous 24 h with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">pO2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≤<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>93%, respiratory rate<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30 breaths per minute, and PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≤<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300.</p></span><span id="s0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0090">Exclusion criteria</span><p id="p0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Subjects were excluded from the study with the following criteria: (1) patients with shock or hemodynamic instability, (2) glomerular filtration rate less than 30 ml/min, (3) history of hepatitis, cirrhosis, and severe liver disorders, (4) history of depression (consuming fluvoxamine and other potent CYP1A2 inhibitors), hypertension and epilepsy, (5) allergic or intolerant to any therapeutic agents used in this study, (6) malignancies or received any immunosuppressive agents, (7) severe immune disorders, (8) pregnant or lactating females, and (9) use of alcohol and benzodiazepines.</p></span><span id="s0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0095">Randomization and masking</span><span id="s0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0100">Randomization</span><p id="p0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patients were categorized into the intervention and control groups, through a randomization process using a random number table. To do this, we generated a variable ranging from 1 to 46 in Excel software. Then, in a separate column, we generated 23 random numbers labeled as “1” and another set of 23 random numbers labeled as “2” using the randomization command. The “1” group represented the intervention group, while the “2” group represented the placebo group. In order to maintain allocation concealment, the study staff who were in-charge of participant recruitment and treatment allocation were not aware of the randomization sequence. The third person under the senior project manager's supervision was in-charge of the medication formulation, packaging, and labeling.</p></span><span id="s0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0105">Masking</span><p id="p0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To ensure that the contents of the medications could not be differentiated, the intervention and placebo groups received the same package and labeling. To further preserve the investigators' blindness, codes were used for both the recording and processing of patient data. The research staff participated in regular training sessions, whereby the significance of upholding blinding was emphasized and possible breaches were addressed.</p></span></span><span id="s0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0110">Interventions</span><p id="p0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Melatonin was manufactured by an authorized pharmaceutical company (Razak Pharmaceutical Company, Tehran, Iran). Placebo was manufactured by the pharmaceutics laboratory of the Pharmacy faculty of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The placebo and melatonin were indistinguishable in size, weight, and appearance. The intervention group received 18 mg of the melatonin orally before bedtime along with standard therapy for 14 days, while the placebo group received 18 mg daily (filled with microcrystalline cellulose) orally before bedtime along with standard treatment for 14 days. Patients were evaluated at baseline and on days 7 and 15 after entering the study.</p><p id="p0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The standard of care for COVID-19 was at the discretion of treating physicians and based on Iranian national COVID-19 treatment protocol.</p></span><span id="s0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0115">Outcomes</span><p id="p0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The primary objectives were as follows: 1-month mortality, duration of hospitalization in the ICU, clinical symptoms based on the 7-category ordinal scale, lymphocyte count, PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio, ESR, CRP, AST, ALT, and LDH levels. The secondary outcomes included the number of patients who require support via mechanical ventilation, discharge from the hospital, fever relief time in patients with a fever above 37.5 at the admission time, and adverse effects. Clinical improvement was determined by comparing the clinical status scores on a 7-category ordinal scale at admission with scores at fixed time points (specifically, on days 7 and 15). A reduction of at least 2 scores indicated improvement. The 7-category ordinal scale included the following categories: (1) no hospitalization, able to resume normal activities; (2) no hospitalization, unable to resume normal activities; (3) hospitalized but not in the ICU, not needing supplemental oxygen; (4) hospitalized but not in the ICU, needing supplemental oxygen; (5) ICU hospitalization without the need for ECMO or invasive mechanical ventilation; (6) ICU hospitalization with the need for ECMO or invasive mechanical ventilation; and (7) death.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> The other biochemical markers including PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio, lymphocyte count, CRP, ESR, ALT, AST, and LDH were assessed at fixed time-points (baseline, day 7, and day 15).</p></span><span id="s0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0120">Sample size</span><p id="p0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sample size was obtained according to the Dianatkhah et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> study with an error level of the first type of 5% and a power of 90% according to the length of hospitalization in the ICU of 21 people. Taking into account the 10% drop, the final sample size in each group is 23 patients.</p></span><span id="s0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0125">Statistical analysis</span><p id="p0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The data analysis was performed using SPSS version 24. The Chi-square or Fisher's exact test was used for comparing qualitative variables. The normality of quantitative variables was assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. For comparing quantitative variables between the two groups, we used the independent <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test. For comparing factors across 3 time-points, due to the lack of normality, the Friedman test was employed, and Dunn's test was used for pairwise comparisons. For the PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio, given the normality, a repeated measures design was applied, and Bonferroni correction was used for pairwise comparisons. A significance level of 5% was considered.</p></span></span><span id="s0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0130">Results</span><span id="s0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0135">Patients' characteristics</span><p id="p0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Between August 20, 2021, to December 15, 2021, 76 COVID-19 patients were evaluated for eligibility. Among them, 8 patients disagree to participate in the trial. Of these patients, 46 had inclusion criteria. 