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Puche-Sanz, E. Triviño-Ibáñez, F. Vázquez-Alonso, J.M. Llamas-Elvira, J.M. Cózar-Olmo, A. Rodríguez-Fernández" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "I." "apellidos" => "Puche-Sanz" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "nacho.puchesanz@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Triviño-Ibáñez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Vázquez-Alonso" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J.M." 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The best cut-off point for the trigger PSA was 3.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml, which correctly discriminated 73% of patients with a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 78%. (B) ROC curve showing discriminant capacity of PSArr between negative and positive <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT. The best cut-off point for PSArr was 0.25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml/month, which correctly discriminated 72% of patients with a sensitivity and specificity of 72% and 63%, respectively.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the main health problems in men, and one of the 3 malignancies with the highest incidence and mortality in Spain.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Despite the high cure rates of radical treatments, radical prostatectomy (RP) or external radiotherapy (ERT), approximately 1 in 4 patients will experience a relapse or recurrence of the disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a> Monitoring of prostate specific antigen (PSA) figures is currently the most commonly used tool during follow-up to detect a possible biochemical recurrence (BR). Once the BR is diagnosed, it is crucial to determine if the PSA elevation is clinically significant and if this potential tumor recurrence is local or systemic, since on this will depend the attitude to be followed.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At present, neither PSA figures nor conventional imaging techniques (bone scans, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging) have proved to be useful for correctly staging the disease in these patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4–6</span></a> Therefore, in the last years, several studies have tried to determine the role of functional imaging techniques such as <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-fluorocoline (<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH) PET-CT in this clinical setting.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main objective of our study was to analyze the ability of PET-CT with <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH to detect disease at the time of BR of PCa after initial treatment with curative intent. As a secondary objective, we try to determine which clinical variables are capable of optimizing the diagnostic yield of the test.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material and methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Retrospective study of all <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CTs performed to patients with PCa at our center from January 2010 to October 2012. Only those patients who had received initial treatment with curative intent (RP, ERT, brachytherapy), fulfilled at the time of PET-CT criteria of BR according to the updated guidelines of the European Association of Urology, and had collected the clinical, pathological, and imaging information necessary for the validation of the results were selected.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The protocol of our center for <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT scanning was always the same and consisted of: 4–6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of previous fasting, bladder catheterization immediately before the test if it is estimated to be accurate, and administration of 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mb/kg of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-fluoromethylcholine, which is supplied by IBA Molecular Spain. PET-CT images were obtained with a Siemens Biograph 16 equipment (Knoxville, Tennessee). The protocol of their acquisition consisted of: precocious image of the pelvis at 2–5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min postinjection of the radiotracer (2 beds, 3–4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min/bed) and at 15–30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min postinjection an image from the orbitomeatal line to the upper third of the lower limbs (6–7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>beds, 3–4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min/bed). In addition, late pelvic imaging was performed in all patients at 45–60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min postinjection.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All images were visualized by 2 observers specialists in nuclear medicine. The final results of the <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT study were categorized as positive or negative, considering as positive those deposits with activity above the background and not explained by physiological phenomena. In the cases of inter-observer discrepancies, the final result of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT was reassessed and agreed between both professionals. The positive results were validated according to the results in other imaging techniques and/or clinical follow-up for a minimum of 6 months. All <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT negative studies were considered as false negatives of the examination.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The relationship between <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT results and different quantitative and qualitative clinical variables was studied, and an attempt was made to establish a PSA cut-off point as a predictor of the test result. As quantitative clinical variables, we collected: age and PSA figure at the time of initial diagnosis of the disease by biopsy (initial PSA), lower PSA after radical treatment (PSA nadir), PSA at the time of PET-CT (PSA trigger), PSA rise rate (PSArr), and PSA doubling time (PSAdt), which was calculated using the computer tool downloadable from the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center website (<a href="http://www.mskkc.org/">www.mskkc.org</a>). As qualitative clinical variables, we collected: T stage, N stage, Gleason score, type of initial radical treatment, whether or not they received second treatment, and whether or not they underwent hormonal treatment at the time of the examination.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition, the relationship between metastatic sites in <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT and the rest of variables was analyzed, and the presence of independent predictive factors associated with the <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT positive result was studied.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the statistical analysis, the SPSS 15.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) was used. To analyze the association of qualitative data, the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used. For the comparison of quantitative data between the 2 groups of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT results (positive/negative), Student's ‘<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>’ was used for parametric independent data and Mann–Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> for non-parametric ones. For the comparison of quantitative data according to the final result of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT by locations, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) or the Kruskal–Wallis test was used, depending on the distribution of the data, applying the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. To evaluate the discriminant capacity of the PSA with respect to the <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT result, the area under the ROC curve was studied, estimating a 95% confidence interval and establishing the best cut-off point. Finally, uni/multivariate binary logistic regression was used to establish independent factors associated with the <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT result. All statistical tests were considered bilateral and significant with a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 61 patients who met all the selection criteria were included in the study. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the clinical characteristics of these patients.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT identified and located the disease (PET-CT positive) in 21 of the 61 patients, which resulted in a global detection rate of 34.4%. All positive studies were validated as such: in 11 patients (42.4%) according to the PSA evolution in the clinical follow-up for a minimum of 6 months and in 10 patients (47.6%) according to the outcome in other imaging tests (CT, scintigraphy, and/or MRI).</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When analyzing the associations between the qualitative clinical characteristics of the patients and the positive/negative results of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT, we observed that only the type of initial treatment showed significant differences, with a greater probability of positive results in those patients treated with ERT or brachytherapy compared to those who had undergone radical surgery (62.5% vs 3.5%, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the quantitative variables, we observed that the initial PSA, PSA nadir, trigger PSA, and PSArr presented statistically significant differences according to the result of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>). The ability of both trigger PSA and PSArr to differentiate between a positive and negative result from <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT was studied, finding that the best discriminatory cut-off point for the trigger PSA was 3.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml, and for the PSArr 0.25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml/month (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>A and B).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">By sites in 9 patients (14.8%), the disease was limited to the prostate or prostatectomy bed; lymph node disease was detected in 7 patients (11.5%) and in 5 patients (8.2%) there was evidence of metastatic bone or visceral disease. When studying the PSAdt with regard to the location of the disease, we observed that this was significantly lower in patients with distant disease compared to patients with localized disease in the prostate bed (5.1 vs 16.8 months, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01). In addition, among patients with a PSAdt<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6 months, the proportion of patients with distant disease was significantly higher than that of patients with localized disease, thereby estimating that the probability of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT detecting distant disease was 3.2 times greater when PSAdt was <6 months (80% vs 20%, OR: 3.2, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.02). The trigger PSA also showed a significant relationship with the disease localization, being significantly higher in patients with distant disease than those with localized disease or without evidence of disease (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the multivariate analysis by binary logistic regression, only the initial PSA number and the fact of not receiving treatment with radical prostatectomy proved to be independent predictors of positive outcome (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discussion</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in men older than 50, with a mortality of 30.6 per 100,000 inhabitants and year.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> After initial radical treatment, tumor recurrence is frequent and is assessed by a progressive increase in PSA numbers, which typically precedes detectable clinical recurrence. The management of the patient in this situation depends fundamentally on whether the disease is confined to the prostate bed or if there is distant disease.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The low sensitivity of conventional imaging techniques in this clinical scenario<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4–6</span></a> has led to the development of functional imaging techniques (PET-CT) as powerful tools for the detection of tumor recurrence. In parallel with their development, the appearance of new radiotracers has extended their indications. Of all the new tracers evaluated in PCa, <span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span>C or <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-labeled choline, a substrate for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (cell membrane phospholipid), is the one that has shown the most promising results.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In recent years, several studies have shown that PET-CT with choline is particularly useful in the restaging of patients with PCa who are in a situation of biochemical recurrence after radical treatment,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9–13</span></a> with a disease detection rate higher than conventional imaging techniques. A recent multicenter study carried out by the PET-Oncology group of the Spanish Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging showed that PET-CT with <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH was able to detect disease in 47% of 374 patients in a situation of biochemical relapse after radical treatment with RP or ERT.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> In our series, the disease detection rate was close to 35%. The literature on this subject is heterogeneous, with an overall sensitivity reported between 38 and 98%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15–20</span></a> This high discrepancy is attributable to the diversity of criterion used for the selection of patients (according to previous treatment, trigger PSA cut-off point, presence or absence of concomitant hormonal treatment) as well as the different validation criteria of PET-CT. Early studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,16</span></a> reported very high disease detection rates (70%), as they included patients with advanced metastatic disease and elevated PSA figures. However, the first large prospective study with choline PET-CT to restage PCa patients showed a much lower detection rate, of 47%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> More recently, the group of Giovacchini et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19,20</span></a> in 2 retrospective studies with 170 and 358 patients, reported a detection rate of 44% and 45% respectively, more in tune with our results.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It appears that the trigger PSA number is the most powerful predictor of a positive choline PET-CT.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17,19,21,22</span></a> The study by Giovacchini et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> describes a detection rate of 80% for PSA between 3 and 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml, reaching a plateau in higher numbers (84% for PSA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml). Krause et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> demonstrated a detection rate of 73% in patients with a trigger PSA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≥<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml. Likewise, our data showed significant differences between the trigger PSA values of positive PET-CTs and those of negative ones (13.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml vs 3.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml). Although, in our series, the cut-off point for the trigger PSA that showed a better discrimination between positive and negative PET-CTs was 3.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml, studies similar to ours have proposed lower numbers, of 2.43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> and even up to 1.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20,23</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, the absolute number of PSA at the time of the scan is not the only determining factor in the choline PET-CT results, the PSA kinetics being equally important. Different studies have shown that patients with positive choline PET-CT have a PSAdt shorter than patients with a negative scan. Thus, it is accepted that PSAdt along with the absolute number of PSA should be taken into account when requesting examination.