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Inicio Acta Otorrinolaringológica Española Tuberculosis infections of the head and neck
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Vol. 60. Issue 1.
Pages 59-66 (January 2009)
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Vol. 60. Issue 1.
Pages 59-66 (January 2009)
Tuberculosis infections of the head and neck
Tuberculosis de cabeza y cuello
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Galo Peralta Fernández
Instituto de Formación e Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IFIMAV), Santander, Spain
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Abstract

Following a dramatic fall in tuberculosis, the last 2 decades have seen not only an increase in its overall frequency but also the extrapulmonary forms, including head and neck tuberculosis, have increased in proportion. Despite this rise, head and neck tuberculosis is still very rare, except for cervical adenitis. This fact and the non-specific nature of its presentation explain that tuberculosis is often an unexpected finding in biopsy results. Notwithstanding the advances in the diagnosis of tuberculosis, with ever speedier and more reliable tests such as polymerase chain reaction, its detection almost always requires the performance of invasive procedures such as punctures or biopsies. On the other hand, the diagnostic gold standard is still the culture of mycobacteria, a test that requires waiting times potentially of more than a month. The greatest recent advance in tuberculosis treatment is the existence of a pharmacological cure, making surgery practically unnecessary following diagnosis.

Keywords:
Tuberculosis
Otolaryngology
Neck
Resumen

Tras un descenso drástico de la tuberculosis, en las últimas 2 décadas no sólo se ha producido un incremento en su frecuencia global, sino que las formas extrapulmonares, incluida la tuberculosis de cabeza y cuello, han aumentado en su proporción. A pesar de este incremento, la tuberculosis de cabeza y cuello sigue siendo muy poco frecuente, a excepción de la adenitis cervical. Este hecho y la inespecificidad de su presentación explican que a menudo la tuberculosis sea un hallazgo inesperado en los resultados de las biopsias. A pesar de los avances, el diagnóstico de tuberculosis —con pruebas rápidas cada vez más fiables, como la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa— pasa casi siempre por realizar pruebas invasivas, como la punción o la biopsia; por otra parte, el estándar diagnóstico, que es el cultivo de micobacterias, sigue siendo una prueba que exige tiempos de espera que pueden superar el mes. Sin duda el mayor avance reciente en la tuberculosis es la existencia de un tratamiento farmacológico curativo, que hace que la cirugía sea prácticamente innecesaria una vez realizado el diagnóstico.

Palabras clave:
Tuberculosis
Otorrinolaringología
Cuello

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