23 patients were given melatonin in addition to the routine standard of care, and another 23 patients received a placebo alongside the routine standard of care. The mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD age of the patients was 57.80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17.96 years, and 50% were male. Also, the mean duration of hospitalization was 19.83<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.45 days. Hypertension (26%) and diabetes (17.4%) were common underlying comorbidities. There were no significant differences in the demographic features of patients between the two groups (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.05) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t0005">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="t0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="p0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among 76 patients who were evaluated for eligibility, 30 patients were excluded. Finally, 46 patients were randomly divided into 2 groups melatonin (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23) and control (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23). A CONSORT flow diagram of the study is illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#f0005">Fig. 1</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="f0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="s0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0140">Clinical improvement during melatonin therapy</span><p id="p0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Improvement of clinical symptoms relying on a 7-category ordinal scale was seen in 20.0 (87.0%) and 16.0 (72.7%) of patients in the melatonin and control group, respectively (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.2). Initially, the percentage of lung involvement between the 2 groups was not significantly different (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.8). After an intervention, the melatonin group showed no significant improvement in lung involvement compared to the control group (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.07). The median duration of use of mechanical ventilation was 5.0 [3.0–10.0] and 5.0 [0.2–12.7] days in melatonin and control group, respectively (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.9). Also, the mean duration of need for oxygen therapy was 12.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.2 and 11.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.5 days in the melatonin and control group, respectively (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.6).</p><p id="p0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mean fever relief time in patients who had a fever above 37.5 °C at admission was 3.33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.15 and 2.40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.79 days in melatonin and control groups, respectively (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.6).</p><p id="p0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On day 15 after intervention, the median ESR and CRP levels in the melatonin group were 13 and 18, respectively. Also, the median ESR and CRP levels on day 15 after intervention in the control group were 26 and 31, respectively. The results of the Friedman test demonstrated that there were significant differences in ESR, CRP, and LDH levels in both groups at 3 times (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≤<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.001). The results of the post hoc test demonstrated that levels of ESR, CRP, and LDH before intervention in both groups were significantly more than 15 days after the intervention (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.001). On day 15 after the intervention, the median AST and ALT levels in the melatonin group were 39 and 33, respectively. Also, the median AST and ALT levels on day 15 after intervention in the control group were 53 and 48, respectively. The results of the Friedman test demonstrated that there were no significant differences in AST and ALT levels in both groups at three times (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.05). On day 15, the PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio in the melatonin and control group was 100.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12.8 and 109.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23.4, respectively. The results of the repeated measure test displayed that there were major differences in PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio in both groups at 3 times (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.05). The post hoc Bonferroni test demonstrated that the PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio in melatonin and control group was lower significantly before and 7 days after intervention than 15 days after intervention.</p><p id="p0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The median lymphocyte count before intervention in melatonin and control groups was 10.2 and 6.9, respectively. Also, median lymphocyte counts on 15 days after the intervention in melatonin and control groups were 5.5 and 7.5, respectively. There were no significant differences in intervention and control groups in lymphocyte count 3 times (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.05).</p><p id="p0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the Mann–Whitney test exhibited that before the intervention, 7, and 15 days after the intervention, there was no significant difference between AST, ALT, LDH, ESR, CRP, PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, and lymphocyte count in the intervention and control groups (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.05).</p><p id="p0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients' clinical improvement in the control group was compared with the melatonin group and illustrated in detail in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t0010">Table 2</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="t0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="p0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mortality occurred in 1 (50%) and 1 (50%) of patients in melatonin and control groups. There was no significant difference in mortality rate between the 2 groups (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.99). 20 people were discharged from the ward. 17 people were discharged from the ICU. In the melatonin group, 4, 2, and 2 patients experienced sedation, agitation, and circadian rhythm disturbance. There was no significant difference in the frequency of adverse effects between the 2 groups (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.57) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t0015">Table 3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="t0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="s0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0145">Discussion</span><p id="p0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The COVID-19 pandemic affects public health and healthcare systems even if it is no longer considered a global health emergency. Even while COVID-19 hospital admissions have significantly declined, the virus still poses a concern to susceptible groups, including the elderly and people with chronic inflammatory conditions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> In this randomized clinical trial (RCT) on patients with moderate COVID-19 admitted to ICU, melatonin along with standard therapy compared with standard therapy alone could not improve clinical symptoms, chemical biomarkers, death, and duration of hospitalization in 15 days of treatment. These findings support the further evaluation of possible COVID-19 therapies in light of changing pandemic control tactics.</p><p id="p0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since the acceleration of COVID-19, many reports have indicated various COVID-19 complications and long-term impacts associated with the virus, spanning from physical to psychological effects.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> As a result, this finding has led to the improvement of treatment strategies worldwide globally; adjuvant therapy is one of these strategies that have been implemented. Adjuvant therapy such as immunomodulators, bevacizumab, statins, nutritional supplements (such as vitamins A, B, C, D, E, and zinc), and melatonin has shown an auspicious effect against COVID-19 besides other treatments.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Melatonin exhibits significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, directly enhancing the immune response by promoting the proliferation and maturation of T- and B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes, and monocytes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Studies conducted previously have emphasized the anti-inflammatory effects of melatonin, particularly its positive impact on COVID-19 patients, both with and without metabolic disorders.