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12,18,19,24</span></a> In our study, the PSAdt did not show significant differences between positive and negative <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT patients, but we did observe that another kinetic parameter such as PSArr was significantly faster in patients with positive <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT, fact demonstrated in similar studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The location of the disease at the time of biochemical relapse is a key datum for decision making. The most frequent location was at a distance, the lymph node being more frequent than the bone. These results are similar to those previously published.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> In addition, we observed a relationship between the PSA numbers and the location of the disease. It is known that choline PET-CT is sensitive to tumor growth and that PSAdt is an indirect method of assessing this growth. Consistent with other studies,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> our results show that PSAdt was significantly shorter in patients with disease outside the prostate than in patients with disease in the prostatic bed. It should be noted that there is a radionuclide with greater sensitivity for the detection of bone metastases (<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-NaF); however, it is less specific than <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH to differentiate metastases from degenerative-inflammatory bone processes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to the PSA, we have studied the ability of other parameters to predict the positivity of choline PET-CT. In the case of the Gleason score, the results have been little encouraging.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12,19,23</span></a> Although the study by Giovaccini et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> found statistical significance in the univariate analysis for a Gleason<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7, it failed to be demonstrated in the multivariate. Advanced age seems to be related to the early onset of bone metastases after biochemical recurrence,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> although in our study it did not show a significant relationship with the results of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT. Giovacchini et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> in their work on 358 patients with BR, did report advanced age as an independent predictor of positive choline PET-CT. Other variables studied as predictors of positive PET-CT have been advanced clinical stage (T), the existence of lymph node disease at diagnosis (N), the type of initial radical treatment, or the fact of having received or not hormonal treatment at the time of PET-CT. Although an advanced T stage is intuitively related to a worse prognosis, studies similar to ours did not find a significant relationship with the positive choline PET-CT result either.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> While in some studies the existence of previous lymph node disease (N+) has proved to predict a positive choline PET-CT,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> this trend was not observed in our series. However, lymph node assessment with other techniques is also controversial, and the difficulty in obtaining a pathological demonstration of the positivity or negativity of these nodes should be taken into account when assessing these results. Regarding the effect of antiandrogenic therapy on choline uptake, it should be pointed out that it is a point of controversy and recent research, with different studies suggesting a negative influence of hormone therapy on the sensitivity of choline PET-CT.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19–21,28,29</span></a> Our work includes patients who were receiving hormonal treatment and others who did not, but the small size of both groups did not allow us to draw conclusions.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important to underline the importance of the type of initial radical treatment received. Most studies include only patients who have received surgical treatment. In our study, the initial treatment modality received was a determining factor, and it was in the group of patients not treated with prostatectomy where the highest number of positive <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT was found, being this fact an independent risk predictor in the multivariate analysis. Although other publications include patients from different therapeutic categories,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13,21,25</span></a> no statistical study had been performed. This data demonstrates the clinical scenario that would most benefit from the <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT information: patients undergoing treatment other than radical prostatectomy (ERT, brachytherapy) with subsequent biochemical relapse and potential candidates for salvage surgery (both radical prostatectomy and lymphadenectomy). It is probably in these patients where the detection and, above all, the location of the disease can contribute to a greater clinical profitability,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> optimizing the planning of such surgery. In the case of patients treated surgically, multiparametric MRI could play a complementary role to PET-CT to detect relapse at the local level.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main limitation of our study is the lack of a histological gold standard with which to compare the results of the test, as well as the fact of having to resort to different clinical criteria of validation, which may have over or underestimated the true number of positive examinations. However, it should be remembered that this limitation is a fact common to most of the works of this type given the ethical and logistical considerations involved in biopsying the lesions in these patients. In addition to the retrospective nature of the study, the absence of consensus criteria when requesting the choline PET-CT study by the urologist and/or radiotherapist should be taken into account, which may facilitate a selection bias. In addition, some patients were subjected to hormonal treatment at the time of choline PET-CT, which could modify the diagnostic sensitivity of the test.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT proves to be a useful examination in the biochemical recurrence of PCa by detecting disease in a high percentage of patients and providing valuable information on the anatomical location of the same. In our series, a PSA figure of 3.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml or higher represents the optimum time to request the test. Initial PSA numbers and failure to undergo radical prostatectomy are important variables to consider in order to increase the diagnostic performance of the scan.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres886500" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec872652" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres886499" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Material y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec872651" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-12-30" "fechaAceptado" => "2017-02-13" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec872652" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Positron emission tomography/computed tomography" 1 => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-fluorocholine positron emission tomography/computed tomography" 2 => "Prostate cancer" 3 => "Biochemical recurrence" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec872651" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Tomografía por emisión de positrones/tomografía computerizada" 1 => "Tomografía por emisión de positrones con <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-fluorocolina" 2 => "Cáncer de próstata" 3 => "Recidiva bioquímica" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To analyze the ability of the PET-CT with <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-fluorocholine (<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH) to detect disease on biochemical recurrence after treatment with curative intent. To determine the clinical variables that would be able to optimize the test's diagnostic yield.