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Bilgiç, N. Gençtürk, B. Arıkan" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "F.Ş." "apellidos" => "Bilgiç" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "N." "apellidos" => "Gençtürk" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "nuran.gencturk@iuc.edu.tr" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "B." "apellidos" => "Arıkan" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidad de Haliç, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Partería, Estambul, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidad de Estambul-Cerrahpaşa, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Partería, Estambul, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidad de Estambul-Cerrahpaşa, Instituto de Estudios de Posgrado, Departamento de Partería, Estambul, Programa de Doctorado, Estambul, Turquía. Universidad Ankara Medipol, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Partería, Ankara, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "El efecto de la electroacupuntura en la gravedad y los síntomas de la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo en mujeres: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de ensayos controlados aleatorizados" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 1 "multimedia" => array:5 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg" "Alto" => 754 "Ancho" => 1333 "Tamanyo" => 160850 ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The International Continence Society (ICS) defines Urinary Incontinence (UI) as involuntary urinary incontinence.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> A meta-regression study reported that the worldwide prevalence of UI in women is 45.1%, with the highest incidence observed in Asian countries and an increasing prevalence with age.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI) is the most common type of UI among women and has a negative impact on women’s quality of life. The average prevalence of SUI among women is approximately 25%, although it varies by age and race/ethnicity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The International Continence Society defines SUI as the observation of involuntary leakage from the urethral orifice with exertion, physical exertion, or simultaneously with sneezing or coughing.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> This condition is a prevalent type of UI, representing 86% of cases in women.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,6</span></a> Various treatment options exist for SUI, including surgical interventions, behavioral therapies, nonpharmacological approaches, physical therapy, and medical treatments.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7–10</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Electroacupuncture (EA) is a variant of acupuncture where a pulsating electric current is applied to acupuncture needles to stimulate the acupuncture points.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,12</span></a> Studies also report that EA intervention is an effective and safe method for treating women with SUI, contributing to an enhancement in their quality of life.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,13–15</span></a> In a meta-analysis study, it was reported that electroacupuncture improved UI symptoms in women with SUI, but the results were limited.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Another meta-analysis evaluated the effectiveness of electroacupuncture in mixed-type UI, reporting no significant impact on the severity of UI and quality of life, yet acknowledging its relative safety as a treatment option.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Results regarding the potential of electroacupuncture as a treatment for SUI appear contradictory. While studies examining its effectiveness in the literature exist, no meta-analysis study exploring their collective efficacy and impact on quality of life was found.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this systematic review and meta-analysis study, our aim is to investigate the effect of electroacupuncture on the severity and symptoms of UI in women with SUI. We adhered to the PRISMA guidelines in the preparation of the systematic review and meta-analysis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> There were no deviations from the established protocol during the study, and its conclusion aligns with the protocol recorded in the PROSPERO database (Registration: CRD42023495572).</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Eligibility criteria</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following criteria (PICOS) were considered in the selection of the studies to be included in the study:</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Participant (P):</span> Women with SUI</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Intervention (I):</span> Electroacupuncture</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Comparison (C):</span> (1) Sham electroacupuncture, (2) Pelvic Floor Muscle Training</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Outcomes (O):</span> (1) Quality of life, (2) Urinary incontinence severity (3) Fluid intake, (4) Incontinence episode frequency</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Study design (S):</span> Experimental Randomized Controlled Trials(RCT) published in English and Turkish until 2023. These included studies examining UI of types other than SUI and the effectiveness of interventions other than electroacupuncture, studies reflecting women with psychological illness, articles using invalid measurement tools, publications in languages other than Turkish and English, traditional and systematic reviews, editorials, reviews, letters, and commentaries.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Search strategy:</span> The literature search for this systematic review was conducted without limitations using PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and WOS electronic databases. Stress urinary incontinence in women was screened for outcomes of electroacupuncture on urinary incontinence severity and symptoms, employing specific keyword. The key terms used were: “stress urinary incontinence” AND “electroacupuncture” OR “acupuncture” OR “incontinence severity” OR “quality of life” AND “frequency of incontinence”. The search strategy was adjusted based on the unique characteristics of each database.