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29–32</span></a> Additionally, in numerous trials, melatonin is beneficial against atherosclerosis, respiratory problems, and viral infections (including hepatitis, Ebola, respiratory syncytial virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> Moreover, several clinical investigations, including RCTs, have confirmed melatonin's effectiveness in treating COVID-19 patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35–39</span></a> However, there is a scarcity of clinical and laboratory data regarding the utilization of melatonin as a supplementary therapeutic intervention in COVID-19 cases. Consequently, a RCT was designed and performed in this study to assess the effectiveness of orally administered melatonin in COVID-19 patients who are admitted to the ICU.</p><p id="p0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A study was conducted on 31 outpatients with mild to moderate COVID-19. It was a randomized, single-blind study aimed to investigate the impact of taking 6 mg of melatonin orally for 2 weeks. The study found that there was no significant difference seen in CRP 1 and CRP 2 (measured before and after melatonin usage) between the group that received melatonin and the control group. However, it was found that the melatonin group showed a higher percentage of improvement in clinical symptoms, such as myalgia, fever, chill, and cough, compared to the control group.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a></p><p id="p0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In one RCT on 44 mild to moderate COVID-19 hospitalized patients, the researchers assessed the impact of melatonin at a dosage of 3 mg, 3 times a day for 14 days. In the intervention group, the clinical symptoms including dyspnea, cough, and fatigue, as well as the CRP level and pulmonary involvement significantly improved in comparison to the control group (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.05). Furthermore, the intervention group exhibited a considerably shorter mean hospital discharge time and faster return to baseline health in comparison to the control group (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.05).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a></p><p id="p0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A recent study was carried out to examine the impact of 3 mg oral melatonin for 7 days or until death on hospitalized patients with COVID-19. The trial included 96 participants and followed an open-label, randomized, controlled approach. The results of this study indicated that, apart from blood oxygen saturation, there were no significant differences observed in the laboratory parameters.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a></p><p id="p0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Similar to Alizadeh et al. (2022) study, no significant difference was seen in the duration of mechanical ventilation between the control and intervention groups.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a></p><p id="p0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most of the studies conducted on outpatients and hospitalized patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 displayed a significant improvement in the clinical symptoms among the patients in the melatonin group.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a> However, our study yielded contrasting results. One possible explanation for the difference between our study and others is based on the evaluation of the improvement of clinical symptoms based on the 7-category ordinal scale.</p><p id="p0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Similar to other studies, there was no significant difference in mortality rate between the 2 groups.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> In this study, the control and intervention groups showed no significant differences in laboratory parameters like AST, ALT, ESR, and lymphocyte count. Our findings were consistent with previous research.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a></p><p id="p0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Like any other clinical trial, this particular study has certain limitations. These include a small sample size, a short follow-up period, and the unavailability of injectable melatonin formulations, which could introduce bias. To overcome these constraints and obtain more reliable results, it is essential to conduct additional randomized clinical trials with larger sample sizes. This will ensure sufficient statistical power to detect potential differences in clinical outcomes and establish the supportive role of low-dose melatonin as an adjunctive treatment for COVID-19 patients.</p></span><span id="s0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0150">Conclusion</span><p id="p0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study's findings suggested that there was no statistically significant difference between the melatonin and placebo groups in terms of clinical symptom improvement, mortality rate, adverse effects, or various blood markers, according to a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment done on COVID-19 patients in ICU of Vali-e-Asr Hospital, Birjand, Iran. This implies that melatonin does not offer any extra advantage to COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU when taken in addition to normal treatment. To investigate the possible effects of melatonin in other patient populations or at different dosages, more research could be required.</p></span><span id="s0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0155">Authors' contribution</span><p id="p0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MG was responsible for the study design, intellectual content and revise the final manuscript. ME and ShG participated in data acquisition. AE, ShG, AS, and PA participated to drafting of manuscript. AS participated in editing the manuscript scientifically and literary. ARA contributed to the data analysis and statistical analysis. RA contributed to study design, literature review, drafting of manuscript, revise the final manuscript and was guarantor for the study. All authors approve the final submitted version and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work presented.</p></span><span id="s0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0160">Funding</span><p id="p0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was supported by a grant from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gts0005">Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS)</span> (No: <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gts0005">5479</span>), Iran.</p></span><span id="s0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0165">Ethics approval and consent to participate</span><p id="p0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was approved by the ethics committee of Birjand University of Medical Sciences (IR.BUMS.REC.1399.345). The study protocol was planned and written in accordance with the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) guideline and the study was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials on July 18, 2021 with identifier IRCT20150724023315N2. Written informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from the parents or guardians of all participants. Also, no additional cost was imposed on the participants.