Ternary chalcogenide glass systems of Se80Te(20−x)Inx, where x=0, 5, 10wt.%, were synthesized via fast quenching of their melts. Bulk samples were ground into fine powder and thermally evaporated onto silica glass substrate, under vacuum, in order to obtain homogeneous thin films. DSC analysis of bulk samples revealed the presence of small endothermic peak, that identifies the glass transition temperature Tg, followed by an exothermic peak that defines the amorphous-crystalline phase transition Tp. These results confirmed the amorphous nature of the bulk samples. XRD analysis confirmed the amorphous nature of the studied thin films. Inclusion of indium in the glass matrix contributed to elevating refractive index and showed wide transmission window in the visible and near IR regions. Linear and nonlinear optical parameters are calculated and discussed in terms of the glass composition. Results of refractive index, first and third order susceptibilities nominate the studied thin films for applications in IR waveguides and sensors.
Los sistemas ternarios de vidrio de calcogenuro de composición Se 80 Te (20-x) In x, en los que x = 0, 5, 10 wt.%, se prepararon mediante enfriamiento rápido de sus fundidos. Las muestras a granel se molieron en polvo fino y se evaporaron térmicamente sobre sustrato de vidrio de sílice, en el vacío, para obtener películas delgadas homogéneas. El análisis DSC de muestras a granel reveló la presencia de un pequeño pico endotérmico que identifica la temperatura de transición vítrea Tg, seguido de un pico exotérmico que define la transición de fase cristalina-amorfa Tp. Estos resultados confirmaron la naturaleza amorfa de las muestras a granel. El análisis XRD confirmó la naturaleza amorfa de las películas delgadas estudiadas. La inclusión de indio en la matriz de vidrio contribuyó a elevar el índice de refracción y mostró una amplia ventana de transmisión en las regiones de espectro visible e IR-cercano. Los parámetros ópticos lineales y no lineales se calculan y analizan en términos de la composición del vidrio. Los resultados del índice de refracción, las susceptibilidades de primer y tercer orden nominan las películas delgadas estudiadas para aplicaciones en guías ópticas y sensores de ondas IR.
Thin films deposited from chalcogenide glasses have several potential applications in optical communications, opto-electronic applications, and solar cells [1]. Chalcogenide glasses are based mainly on chalcogen elements Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium and are formed by bonding to network forming elements of comparable electronegativity, such as In, Sn, Si, Ge, Ga and Cd [2–5]. On the other hand, infrared glasses are mainly based on covalently bonded elements of comparable values of electronegativity. In this regard, chalcogenide glasses are covalently bonded, possess a weak inter-atomic bonding, and they look more like polymers. They show much interest in diverse areas of applications because of their transparency in the near- and mid- IR spectral regions, high refractive index, and excellent non-linear behavior [6,7]. Due to these structural characteristics, chalcogenide glasses are ideal for infrared and nonlinear optics, bio-sensors, and waveguide applications [7,8]. Chalcogenide glasses have shown fast response to optical non-linearity over conventional silicon-based glasses [9]. On the other hand, synthesis process and the glass compositional ratios can strongly govern the desired properties of the obtained chalcogenide based thin films [10]. Selenium and tellurium based glasses are having notable glass-forming ability and good integration with other elements with comparable electronegativity [4,11]. In this regard, ternary glass systems make it possible for more atoms to incorporate into the glass matrix resulting in improved properties. Se–Te system is most studied due to its functionality as glass host matrix and its elevated glass forming ability. However, physical properties of these glasses were reported to be improved by dopant elements [12,13]. Incorporating metallic elements to the Se–Te glass matrix resulted in high thermal stability of the system [14,15]. Additionally, metallic dopants were reported to improve chalcogenide glass characteristics such as optical, electrical, and mechanical properties [5]. Indium doping was reported to expand the glass forming region and increase the disorder in the system which leads to wider areas of applications [7,16]. On the other hand, chalcogenide glasses were reported to possess elevated values of the nonlinear optical parameters [17]. It was also reported that materials with elevated optical nonlinearity have potential applications in photonics, optoelectronics, and optical sensing applications [18].
In the present study, the effect of partial replacement of tellurium by indium on structural, physical, and optical properties of Se–Te–In chalcogenide thin films is studied. Linear and non-linear optical parameters are calculated and discussed in terms of glass composition.
