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Inicio Gastroenterología y Hepatología Enfermedades relacionadas con la infección por Helicobacter pylori
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Vol. 35. Núm. S1.
Jornada de Actualización en Gastroenterología Aplicada
Páginas 12-25 (septiembre 2012)
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Vol. 35. Núm. S1.
Jornada de Actualización en Gastroenterología Aplicada
Páginas 12-25 (septiembre 2012)
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Enfermedades relacionadas con la infección por Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori-related diseasess
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3176
Javier P. Gisbert
Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, España
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD)
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Resumen

A continuación se resumen las principales conclusiones derivadas de las comunicaciones presentadas este año (2012) en la Digestive Diseases Week (DDW) relacionadas con la infección por Helicobacter pylori. En los países desarrollados, la prevalencia de infección por H. pylori ha disminuido, aunque sigue siendo todavía relevante. La prevalencia de infección en España es considerablemente elevada (50%), y no parece estar descendiendo. Las resistencias antibióticas están aumentando, y dicho incremento se correlaciona con la frecuencia de prescripción previa de antibióticos. La erradicación de H. pylori mejora los síntomas de la dispepsia funcional tipo “síndrome de dolor epigástrico”. La frecuencia de úlceras pépticas idiopáticas parece estar aumentando. Para prevenir el desarrollo de cáncer gástrico, el tratamiento erradicador debe administrarse precozmente (antes del desarrollo de metaplasia intestinal). La erradicación de H. pylori en los pacientes sometidos a una resección endoscópica de un cáncer gástrico precoz reduce la incidencia de tumores metacrónicos, aunque deben seguir realizándose controles endoscópicos periódicos. La erradicación de H. pylori induce la regresión del linfoma MALT en la mayoría de los casos y las recidivas tumorales a largo plazo son excepcionales; la radioterapia es una excelente opción de segunda línea; la abstención terapéutica (“watch and wait”) ante la recidiva histológica tras la remisión inicial del linfoma MALT es una alternativa razonable. La púrpura trombocitopénica idiopática es una indicación de tratamiento erradicador también en los niños. Se han presentado diversas innovaciones diagnósticas, como la endoscopia de alta resolución, el narrow-band imaging, un método basado en las propiedades electroquímicas de H. pylori, o la citoesponja. La eficacia del tratamiento triple estándar no ha cambiado en España durante la última década, aunque es claramente insuficiente, a pesar de que se prolongue su duración o se incremente la dosis de amoxicilina. La terapia cuádruple con bismuto es al menos tan eficaz como la triple estándar. La superioridad de la terapia “secuencial” sobre la triple estándar debería confirmarse en distintos medios. La eficacia de la terapia “concomitante” es similar –o incluso superior– a la de la “secuencial”, pero con la ventaja de ser más sencilla. Un tratamiento híbrido secuencial-concomitante es altamente eficaz. En pacientes alérgicos a los betalactámicos, el tratamiento con inhibidores de la bomba de protones-claritromicina-metronidazol tiene una eficacia insuficiente. Tras el fracaso de la terapia triple estándar, el tratamiento de segunda línea durante 10 días con levofloxacino es eficaz y, además, es más sencillo y mejor tolerado que la cuádruple terapia. La terapia triple con levofloxacino es también una prometedora alternativa tras el fracaso de los tratamientos “secuencial” y “concomitante”. Las quinolonas de nueva generación, como el moxifloxacino y el sitafloxacino, podrían ser útiles como tratamiento erradicador, sobre todo de rescate. Tras el fracaso de 2 tratamientos erradicadores, la administración empírica de un tercero (p. ej., con levofloxacino) constituye una opción válida. Incluso tras el fracaso de 3 tratamientos erradicadores, una cuarta terapia de rescate empírica (con rifabutina) puede ser efectiva. La reinfección por H. pylori es muy frecuente en los países en vías de desarrollo, probablemente debido a la transmisión intrafamiliar de la infección.

Palabras clave:
Helicobacter pylori
Úlcera péptica
Dispepsia
Cáncer gástrico
Diagnóstico
Tratamiento
Abstract

This article summarizes the main conclusions drawn from the studies presented in Digestive Disease Week in 2012 on Helicobacter pylori infection. In developed countries, the prevalence of this infection has decreased, although it continues to be high. The prevalence in Spain is high (50%) and does not seem to be decreasing. There is an increase in antibiotic resistance, which is correlated with the frequency of prior antibiotic prescription. H. pylori eradication improves the symptoms of “epigastric pain syndrome” in functional dyspepsia. The frequency of idiopathic peptic ulcers seems to be increasing. To prevent the development of gastric cancer, eradication therapy should be administered early (before intestinal metaplasia develops). H. pylori eradication in patients undergoing early endoscopic resection of gastric cancer reduces the incidence of metachronous tumors, although endoscopic follow-up should be performed periodically. H. pylori eradication induces MALT lymphoma regression in most patients and tumoral recurrence in the long term is exceptional; radiotherapy is an excellent second-line option; a watch and wait approach to histologic recurrence after initial MALT lymphoma remission is a reasonable alternative. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is an indication for eradication therapy in children as well as adults. There are several diagnostic innovations, such as high-resolution endoscopy, narrow-band imaging, a method based on the electrochemical properties of H. pylori, and the cytosponge. Quadruple therapy with bismuth is at least as effective as standard triple therapy. The superiority of “sequential” therapy over standard triple therapy should be confirmed in distinct settings. The efficacy of “concomitant” therapy is similar –or even better– than that of “sequential” therapy, but has the advantage of being simpler. A hybrid sequential-concomitant therapy is highly effective. In patients allergic to beta-lactams, the efficacy of treatment with a proton pump inhibitor-clarithromycin-metronidazole is insufficient. When standard triple therapy fails, the second-line option of a 10-day course of levofloxacin is effective and is simpler and better tolerated than quadruple therapy. Triple therapy with levofloxacin is also a promising alternative after failure of “sequential” and “concomitant” therapy. New-generation quinolones, such as moxifloxacin and sitafloxacin, could be useful as eradication therapy, especially as rescue therapy. When two eradication therapies have failed, empirical administration of a third (e.g. levofloxacin) is a valid option. Even after three eradication therapies have failed, an empirical rescue therapy (with rifabutin) can be effective. H. pylori reinfection is highly frequent in developing countries, probably due to intrafamilial transmission.

Keywords:
Helicobacter pylori
Peptic ulcer
Dyspepsia
Gastric cancer
Diagnosis
Treatment
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