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2282437" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "as0005" "titulo" => "Introduction and objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "as0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "as0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "as0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1898695" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2282436" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "as0025" "titulo" => "Introducción y objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "as0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "as0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "as0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1898696" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "s0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0015" "titulo" => "Study design" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0020" "titulo" => "Patients" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0025" "titulo" => "Inclusion criteria" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0030" "titulo" => "Exclusion criteria" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "s0035" "titulo" => "Randomization and masking" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0040" "titulo" => "Randomization" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0045" "titulo" => "Masking" ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0050" "titulo" => "Interventions" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0055" "titulo" => "Outcomes" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0060" "titulo" => "Sample size" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0065" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "s0070" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0075" "titulo" => "Patients' characteristics" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0080" "titulo" => "Clinical improvement during melatonin therapy" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0085" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0090" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0095" "titulo" => "Authors' contribution" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0100" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0105" "titulo" => "Ethics approval and consent to participate" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2024-07-09" "fechaAceptado" => "2024-09-23" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1898695" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "COVID-19" 1 => "Intensive care unit" 2 => "Melatonin" 3 => "Randomized clinical trial" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1898696" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "COVID-19" 1 => "Unidad de cuidados intensivos" 2 => "Melatonina" 3 => "Ensayo clínico aleatorizado" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="as0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0010">Introduction and objectives</span><p id="sp0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This research aims to examine the efficacy of melatonin as an adjuvant therapeutic agent for COVID-19 patients in the intensive care unit.</p></span> <span id="as0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0015">Methods</span><p id="sp0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation was conducted on a group of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Individuals were allocated into 2 groups: one group received a combination of 18 mg of melatonin and standard treatment for 14 days; the other group received a placebo in addition to standard treatment. Patients were evaluated at the beginning of the study as well as the 7th and 15th days to analyze changes in clinical symptoms, P/F ratio, and inflammatory markers.</p></span> <span id="as0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0020">Results</span><p id="sp0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study included patients with an average age of 57.80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17.96 years, with an equal gender representation. The average length of hospital stay was 19.83<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.45 days. Hypertension and diabetes were commonly observed comorbidities. There were no significant differences in the demographic characteristics between the 2 groups (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.05). Additionally, there were no significant distinctions between the 2 groups in terms of clinical symptom improvement, mortality rate, adverse effects, and various blood markers (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.05).</p></span> <span id="as0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0025">Conclusion</span><p id="sp0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Our study's findings suggested that melatonin is unlikely to significantly affect the clinical status of COVID-19 patients.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "as0005" "titulo" => "Introduction and objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "as0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "as0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "as0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="as0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0035">Introducción y objetivos</span><p id="sp0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de este estudio es examinar la eficacia de la melatonina como agente terapéutico adyuvante para pacientes con COVID-19 en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI).</p></span> <span id="as0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0040">Métodos</span><p id="sp0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se realizó un estudio aleatorizado, doble ciego, y controlado por placebo en un grupo de pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19. Los individuos fueron asignados a dos grupos: uno de ellos recibió una combinación de 18 mg de melatonina y tratamiento estándar durante 14 días, y el otro grupo recibió un placebo además del tratamiento estándar. Se evaluó a los pacientes al inicio del estudio, así como transcurridos 7 y 15 días, para analizar los cambios de los síntomas clínicos, ratio P/F y marcadores inflamatorios.</p></span> <span id="as0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0045">Resultados</span><p id="sp0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El estudio incluyó pacientes con una edad media de 57,80 ± 17,96 años, con igual representación de sexos. La duración media de la estancia hospitalaria fue de 19,83 ± 4,45 días. Hipertensión y diabetes fueron comorbilidades comúnmente observadas. No existieron diferencias significativas en cuanto a características demográficas entre los dos grupos (p > 0,05). Además, no existieron diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos en términos de mejora de los síntomas clínicos, tasa de mortalidad, efectos adversos y marcadores sanguíneos diversos (p > 0,05).</p></span> <span id="as0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0050">Conclusión</span><p id="sp0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los hallazgos de nuestro estudio sugirieron la improbabilidad de que la melatonina afecte al estado clínico de los pacientes de COVID-19.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "as0025" "titulo" => "Introducción y objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "as0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "as0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "as0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "f0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2465 "Ancho" => 2771 "Tamanyo" => 293994 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0005" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Consort flow diagram of patients.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "t0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0010" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Melatonin group \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control group \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age (year) (Mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD)</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">62.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">52.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Duration of hospitalization (day) (Mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD)</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Smoking <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%)</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.0 (4.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Addiction <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%)</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.0 (30.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.0 (13.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sex <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%)</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.0 (52.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11.0 (47.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.7</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11.0 (47.