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A retrospective study of PET-CTs with <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-fluorocholine performed on 61 patients with prostate cancer who had undergone treatment with curative intent and met the criteria for biochemical recurrence. The results of the PET-CT were categorized into positive or negative and were validated using pre-established criteria. The relationship between the result of the PET-CT and the initial PSA nadir, PSA trigger, rising PSA velocity (PSAva) and PSA doubling time (PSAdt). The relationship between the metastatic sites on the PET-CT and the remaining variables was analyzed.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There was a 34.4% detection rate of the disease. The initial PSA, PSA nadir, PSA trigger and PSAva showed statistically significant differences according to the result of the PET-CT. The best discriminatory cut-off point between a positive or negative PET-CT for PSA trigger and PSAva was 3.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml and 0.25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml/month respectively. The PSAdt was significantly lower in patients with remote disease compared to patients with localized disease (5.1 vs 16.8 months, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01). The probability that the PET-CT would detect remote disease vs localized disease was 3.2 times higher if the PSAdt was under 6 months (80% vs 20%, OR: 3.2, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.02). In the multivariate analysis, only the initial PSA and not having undergone radical prostatectomy were demonstrated as independent predictive factors of a positive PET-CT result.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The PET-CT with <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH can detect disease in a high percentage of patients with biochemical recurrence and provides information on its anatomical location. PSA kinetics and the patient's previous treatment are key variables in increasing the test's diagnostic.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analizar la capacidad de la PET-TC con <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-fluorocolina (<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH) para detectar enfermedad en el momento de la recidiva bioquímica tras tratamiento con intención curativa. Determinar qué variables clínicas serían capaces de optimizar la rentabilidad diagnóstica de la prueba.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y métodos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio retrospectivo de las PET-TC con <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH realizadas a 61 pacientes con cáncer de próstata sometidos a tratamiento con intención curativa y que cumplían criterios de recidiva bioquímica. Los resultados del estudio PET-TC se categorizaron en positivos o negativos y fueron validados según criterios preestablecidos. Se estudió la relación entre el resultado de la PET-TC y el PSA inicial, PSA nadir, PSA trigger, velocidad de ascenso del PSA (PSAva) y PSA doubling time (PSAdt). Se analizó la relación entre las localizaciones metastásicas en la PET-TC y el resto de variables.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La tasa de detección de enfermedad fue del 34,4%. El PSA inicial, el PSA nadir, el PSA trigger y el PSAva demostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas según el resultado de la PET-TC. El mejor punto de corte discriminatorio entre una PET-TC positiva o negativa para el PSA trigger y la PSAva fue 3,5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml y 0,25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml/mes respectivamente. El PSAdt fue significativamente menor en los pacientes con enfermedad a distancia frente a los pacientes con enfermedad localizada (5.1 vs 16.8 meses, p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01). La probabilidad de que la PET-TC detectara enfermedad a distancia vs localizada fue 3,2 veces mayor si el PSAdt era menor de 6 meses (80% vs 20%, OR: 3,2, p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,02). En el análisis multivariante solo el PSA inicial y el hecho de no haberse sometido a prostatectomía radical demostraron ser factores predictores independientes del resultado positivo de la PET-TC.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La PET-TC con <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH es capaz de detectar enfermedad en un alto porcentaje de pacientes con recidiva bioquímica, y proporciona información sobre la localización anatómica de la misma. La cinética del PSA y el tratamiento previo del paciente son variables clave para aumentar el rendimiento diagnóstico de la exploración.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Material y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Puche-Sanz I, Triviño-Ibáñez E, Vázquez-Alonso F, Llamas-Elvira JM, Cózar-Olmo JM, Rodríguez-Fernández A. Papel de la tomografía por emisión de positrones-tomografía computerizada con <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-fluorocolina en la recidiva bioquímica tras tratamiento con intención curativa del cáncer de próstata. Actas Urol Esp. 2017;41:437–444.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1641 "Ancho" => 3102 "Tamanyo" => 149841 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(A) ROC curve showing discriminant capacity of the trigger PSA number between negative and positive <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT. The best cut-off point for the trigger PSA was 3.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml, which correctly discriminated 73% of patients with a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 78%. (B) ROC curve showing discriminant capacity of PSArr between negative and positive <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT. The best cut-off point for PSArr was 0.25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml/month, which correctly discriminated 72% of patients with a sensitivity and specificity of 72% and 63%, respectively.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2010 "Ancho" => 2446 "Tamanyo" => 125987 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relationship between PSA trigger and disease location in <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT. Trigger PSA numbers were significantly higher in patients who demonstrated distant disease than in those who demonstrated localized disease, and in those in whom <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT was negative (17.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml vs 6.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml vs 3.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml respectively, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01).</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PSA: prostate specific antigen; PSAdt: PSA figure doubling time; PSA nadir: lower PSA figure after initial treatment; trigger PSA: PSA figure at the time of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT scan; PSArr: PSA rise rate.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristic \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Value (n or mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">% or range \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age (years)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">67.44<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">49–82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gleason score</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≤5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6–7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">78.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≥8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>T1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>T2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">72.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>T3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">18.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nx \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">62.