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Study selection and data extraction:</span> After eliminating duplicate articles from different databases, two researchers (B.A. and F.Ş.B.) independently conducted the literature search, article selection, data extraction, and quality assessment of included articles to control the risk of bias during the study. Two reviewers (B.A. and F.Ş.B.) employed this tool to extract information on study location and year, year of publication, study design, sample size, inclusion, and exclusion criteria, electroacupuncture intervention, and urinary incontinence-related symptoms (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Data analysis:</span> Meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.4 for data analysis. The heterogeneity among the studies was assessed through Cochran’s Q test and Higgins’ I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>, and it was established that I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> greater than 50% indicated significant heterogeneity. Consequently, random effect results were employed when I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> exceeded 50%, while fixed effect results were utilized when it was below this threshold. All tests were conducted as two-tailed tests, and a p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Risk of bias:</span> The quality of articles in RCT was assessed using Version 2 of the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool (RoB-2) for randomized trials (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> An author (F.Ş.B.) independently employed the Cochrane tool to evaluate the risk of bias for all selected articles. The criteria outlined in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Investigations of Interventions were categorized into six areas: random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants and staff, blinding of outcome assessment, handling of missing outcome data, selective outcome reporting, and other potential sources of bias. The risk of bias for each area was classified as “low risk,” “high risk,” or “uncertain risk” based on the decision criteria in the bias risk assessment tool.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Through electronic database research and manual search, 412 articles were identified. After eliminating duplicates, 124 articles underwent evaluation. Titles and abstracts were scrutinized to identify relevant articles, review articles, protocols, and duplications. A total of 86 articles were excluded as they did not meet the inclusion criteria. The remaining 38 full texts were then thoroughly assessed for eligibility. Three Randomized Controlled Trial(RCT) articles were included in the analysis as they met the desired criteria (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Study characteristics:</span> The characteristics of the studies are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. This systematic review and meta-analysis encompass three studies investigating the impact of EA intervention on UI symptoms and the quality of life in women with SUI, involving a total of 888 women. The design of all studies included in the meta-analysis was RCTs. All studies were conducted in China. Each study reported results on the effectiveness of EA in women with SUI.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,13,15</span></a> Two studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13,15</span></a> utilized sham EA in the control group, while one study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> employed sham EA in combination with pelvic floor exercises.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Outcomes</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It was presented as a Forest Plot showing the meta-analysis of the results of the studies on the effect of electroacupuncture.</p><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Primary outcomes</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">The effect of electroacupuncture on urinary incontinence severity and quality of life:</span> Symptom severity and quality of life were assessed using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF) in all studies included in the meta-analysis. In Upon pooling the data, it was observed that the studies demonstrated homogeneity in the pre-intervention assessment (I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> = 0%, p = 0.98). Consequently, the results of the fixed effect model indicated no significant difference between the groups concerning UI severity and the quality of life of women with SUI before intervention (MD:0.11, 95% CI: −0.33 to 0.55, Z = 0.48, p = 0.63; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>a). When pooling the data on outcomes after electroacupuncture intervention, high heterogeneity was noted (I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> = 81%, p = 0.006). Hence, based on the random effects model, a significant difference between the groups emerged in terms of UI severity and quality of life among women with SUI (MD: −2.37, 95% CI: −3.29 to −1.45, Z = 5.07, p < 0.0001; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>b).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">The effect of electroacupuncture on urinary leakage:</span> Upon pooling the data, it was observed that the studies exhibited homogeneity in the pre-intervention evaluation (I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> = 0%, p = 0.68). Consequently, the results of the fixed effect model demonstrated no significant difference between the groups in terms of urinary leakage in women with SUI before intervention (SMD: 0.01, 95% CI: −0.12 to 0.14, Z = 0.11, p = 0.92) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>a). When combining the data on outcomes after electroacupuncture intervention, high heterogeneity was identified (I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> = 57%, p = 0.10). Thus, the random effects model indicated a significant difference between the groups regarding urinary leakage in women with SUI (SMD: −0.79, 95% CI: −1.02 to −0.55, Z = 6.60, p = 0.001; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 4</a>b).