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.0 (52.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="7" align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Underlying disease <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%)</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Diabetes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.0 (13.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.0 (21.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="7" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.9</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Hypertension \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.0 (39.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.0 (13.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">COPD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.0 (4.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.0 (4.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cardiovascular disorders \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.0 (4.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.0 (4.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Lung disorders \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.0 (4.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CNS disorders \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.0 (4.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Others \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.0 (13.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.0 (21.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3700959.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients' characteristics.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "t0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0015" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable</th><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Before \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">7 days \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">15 days \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Friedman test</th><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Before with 7 days</th><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Before with 15 days</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Median [Q1–Q3] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Median [Q1–Q3] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Median [Q1–Q3] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">AST</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Melatonin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">60.0 [46.0–95.0] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">67.0 [33.0–89.0] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">39.0 [24.5–78.5] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.5, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.7</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.2</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">53.0 [34.5–81.5] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">53.0 [31.5–80.5] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">53.0 [35.0–111.0] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.1, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ALT</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Melatonin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">36.0 [23.0–56.0] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">34.0 [26.0–54.0] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33.0 [23.5–53.0] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.9, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.9</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.8</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">36.0 [18.0–55.0] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">37.0 [18.0–64.5] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">48.0 [21.0–69.0] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.6, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">LDH</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Melatonin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">898.0 [459.0–1080.0] # \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">651.0 [546.0–898.0] † \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">546.0 [357.0–819.5] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16.6, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.9</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.6</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">861.0 [440.5–1066.0] # \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">748.0 [318.5–1048.0] † \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">574.0 [423.0–791.0] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.0, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ESR</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Melatonin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">47.0 [19.0–60.0]*, # \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26.0 [15.0–46.0] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13.0 [9.0–26.0] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13.3, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.06</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.7</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40.0 [28.5–73.5]# \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">34.0 [21.0–59.5] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26.0 [12.0–39.0] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13.5, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CRP</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Melatonin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">50.0 [27.0–67.0]# \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42.0 [18.0–59.0] † \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18.0 [10.0–37.5] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14.8, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.5</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.5</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">61.0 [53.0–75.0]# \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">52.0 [37.0–67.5] † \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31.0 [19.0–52.0] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15.3, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Melatonin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">88.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12.6# \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">91.90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15.1† \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.4, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.1</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.6</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">90.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13.3# \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">91.52<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10.8† \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">109.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9.8, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Lymphocyte count</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Melatonin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.2 [4.6–13.0] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.2 [3.4–10.6] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.5 [3.8–14.2] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Χ<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.4, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.1</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.7</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.9 [3.1–15.9] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.9 [4.7–13.8] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.5 [5.3–11.1] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.1, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3700957.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparison of patients' clinical status before, 7, and 15 days after intervention.