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Inicio Acta Otorrinolaringológica Española Estudio de los factores que ayudan a la decisión del paso de intubación a traq...
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Vol. 53. Issue 3.
Pages 165-173 (March 2002)
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Vol. 53. Issue 3.
Pages 165-173 (March 2002)
Estudio de los factores que ayudan a la decisión del paso de intubación a traqueotomía en pacientes críticos
Study of the factors that help in the decision making to pass from intubation to tracheotomy in critical patients
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E. Esteller-Moré, E. Matiñó-Soler, J.M. Ademà-Alcover
Servicio de otorrinolaringología
J. Ibàñez-Nolla*, J. Bonfill-Rodríguez**, M. Nolla-Salas*
* Servicio de medicina intensiva
** Servicio de cirugía general. Hospital general de catalunya. Sant cugat del vallés (Barcelona)
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Resumen

Se realiza un análisis prospectivo para determinar los factores favorecedores del desarrollo de lesiones de la vía aérea y su influencia para llevar a cabo una traqueotomía en pacientes críticos. Se definen los tiempos de paso a traqueotomía en función del tipo de paciente (neurológico o no neurológico). Se recogen 654 pacientes consecutivos sometidos durante más de 48 horas a ventilación mecánica a lo largo de un periodo de 6 años. Se establecieron 3 controles endoscópicos durante el primer mes (exploración precoz) y dos posteriores, a los 6 y 12 meses (exploración tardía). Mediante un estudio estadístico multivariado se analizan los factores pronósticos y grupos de riesgo para el desarrollo de lesiones tardías. En la exploración tardía se observaron lesiones en 30/280 casos (11%). El principal factor influyente en el desarrollo de lesiones fue el tiempo de intubación. El grupo de riesgo de presentar lesiones tardías incluye: presencia de antecedentes patológicos, ingresos médicos, paciente no neurológico y presencia de lesiones graves en el período precoz. Se concluye que es preciso un calendario que defina el momento de pasar a traqueotomía. Este calendario ha de basarse en la propia experiencia, en las condiciones clínicas del paciente y en el tipo de enfermedad que motivó el ingreso.

Palabras clave:
Intubación
Traqueotomía
UCI
Abstract

We carry out a prospective study in order to determine the prognostic factors in the development of injuries of upper airways, and their influence in the decision to perform a tracheotomy. The time to tracheotomy was previously stated, according to the type of patient (neurological or non-neurological). This study includes the clinical data and the upper airways endoscopic exploration of 654 patients with oro-tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours in a 6 year period. Three endoscopic explorations were carried out in the first month (early exploration), with two additional explorations at six and twelve months (late exploration). Using a multivariable statistical study we have analysed the prognostic factors and the risk groups for the development of later injuries of the upper airway of these patients. The later endoscopic exploration of the upper airways has shown injuries in 30 of 280 cases (11%). In this study, the main factor that determines the development of injuries of the upper airway was the time of intubation. The risk groups to develop later lesions of the upper airways include: patients with pathological background, patients with medical admissions, non-neurological patients and patients with serious lesions in the earlier endoscopic exploration. We conclude that it is necessary to state the time to perform a tracheotomy in patients with oro-tracheal intubation. It must be based on the own experience, the patient’s clinical condition and the disease that caused hospital admission.

Key words:
Intubation
Tracheostomy
ICU

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