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Secondary outcomes</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Effect of electroacupuncture on liquid intake:</span> Upon pooling the data, it was observed that the studies exhibited homogeneity in the pre-intervention evaluation (I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> = 0%, p = 0.52). Consequently, the results of the fixed-effect model indicated no significant difference between the groups in terms of liquid intake in women with SUI before the intervention (SMD: 0.08, 95% CI: −0.06 to 0.21, Z = 1.08, p = 0.28; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>a). When combining the data on outcomes after electroacupuncture intervention, the data showed homogeneity (I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> = 0%, p = 0.87). Therefore, according to the fixed-effect model, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of liquid intake among women with SUI (SMD: −0.13, 95% CI: −0.27 to 0.01, Z = 1.87, p = 0.06; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>b).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">The effect of electroacupuncture on incontinence episode frequency:</span> In Upon pooling the data, it was observed that the studies exhibited homogeneity in the pre-intervention evaluation (I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> = 0%, p = 0.47). Consequently, the results of the fixed-effect model indicated no significant difference between the groups in terms of IEF in women with SUI before the intervention (SMD:-0.09, 95% CI: −0.29 to 0.11, Z = 0.88, p = 0.38)(<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>c). When combining the data on outcomes after EA intervention, high heterogeneity was identified (I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> = 96%, p < 0.001). Thus, the random-effects model demonstrated a significant difference between the groups in terms of IEF in women with SUI (SMD: −2.24, 95% CI: −4.17 to −0.32, Z = 2.29, p < 0.02; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>d).</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Risk of bias assessment:</span> All studies were assessed as being at low risk of favouritism error, low bias, blinding, attrition, bias, outcome reporting and other bias.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,13,15</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Discussion</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the impact of EA on the severity and symptoms of UI in women with SUI. Electroacupuncture intervention in women with SUI was observed to decrease the severity of UI and enhance the quality of life. Additionally, it was determined that this intervention led to a reduction in urinary leakage and the frequency of incontinence episodes related to UI symptoms. In the quality assessment, the studies included in the analysis were deemed to be low-risk studies.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The severity of UI symptoms is attributed to the pelvic structure and pelvic floor muscles.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Stress urinary incontinence is a prevalent issue significantly impacting women’s lives.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,21</span></a> The escalation in symptom severity related to UI further diminishes women’s quality of life.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> According to the results of this analysis, Electroacupuncture intervention in women with SUI was identified to decrease the severity of UI and enhance the overall quality of life. Consistent with these findings, studies included in the meta-analysis reported that EA reduced UI symptoms and improved the quality of life in women with SUI.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,13,15</span></a> A meta-analysis study indicated that EA improved UI symptoms in women with SUI.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Furthermore, this analysis found a significant difference between groups concerning urinary leakage and IEF, both notable symptoms of women with SUI. In a meta-analysis evaluating the efficacy and safety of EA treatment in women with SUI, it was concluded that ICIQ-SF scores increased, and one-hour urinary leakage decreased in patients who underwent EA compared to those undergoing sham EA, physical exercise, or drug treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Conversely, a study assessing the effectiveness of electrical stimulation in women with SUI reported that although electrical stimulation improved quality of life, it did not have a long-term effect on the frequency and severity of UI.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Additionally, a meta-analysis by Cui et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> examining EA intervention in women with mixed-type UI reported no effect on quality of life and UI symptom severity. The conflicting findings between this meta-analysis and existing literature raise questions about the reliability of results despite the high quality of the studies included in the analysis due to their limited number.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the studies included in the analysis were deemed to be of high quality and had a low risk in terms of quality; they were identified as RCTs with high quality. In contrast, a meta-analysis study that incorporated studies examining the effectiveness of electroacupuncture in women with SUI reported that the included studies were of low quality in quality assessment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> A separate study evaluating the effectiveness of electrical stimulation in women with SUI similarly indicated that the included studies were of low quality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Likewise, another meta-analysis study, which included studies assessing the effectiveness of EA in women with mixed-type UI, reported that the included studies were of low quality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Therefore, it is imperative to conduct higher quality RCTs to enhance the reliability of results and facilitate evidence generation.