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "t0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0020" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Adverse effects</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Melatonin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> value</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sedation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.0 (17.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.0 (8.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="6" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.5</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Agitation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.0 (8.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.0 (4.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Headache \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.0 (8.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.0 (4.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Fatigue \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.0 (13.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.0 (8.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Depression \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.0 (4.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Circadian rhythm disturbance \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.0 (8.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.0 (8.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3700958.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adverse effects of melatonin and placebo.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:41 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0005" "etiqueta" => "1." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Corona viruses: a review on SARS, MERS and COVID-19" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "N.N. Chathappady House" 1 => "S. Palissery" 2 => "H. Sebastian" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Microbiol. Insights" "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "14" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0010" "etiqueta" => "2." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Identifying locations with possible undetected imported severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 cases by using importation predictions" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "P.M. De Salazar" 1 => "R. Niehus" 2 => "A. Taylor" 3 => "C.O.F. Buckee" 4 => "M. Lipsitch" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3201/eid2607.200250" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Emerg. Infect. Dis." "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "26" "numero" => "7" "paginaInicial" => "1465" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32207679" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0015" "etiqueta" => "3." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "X. Peng" 1 => "X. Xu" 2 => "Y. Li" 3 => "L. Cheng" 4 => "X. Zhou" 5 => "B. Ren" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1038/s41368-020-0075-9" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int. J. Oral Sci." "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "12" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "9" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32127517" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0020" "etiqueta" => "4." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "W.J. Wiersinga" 1 => "A. Rhodes" 2 => "A.C. Cheng" 3 => "S.J. Peacock" 4 => "H.C. Prescott" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1001/jama.2020.12839" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Jama" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "324" "numero" => "8" "paginaInicial" => "782" "paginaFinal" => "793" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32648899" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0025" "etiqueta" => "5." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Pharmacological agents under investigation in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 and the importance of melatonin" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "H. Parlakpinar" 1 => "S. Polat" 2 => "H.A. Acet" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/fcp.12589" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol." "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "35" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "62" "paginaFinal" => "75" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32657483" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0030" "etiqueta" => "6." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "COVID-19 infection and rheumatoid arthritis: faraway, so close!" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "E.G. Favalli" 1 => "F. Ingegnoli" 2 => "O. De Lucia" 3 => "G. Cincinelli" 4 => "R. Cimaz" 5 => "R. Caporali" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Autoimmun. Rev." "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "19" "numero" => "5" ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0035" "etiqueta" => "7." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A pilot study on controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) inflammation using melatonin supplement" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "Z. Alizadeh" 1 => "N. Keyhanian" 2 => "S. Ghaderkhani" 3 => "S. Dashti-Khavidaki" 4 => "R.S. Shoormasti" 5 => "Z. Pourpak" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Iran J. Allergy Asthma Immunol." "fecha" => "2021" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "6" ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0040" "etiqueta" => "8." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Therapeutic algorithm for use of melatonin in patients with COVID-19" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "R.J. Reiter" 1 => "P. Abreu-Gonzalez" 2 => "P.E. Marik" 3 => "A. Dominguez-Rodriguez" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Front. Med." "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "7" "paginaInicial" => "226" ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0045" "etiqueta" => "9." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its neuroinvasive capacity: is it time for melatonin?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A. Romero" 1 => "E. Ramos" 2 => "F. López-Muñoz" 3 => "E. Gil-Martín" 4 => "G. Escames" 5 => "R.J. Reiter" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Cell Mol. Neurobiol." "fecha" => "2020" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "12" ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0050" "etiqueta" => "10." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Natural supplements for COVID19—background, rationale, and clinical trials" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. Hermel" 1 => "M. Sweeney" 2 => "Y.-M. Ni" 3 => "R. Bonakdar" 4 => "D. Triffon" 5 => "C. Suhar" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Evidence-Based Integr. Med." "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "26" ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0055" "etiqueta" => "11." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults: United States, 2002" ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:3 [ "editores" => "P.M.Barnes, E.Powell-Griner, K.McFann, R.L.Nahin" "titulo" => "Seminars in Integrative Medicine" "serieFecha" => "2004" ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0060" "etiqueta" => "12." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The effectiveness of melatonin for promoting healthy sleep: a rapid evidence assessment of the literature" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "R.B. Costello" 1 => "C.V. Lentino" 2 => "C.C. Boyd" 3 => "M.L. O'Connell" 4 => "C.C. Crawford" 5 => "M.L. Sprengel" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1186/1475-2891-13-1" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nutr. J." "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "13" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "17" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24405527" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0065" "etiqueta" => "13." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Melatonin as adjuvant treatment in COVID-19 patients. A meta-analysis of randomized and propensity matched studies" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "K. Tóth" 1 => "E. Pilia" 2 => "G. Landoni" 3 => "D. Oreggia" 4 => "S. Giacomarra" 5 => "R. Losiggio" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Signa Vitae." "fecha" => "2024" "volumen" => "20" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "8" "paginaFinal" => "16" ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0070" "etiqueta" => "14." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "One year health-related quality of life after discharge: a prospective cohort study among COVID-19 ICU survivors" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "V. Likhvantsev" 1 => "G. Landoni" 2 => "A. Kuzovlev" 3 => "S. Perekhodov" 4 => "N. Chaus" 5 => "M. Tucci" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Signa Vitae" "fecha" => "2023" "volumen" => "19" "numero" => "2" ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0075" "etiqueta" => "15." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A review of melatonin, its receptors and drugs" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. Emet" 1 => "H. Ozcan" 2 => "L. Ozel" 3 => "M. Yayla" 4 => "Z. Halici" 5 => "A. Hacimuftuoglu" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Euras. J. Med." "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "48" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "135" ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0080" "etiqueta" => "16." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Melatonin possesses an anti-influenza potential through its immune modulatory effect" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "S.-H. Huang" 1 => "C.-L. Liao" 2 => "S.-J. Chen" 3 => "L.-G. Shi" 4 => "L. Lin" 5 => "Y.-W. Chen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Funct. Foods" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "58" "paginaInicial" => "189" "paginaFinal" => "198" ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0085" "etiqueta" => "17." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "COVID-19: melatonin as a potential adjuvant treatment" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "R. Zhang" 1 => "X. Wang" 2 => "L. Ni" 3 => "X. Di" 4 => "B. Ma" 5 => "S. Niu" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Life Sci." "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "250" ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0090" "etiqueta" => "18." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Potential utility of melatonin in deadly infectious diseases related to the overreaction of innate immune response and destructive inflammation: focus on COVID-19" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "D.X. Tan" 1 => "R. Hardeland" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Melatonin Res." "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "3" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "120" "paginaFinal" => "143" ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0095" "etiqueta" => "19." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Delirium, sleep, COVID-19 and melatonin" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "V. Wiwanitkit" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sleep Med." "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "75" "paginaInicial" => "542" ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0100" "etiqueta" => "20." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Comparative outcomes of adults hospitalized with seasonal influenza A or B virus infection: application of the 7-category ordinal scale" ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:3 [ "editores" => "Y.Wang, G.Fan, P.Horby, F.Hayden, Q.Li, Q.Wu" "titulo" => "Open Forum Infectious Diseases" "serieFecha" => "2019" ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0105" "etiqueta" => "21." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Melatonin supplementation may improve the outcome of patients with hemorrhagic stroke in the intensive care unit" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. Dianatkhah" 1 => "A. Najafi" 2 => "M. Sharifzadeh" 3 => "A. Ahmadi" 4 => "H. Sharifnia" 5 => "M. Mojtahedzadeh" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Res. Pharmacy Pract." "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "6" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "173" ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0110" "etiqueta" => "22." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Decreased hospital admissions through emergency departments during the COVID-19 pandemic" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "S. Nourazari" 1 => "S.R. Davis" 2 => "R. Granovsky" 3 => "R. Austin" 4 => "D.J. Straff" 5 => "J.W. Joseph" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ajem.2020.11.029" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am. J. Emerg. Med." "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "42" "paginaInicial" => "203" "paginaFinal" => "210" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33279331" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0115" "etiqueta" => "23." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital admissions in the United States: study examines trends in US hospital admissions during the COVID-19 pandemic" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "J.D. Birkmeyer" 1 => "A. Barnato" 2 => "N. Birkmeyer" 3 => "R. Bessler" 4 => "J. Skinner" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Health Aff." "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "39" "numero" => "11" "paginaInicial" => "2010" "paginaFinal" => "2017" ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0120" "etiqueta" => "24." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "COVID-19: from an acute to chronic disease? Potential long-term health consequences" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "V. Higgins" 1 => "D. Sohaei" 2 => "E.P. Diamandis" 3 => "I. Prassas" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1080/10408363.2020.1860895" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci." "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "58" "numero" => "5" "paginaInicial" => "297" "paginaFinal" => "310" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33347790" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0125" "etiqueta" => "25." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Long-term pulmonary consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): what we know and what to expect" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "S. Salehi" 1 => "S. Reddy" 2 => "A. Gholamrezanezhad" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/RTI.0000000000000534" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Thorac. Imaging" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "35" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "W87" "paginaFinal" => "w9" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32404798" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0130" "etiqueta" => "26." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Pharmacological development of the potential adjuvant therapeutic agents against coronavirus disease 2019" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "K.H. Chen" 1 => "S.F. Wang" 2 => "S.Y. Wang" 3 => "Y.P. Yang" 4 => "M.L. Wang" 5 => "S.H. Chiou" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000375" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Chin. Med. Assoc. JCMA" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "83" "numero" => "9" "paginaInicial" => "817" "paginaFinal" => "821" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32568969" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0135" "etiqueta" => "27." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "COVID-19: melatonin as a potential adjuvant treatment" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "R. Zhang" 1 => "X. Wang" 2 => "L. Ni" 3 => "X. Di" 4 => "B. Ma" 5 => "S. Niu" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Life Sci." "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "250" ] ] ] ] ] ] 27 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0140" "etiqueta" => "28." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Clinical trials for use of melatonin to fight against COVID-19 are urgently needed" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "K. Kleszczyński" 1 => "A.T. Slominski" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nutrients" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "12" "numero" => "9" ] ] ] ] ] ] 28 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0145" "etiqueta" => "29." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Anti-inflammatory effects of melatonin: a mechanistic review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "S.M. Nabavi" 1 => "S.F. Nabavi" 2 => "A. Sureda" 3 => "J. Xiao" 4 => "A.R. Dehpour" 5 => "S. Shirooie" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1080/10408398.2018.1487927" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr." "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "59" "numero" => "sup1" "paginaInicial" => "S4" "paginaFinal" => "s16" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29902071" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 29 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0150" "etiqueta" => "30." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Anti-inflammatory effects of melatonin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "J.H. Cho" 1 => "S. Bhutani" 2 => "C.H. Kim" 3 => "M.R. Irwin" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.bbi.2021.01.034" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Brain Behav. Immun." "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "93" "paginaInicial" => "245" "paginaFinal" => "253" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33581247" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 30 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0155" "etiqueta" => "31." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Anti-inflammatory effects of melatonin in obesity and hypertension" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "N.J. Prado" 1 => "L. Ferder" 2 => "W. Manucha" 3 => "E.R. Diez" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s11906-018-0842-6" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Curr. Hypertens. Rep." "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "20" "numero" => "5" "paginaInicial" => "45" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29744660" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 31 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0160" "etiqueta" => "32." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Melatonin is a potential adjuvant to improve clinical outcomes in individuals with obesity and diabetes with coexistence of Covid-19" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M.A. El-Missiry" 1 => "Z.M.A. El-Missiry" 2 => "A.I. Othman" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur. J. Pharmacol." "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "882" ] ] ] ] ] ] 32 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0165" "etiqueta" => "33." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Melatonin potentials against viral infections including COVID-19: current evidence and new findings" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "K. Bahrampour Juybari" 1 => "M.H. Pourhanifeh" 2 => "A. Hosseinzadeh" 3 => "K. Hemati" 4 => "S. Mehrzadi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Virus Res." "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "287" ] ] ] ] ] ] 33 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0170" "etiqueta" => "34." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Melatonin: roles in influenza, Covid-19, and other viral infections" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "G. Anderson" 1 => "R.J. Reiter" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev. Med. Virol." "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "30" "numero" => "3" ] ] ] ] ] ] 34 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0175" "etiqueta" => "35." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Melatonin is significantly associated with survival of intubated COVID-19 patients" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "V. Ramlall" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2020" ] ] ] ] ] ] 35 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0180" "etiqueta" => "36." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A pilot study on controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) inflammation using melatonin supplement" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A. Zahra" 1 => "K. Nastaran" 2 => "G. Sara" 3 => "D.-K. Simin" 4 => "S. Raheleh Shokouhi" 5 => "P. Zahra" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Iran J. Allergy Asthma Immunol." "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "20" "numero" => "4" ] ] ] ] ] ] 36 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0185" "etiqueta" => "37." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Efficacy of a low dose of melatonin as an adjunctive therapy in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "G. Farnoosh" 1 => "M. Akbariqomi" 2 => "T. Badri" 3 => "M. Bagheri" 4 => "M. Izadi" 5 => "A. Saeedi-Boroujeni" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.06.006" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Arch. Med. Res." "fecha" => "2022" "volumen" => "53" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "79" "paginaFinal" => "85" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34229896" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 37 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0190" "etiqueta" => "38." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Melatonin effects on sleep quality and outcomes of COVID-19 patients: an open-label, randomized, controlled trial" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "S.A. Mousavi" 1 => "K. Heydari" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1002/jmv.27312" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Med. Virol." "fecha" => "2022" "volumen" => "94" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "263" "paginaFinal" => "271" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34460132" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 38 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0195" "etiqueta" => "39." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "High dose melatonin as an adjuvant therapy in intubated patients with COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "N. Alizadeh" 1 => "M. Dianatkhah" 2 => "Y. Alimohamadi" 3 => "H. Moradi" 4 => "S. Akbarpour" 5 => "M. Akrami" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jtumed.2022.04.012" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Taibah Univ. Med. Sci." "fecha" => "2022" "volumen" => "17" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "454" "paginaFinal" => "460" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35581997" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 39 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0200" "etiqueta" => "40." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Efficacy and safety of oral melatonin in patients with severe COVID-19: a randomized controlled trial" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A. Ameri" 1 => "M. Frouz Asadi" 2 => "A. Ziaei" 3 => "M. Vatankhah" 4 => "O. Safa" 5 => "M. Kamali" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Inflammopharmacology" "fecha" => "2023" "volumen" => "31" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "265" "paginaFinal" => "274" ] ] ] ] ] ] 40 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0205" "etiqueta" => "41." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Melatonin as an add-on treatment of COVID-19 infection: current status" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "G.M. Brown" 1 => "S.R. Pandi-Perumal" 2 => "H. Pupko" 3 => "J.L. Kennedy" 4 => "D.P. Cardinali" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diseases" "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "9" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "64" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/15769887/unassign/S1576988724000967/v1_202410250423/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => null "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/15769887/unassign/S1576988724000967/v1_202410250423/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1576988724000967?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