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>N1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">37.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Radical prostatectomy</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">47.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">52.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Other treatments</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">47.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">52.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Initial PSA (ng/ml)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">29.91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>24.89 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.10–109.80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PSA nadir (ng/ml)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.05<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.95 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.00–31.26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trigger PSA (ng/ml)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6.80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11.26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.00–59.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PSAdt (months)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">10.13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10.83 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.58–51.49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PSArr (ng/ml/month)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.01–7.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1497949.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical characteristics of patients.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Positive PET-CT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Negative PET-CT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T1</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 (33.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 (66.6%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle">0.850</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16 (36.4%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">28 (63.6%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T3</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 (27.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8 (72.7%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nx</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15 (39.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23 (60.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">0.286</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N1</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 (26.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17 (74%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gleason</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">7</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16 (30.8%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">36 (69.2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">0.246</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gleason</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">7</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 (50%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 (50%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Radical prostatectomy</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 (3.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">28 (96.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle"><0.001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20 (62.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12 (37.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Second treatment</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10 (34.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">19 (65.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">0.993</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11 (34.4%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21 (65.6%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hormonal treatment</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 (40.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9 (60.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">0.546</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9 (28.1%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23 (71.9%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1497951.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparative analysis of the qualitative variables according to the result of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PSA: prostate specific antigen; PSAdt: PSA figure doubling time; PSA nadir: lowest PSA figure after initial treatment; PSA trigger: PSA figure at the time of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT scan; PSArr: PSA rise rate.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Positive PET-CT (mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Negative PET-CT (mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">67.43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">67.45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.687 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Initial PSA (ng/ml) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">40.68<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>33.72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.53<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PSA nadir (ng/ml) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.08<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Trigger PSA (ng/ml) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.52<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.004 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PSAdt (months) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12.51 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.863 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PSArr (ng/ml/month) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.97 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.39<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.010 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1497952.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparative analysis of the quantitative variables according to the result of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT.</p>" ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at4" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PSA: prostate specific antigen; PSA trigger: PSA figure at the time of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT scan; PSArr: PSA rise rate.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OR (95% CI) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Radical prostatectomy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.052 (0.005–0.535) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.013 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Initial PSA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.078 (0.993–1.169) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.072 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Trigger PSA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.033 (0.790–1.350) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.814 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PSArr \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.978 (0.060–16.002) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.988 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1497950.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Results of multivariate binary logistic regression analysis of predictive factors of a positive <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:31 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0160" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "National prostate cancer registry 2010 in Spain" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J.M. 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Original article
Role of PET-CT with 18F-fluorocholine in biochemical recurrence after treatment of prostate cancer with curative intent
Papel de la tomografía por emisión de positrones-tomografía computerizada con 18F-fluorocolina en la recidiva bioquímica tras tratamiento con intención curativa del cáncer de próstata