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study has several strengths. Firstly, a comprehensive search across numerous databases was conducted, and the involvement of multiple researchers in the data extraction process was characterized by a blinded approach, ensuring a low margin of bias and error. Methodologically, the included studies benefited from a collective decision reached after an independent evaluation by each researcher, enhancing the robustness of the study. Furthermore, the presentation of up-to-date results on the effects of Electroacupuncture intervention UI symptoms and quality of life in women with SUI is considered a strength. Additionally, the inclusion of a high-quality RCT adds to the reliability of the results. However, the study has its limitations. Another limitation pertains to the evaluation of the short-term effectiveness of EA for the identified issues in women, without considering long-term results in different dimensions. Lastly, the studies included in the research only provided results for the Asian race, restricting the generalizability of the findings to a broader population.</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conclusion</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In women with SUI, electroacupuncture intervention was observed to decrease the severity of UI and increase the overall quality of life. The intervention was found to reduce urinary leakage and the frequency of incontinence episodes related to UI symptoms. The studies included in the analysis were deemed to be low risk in quality assessment. While the results are suggestive due to the considerable number of RCTs included, it is essential to emphasize that higher quality RCTs, characterized by adequate sample sizes and longer follow-ups, are necessary to comprehensively confirm the findings. There is also a need for studies investigating electroacupuncture intervention in women with SUI across different cultures and geographical locations.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Funding</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research did not receive any external funding.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All authors report no conflicts of interest with the topic matter of this manuscript, as described in the instructions to authors.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:14 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2190663" "titulo" => "Graphical abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2190661" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1843579" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2190662" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0055" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1843580" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Eligibility criteria" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Outcomes" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Primary outcomes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Secondary outcomes" ] ] ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 12 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conflict of interests" ] 13 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2024-01-16" "fechaAceptado" => "2024-01-23" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1843579" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Urinary incontinence" 1 => "Incontinence episode frequency" 2 => "Quality of life" 3 => "Stress urinary incontinence" 4 => "Urine leakage" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1843580" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Incontinencia urinaria" 1 => "Frecuencia de episodios de incontinencia" 2 => "Calidad de vida" 3 => "Incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo" 4 => "Pérdidas de orina" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Introduction</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Stress Urinary Incontinence is a condition that impairs the quality of life in women and randomized controlled trials of electroacupuncture for stress urinary incontinence have been conducted.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Objective</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the effect of electroacupuncture on the severity and symptoms of urinary incontinence in women with stress urinary incontinence.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Methods</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus and Science Citation Index until November 2023. This study was based on the recommendations of the Cochrane guidelines. Data were analyzed using the Review Manager computer program (Version 5.4). The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the RoB-2 tool.</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Results</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The analysis included 888 women with stress urinary incontinence and three studies. In women with stress urinary incontinence, electroacupuncture intervention improved urinary incontinence severity and quality of life (MD: −2.37, 95% CI: −3.29 to 1.45, Z = 5.07, p < 0.001), urinary leakage (SMD: −0.79, 95% CI: −1.02 to −0.55, Z = 6.60, p = 0.001) and incontinence episode frequency (SMD: −2.24, 95% CI: −4.17 to −0.32, Z = 2.29, p < 0.02).</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In women with stress urinary incontinence, electroacupuncture intervention decreased the severity of urinary incontinence and improved the quality of life. Symptoms related to urinary incontinence were found to decrease urinary leakage and incontinence episode frequency. The studies included in the analysis were determined to be low-risk studies in quality assessment.