Experimental detailsThree chalcogenide glass’ matrices containing different concentrations (in wt.%) of Se, Te, and In elements were prepared, from high purity chemicals (99.999%), using the melt quench technique. The following chemical formula describes the ratio of each constituent in the ternary glass system: 80 wt.% Se⋅20−x wt.%Te⋅x wt.% In, where, x=0, 5, and 10wt.%. Where suitable amount of raw elements (calculated according to atomic weight and constituent ratio) were introduced and sealed in evacuated silica tubes (at pressure of ∼10−5Torr) in order to avoid sample oxidation. Samples were then heated at 800±5°C in horizontal furnace for up to 15h. Prior to heating, tubes were treated in an ultrasonic cleaner and cleaned several times using detergent and double distilled water, and a final washing with ethyl alcohol. Continuous rocking of the tubes during heating was necessary in order to maintain homogeneity and uniformity of the melts. Finally, the molten materials were quenched into iced water to avoid any sort of crystallization.
The obtained bulk glass’ samples were ground into powder using hydraulic pressing under vacuum, in order to be used to prepare thin films. A suitable amount of the powdered material was positioned into a Molybdenum Boat and evaporated on a silica glass (SG) substrate under high vacuum of ∼2×10−5Torr using a standard Edwards A306 Auto coating unit with conventional rotary and turbo molecular pumps. Prior to use, SG substrates were cleaned several times before being mounted in the rotating substrate work holder, with adjusted rotating speed that allows the production of highly homogeneous films.
Differential scanning calorimetry was employed to perform thermal analysis of the studied bulk samples, using a DSC6220 calorimeter from EXSTAR SII with accuracy of 0.1K. Samples were scanned at different heating rates, using a 3mg sample amount, in the temperature range from 300 to 580K. Before each heating cycle, calorimeter was calibrated using the well-known melting enthalpy of indium. Amorphous nature of thin film samples was confirmed via XRD using Shimadzu XRD-7000 diffractometer, with a Cu Kα radiation of λ=1.5406Å, at scan rate of 2°/min, in the 2θ range from 10° to 90°. Optical analysis was performed using an Evolution 600 UV-Vis spectrophotometer from Thermo scientific USA, in the spectrum range from 190 to 1100nm.
Results and discussionThermal analysisDSC thermograms of the three studied bulk samples, at fixed heating rate (β=5K/min) are shown in Fig. 1. It can be observed that each thermogram exhibits small endothermic peak followed by an exothermic peak. The endothermic peak identifies the amorphous solids and is used to determine the glass transition temperature Tg, while the exothermic peak refers to the crystallization temperature Tp. Values of both Tg and Tp, for all studied samples, were determined and tabulated in Table 1. Fig. 1 manifests that each sample possess only one glass transition temperature and only one crystallization temperature, which indicate the highly homogenous amorphous glass. These results agree with similar systems published in the literature [15,19,20]. Checking data in Table 1 shows the glass transition point shifted to the lower temperatures as the amount of In was increased from 0wt.% to 10wt.%. That is to say, the partial replacement of tellurium by indium perturbs the thermal stability of Se80Te20−xInx chalcogenide glasses. Referring to the literature, the position of Tg point depends on several factors such as bond energy, molecular weight, and the coordination number [21,22]. Replacing Te by In in the present glass system contributed to lowering the position of Tg point, in agreement with published literature [14,23]. This is due to the decrease in the amount of tellurium in the glass matrix [20]. From Table 1 the difference between Tp and Tg values is calculated, for each sample, and depending on this difference one can state that the sample of x=5wt.% showed low glass forming ability. This action might be attributed to an experimental error during preparation process, possibly a long cooling rate.
The value of the optical band gap of the studied materials was reported to depend on the existance of short-range order [24]. In this regard, XRD analysis gives an insightful confirmation on the amorphous nature of the glass thin films. Fig. 2 shows normalized XRD diffractograms for the thin films. It is clear that all diffractograms are nearly identical which means that all samples interact with X-rays by the same mechanism. The appearance of only semi-broad hump, for each sample, with no sharp peaks, confirms the amorphous nature of the thin films.
Linear optical parameters of thin films
Fig. 3 manifests the variations of the values for both absorbance (A%) and transmittance (T%) of the studied films, respectively, vs. wavelength in nm. Both A% and T% values were affected by increasing the value of x, especially in the wavelength ranged between 450 and ∼700nm, where A% values increased while T% decreased when x value was increased. Refractive index is directly related to optical density of the material, more optically dense materials have higher refractive indices. In this regard, the strong absorption is related to the more optically dense medium and, subsequently, an increase in the value of the refractive index [25]. In the present work, indium incorporation contributed to increasing the optical density of the material, due to the metallic nature of indium, and consequently, increased the value of refractive index. This high refractive index together with structural properties of the glass, may nominate the studied films for infrared waveguides and sensor applications [7,8].
Depending on both T% and A%, the absorption coefficient α was calculated for all studied films, as seen in Fig. 4. The optical absorption coefficient is a good parameter that yields useful information about how far light of a particular wavelength can penetrate into a particular matter-phase before it is absorbed. In this regard, materials with high transparency have low absorption coefficients, and vice versa [26].
