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Sánchez-Martín, H. Villavicencio" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "F.M." "apellidos" => "Sánchez-Martín" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "fsanchez@fundacio-puigvert.es" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "H." "apellidos" => "Villavicencio" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Urología, Fundación Puigvert, Barcelona, Spain" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Comentarios al artículo «Cirugía robótica: Historia e impacto en la enseñanza»" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the interesting article ‘Robotic Surgery: History and impact on Education’ published by R. Valero et al., in the issue of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actas Urológicas Españolas</span> of October 2011, we would like to make some brief clarifications that perhaps could enrich some of the historical issues that the authors refer to.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The dating of the term ‘robot’ in 1921, as noted in the article, is not entirely accurate. The play <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rossum's Universal Robots</span>, in which the word robot (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">robota</span> in Czech) was first coined, was written by Karel Čapek in the early 1920s, as stated by his biographers Ivan Klima<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> and Bohuslava Bradbrook,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> his translator into English, Norma Comrada,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and several authors in the field of robotics.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5–7</span></a> The fact that the play was premiered in Prague in 1921 and in London in 1923 contributes to the misunderstanding.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand, if we state that the Slavic voice <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">robota</span> means ‘work’, we think there is a risk of simplifying the effort of Čapek when expressing the then novel concept of android designed to work. In the etymology of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">robota</span>, two concepts are gathered: ‘work’ and ‘slavery’ (as work of the glebe or exploitation),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8–10</span></a> which we should record to fully understand the meaning of the word robot,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> especially when in robotics own nomenclature master-slave is used,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,12</span></a> for example, the da Vinci Surgical System<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the statement ‘autonomous machines date from year 400 BC’, by Archytas of Tarentum, we would like to express that if it is true that this engineer of antiquity is acknowledged as the father of Western robotics, the origins of automatic machines are much older and date back to ancient Egypt (1500 BC) when devices such as the water clock, essential for understanding the evolution of robotics, were developed. On the other hand, when the authors argue that Leonardo da Vinci was the first to build a robot imitating human movements, they omit other builders who had already presented their humanoids centuries before, most notably Albertus Magnus, Roger Bacon, and Villard d’Honnecourt.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We are also surprised that the historical review goes unnoticed in the 18th century, forgetting none other than Von Kempelen (builder of the legendary chess player) or Jacquard (programming of textile mill), and it makes the news rightly citing Asimov, but omitting the main precursors of robotics of the 19th and 20th centuries such as the Maillardet brothers (writer robot), Robert-Houdin (circus robots), Roselund and Pollard (first articulated arm), Hadler (industrial automation), Touring (machinery test), or Devol (first industrial patent), among others. For our part, we had put on record the importance of these figures in two articles on the history of robotics, published in this journal in 2007<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14,15</span></a> to which, unfortunately, the authors do not refer.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other than that, we believe that the authors offer an interesting and complete review of simulators for teaching in robotic surgery, providing relevant data that track the evolution of this branch of knowledge in urology.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Please cite this article as: Sánchez-Martín FM, Villavicencio H. Comentarios al artículo “Cirugía robótica: historia e impacto en la enseñanza”. Actas Urol Esp. 2012;36:331–2.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:15 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cirugía robótica: Historia e impacto en la enseñanza" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "R. Valero" 1 => "Y.H. Ko" 2 => "S. Chauhan" 3 => "O. Schatloff" 4 => "A. Sivaraman" 5 => "R.F. 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Letter to the Editor
Comments to the article “Robotic surgery: History and impact on teaching”
Comentarios al artículo «Cirugía robótica: Historia e impacto en la enseñanza»
F.M. Sánchez-Martín
, H. Villavicencio
Corresponding author
Servicio de Urología, Fundación Puigvert, Barcelona, Spain