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Introducción</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo es una afección que deteriora la calidad de vida de las mujeres, por lo que se han realizado ensayos controlados aleatorizados sobre el uso de la electroacupuntura para la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática y metanálisis fue examinar el efecto de la electroacupuntura en la gravedad y los síntomas de la incontinencia urinaria en mujeres con incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo.</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Métodos</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus y Science Citation Index hasta noviembre de 2023. El estudio se basó en las recomendaciones de la Colaboración Cochrane. Los datos se analizaron mediante el programa informático Review Manager (Versión 5.4). La calidad metodológica de los estudios se evaluó mediante la herramienta RoB-2.</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Resultados</span><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El análisis incluyó 888 mujeres con incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo y tres estudios. En las mujeres con incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo, la electroacupuntura mejoró la gravedad de la incontinencia urinaria y la calidad de vida (DM: -2,37; IC del 95%: -3,29 a 1,45; Z = 5,07; p < 0,001). 07,p < 0. 001), las pérdidas de orina (DME:-0,79, IC 95%:-1,02 al -0,55, Z = 6,60,p = 0,001) y la frecuencia de los episodios de incontinencia (DME:-2,24, IC 95%:-4,17 al -0,32, Z = 2,29,p < 0,02).</p></span> <span id="abst0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Conclusión</span><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En mujeres con incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo, la electroacupuntura disminuyó la gravedad de la incontinencia urinaria y mejoró la calidad de vida. En cuanto a los síntomas relacionados con la incontinencia urinaria, se observaron reducciones en el volumen de orina de los escapes y en la frecuencia de los episodios de incontinencia. Al evaluar la calidad de los estudios incluidos en el análisis, se determinó que tenían un riesgo de sesgo bajo.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0055" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2533 "Ancho" => 2508 "Tamanyo" => 508017 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">RoBs-2 risk of bias.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2726 "Ancho" => 2508 "Tamanyo" => 471347 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PRISMA 2020 flow diagram for new systematic reviews which included searches of databases and registers only.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1258 "Ancho" => 2925 "Tamanyo" => 353240 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0015" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Forest plot of in studies with the electroacupuncture group versus control group International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF); a) Pre-interventions b) post-interventions.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 982 "Ancho" => 2341 "Tamanyo" => 270946 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0020" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Forest plot of in studies with the electroacupuncture group versus control group urinary incontinence symptoms; a) Urinary leakage pre-interventions b) Urinary leakage post-intervention.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 3386 "Ancho" => 3341 "Tamanyo" => 835404 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0025" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Forest plot of in studies with the electroacupuncture group versus control group urinary incontinence symptoms; a) Liquid intake pre-interventions b) Liquid intake post-interventions c) Incontinence Episode Frequency pre-interventions d) Incontinence Episode Frequency post-interventions.</p>" ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0030" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">RCT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>:</span> Randomized Control Trials, <span class="elsevierStyleBold">N/A*:</span> Data not reported, <span class="elsevierStyleBold">IG<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>:</span> Intervention Group, <span class="elsevierStyleBold">CG<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>:</span> Control Group, <span class="elsevierStyleBold">ICIQ-SF:</span> International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form, <span class="elsevierStyleBold">UI:</span> Urinary Incontinance, <span class="elsevierStyleBold">SUI:</span> Stress Urinary Incontinance, <span class="elsevierStyleBold">IEF:</span> Incontinence Episode Frequency.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">References, Country \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Study design \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Study period \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Primary outcome \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Seconderyoutcome \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">AgeUI Type \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sample size \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Intervention time and method \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control group \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Stage of intervention \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ICIQ-SF score of results \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Xu et al., 2016 China \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">RCT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2012–2014 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ICIQ-SF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Urinary leaklage, IEF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">IG<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>:</span> 59.05 ± 7.91<span class="elsevierStyleBold">CG<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>:</span>57.97 ± 8.42<span class="elsevierStyleBold">SUI</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">IG<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>:</span> 40<span