The optical absorption coefficient α depends on the thickness of the material and the energy of the incident photons, as shown by the following relationships [27,28]:
where A is the optical absorption, t is sample's thickness, Eph is the incident photon energy, EU is Urbach energy or Urbach tails absorption which is useful mechanism to describe the absorption processes when 10<α<104cm−1[18]. Fig. 4A shows that the indium-free sample has low absorption coefficient and is the most transparent. Also, it's clear that the transparency decreases with increasing amount of In from 0wt.% to 10wt.%. Such observation leads to the conclusion that the optical band gap of the studied films is reduced when partially replacing Te by In. This result agrees with published work [29]. This is due to the metallic nature of In and also might be due to the fact the In has lower ionization energy (5.7864eV) than Te (9.0096eV). Fig. 4B shows the relationship between Ln (α) and the energy of incident photons (hν). Using Fig. 4B, values for αo (intersect point of the straight lines) and EU (inverse of the slope of tangent) were obtained then recorded in Table 2. As manifested in Table 2, the Urbach Energy values are too small and are decreasing with increasing the In amount (value for x), which may indicates high homogeneous disorder phase in the studied films.
On the other hand, linear parameters were calculated, and linear refractive index vs. wavelength is shown in Fig. 5. The value of the linear refractive index decreased for each sample with increasing the photon wavelength. Additionally, as predicted in the previous section, the value of the refractive index increased with increasing the x value, such behavior may refer to an increase in the atomic packing density as a result of replacing Te – element of relatively high atomic (Van der Waals) radius (206pm) – by In – element of relatively low atomic radius (193pm).
Wemple–DiDomenico Single Effective Oscillator model [30] is used to correlate the linear refractive index to the single oscillator energy Eo and dispersion energy Ed by the following relation (3).
Eo and Ed can be obtained by plotting 1/n2−1 versus EPhoton which is a curve. The slope of the curve's straight section represents 1/EoEd, while its intersect with the abscissa represent Eo/Ed, as seen in Fig. 6. Both Eo and Ed are useful to obtain the optical band gap Eg and the static refractive index no for the studied films according to relations (4) and (5)[18], as listed in Table 2.Non-linear optical parameters of thin films
Nonlinear optical parameters, namely, first order optical susceptibility χ(1), third order optical susceptibility χ(3), and nonlinear refractive index n*(λ) are very important when studying the interaction of high-intensity light with mater. In this concern, these parameters can be calculated in terms of the linear refractive index using the following relations (6)–(8)[17,18].
Figs. 7 and 8 show the photon-wavelength dependence of both first order and third order susceptibilities, respectively. For the studied films, both susceptibilities showed gradual increase with increasing wavelength of the incident photon, up to saturation point, which shifted to the higher wavelength as In amount was increased. Such observation may be due to the difference in the ionization energies of both Te and In. Also, it is clearly seen that for fixed wavelength, the values of both susceptibilities decreased with exchanging Te by In, but the midpoint sample (x=5) has a nominal behavior around 675nm. Such sample showed to possess, at his point, higher susceptibilities’ values. Authors have not any explanation for such observation, but they decide to report it for readers. Generally, the increase in susceptibilities’ values with increasing the photon wavelength may refer to an increase in the probability of photon-film interaction with replacement of Te by In.
Fig. 9 depicts the variation of the nonlinear refractive index as a function of the incident photon wavelength, where it shows identical behavior to that of the third order susceptibilities. In other word, for the studied films, the nonlinear refractive index depends of the third order susceptibility.
Conclusions
In this work, three chalcogenide glasses of the composition Se80Te(20−x)Inx, where x=0, 5, 10, were synthesized via fast quenching of their melts. Bulk samples were studied by differential scanning calorimetry in order to check for their internal nature. Results showed that bulk samples possess only small endothermic peak for each sample, that identifies the glass transition temperature Tg, followed by an exothermic peak that defines the amorphous-crystalline phase transition Tp. Values for Tg and Tp were decreased when increasing the amount of In. These results confirmed the amorphous nature of the bulk samples. On the other hand, powdered bulk samples were thermally evaporated to prepare three planner thin films of the glass composition. XRD analysis confirmed the amorphous nature of the studied thin films. Optical absorbance and transmittance were recorded and used to calculate absorption coefficient, refractive index, and band gap. Indium incorporation to the glass matrix contributed to elevating refractive index and showed wide transmission window in the visible and near IR regions. Nonlinear optical parameters were calculated using values of refractive index and discussed in terms of the glass composition. Results of nonlinear refractive index, first and third order optical susceptibilities nominate the studied thin films for applications in IR waveguides and optical sensors.