class="elsevierStyleBold">CG<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>:</span> 40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Time:</span> 6 weeks<span class="elsevierStyleBold">Method:</span> Using 0.30 × 75 acupuncture needles, bilateral BL33 was needled inwards and downwards at an angle of 30 to 45 degrees and bilateral BL35 was needled slightly upwards and outwards to a depth of 50 to 60 mm. A continuous wave of 50 Hz was transversely added with a current density of one participants received EA or sham EA treatment on alternate days, 3 sessions per week for 6 consecutive weeks \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sham EA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Baseline, after 6, 18, 30 weeks \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Before</span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">IG<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>:</span> 9.08 ± 4.24<span class="elsevierStyleBold">CG<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>:</span> 8.80 ± 4.54<span class="elsevierStyleBold">After</span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">IG<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>:</span> 5.89 ± 4.29<span class="elsevierStyleBold">CG<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>:</span> 6.48 ± 3.39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Liu et al., 2017 China \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">RCT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2013–2015 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ICIQ-SF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Liquid intake, Urinary leaklage \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">IG<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>:</span> 54.5 ± 8.03<span class="elsevierStyleBold">CG<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>:</span> 56.2 ± 8.4<span class="elsevierStyleBold">SUI</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">IG<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>:</span>252<span class="elsevierStyleBold">CG<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>:</span>252 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Time:</span> 6 weeks<span class="elsevierStyleBold">Method:</span> Using 0.30 × 75 acupuncture needles, bilateral BL33 was needled inwards and downwards at an angle of 30 to 45 degrees and bilateral BL35 was needled slightly upwards and outwards to a depth of 50 to 60 mm. A continuous wave of 50 Hz was transversely added with a current density of one participants received EA or sham EA treatment on alternate days, 3 sessions per week for 6 consecutive weeks \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sham EA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Baseline, after 6, 18, 30 weeks \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Before</span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">IG<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>:</span> 9.9 ± 3.3<span class="elsevierStyleBold">CG<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>:</span> 9.8 ± 3.2<span class="elsevierStyleBold">After</span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">IG<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>:</span> 5.8 ± 3.2<span class="elsevierStyleBold">CG<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>:</span> 8.2 ± 3.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Tang et al., 2023 China \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">RCT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2014–2017 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ICIQ-SF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Liquid intake, Urinary leaklage, IEF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">IG<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>:</span> 57.2 ± 9.1<span class="elsevierStyleBold">CG<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>:</span> 57.6 ± 8.9<span class="elsevierStyleBold">SUI</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">IG<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>:</span>154<span class="elsevierStyleBold">CG<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>:</span>150 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Time:</span> 8 weeks<span class="elsevierStyleBold">Method:</span> PFMT + EA; PFMT was performed in three sets each day while either EA or sham EA treatment was given three times per week for 8 week. Using 0.30 × 75 acupuncture needles, bilateral BL33 was needled inwards and downwards at an angle of 30 to 45 degrees and bilateral BL35 was needled slightly upwards and outwards to a depth of 50 to 60 mm. A continuous wave of 50 Hz was transversely added with a current density of one participants received \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sham EA+PMFT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Baseline, after 4, 6, 8, 20, 32 weeks \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Before</span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">IG<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>:</span> 13.2 ± 3.4<span class="elsevierStyleBold">CG<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>:</span> 13.1 ± 3.4<span class="elsevierStyleBold">After</span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">IG<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>:</span> 6.0 ± 1.2<span class="elsevierStyleBold">CG<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>:</span> 9.1 ± 2.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3581583.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Features of the included studies.</p>" ] ] 6 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg" "Alto" => 754 "Ancho" => 1333 "Tamanyo" => 160850 ] ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:24 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for adult male lower urinary tract and pelvic floor symptoms and dysfunction" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "C. 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Review article
The effect of electroacupuncture applied to women with stress urinary incontinence on urinary incontinence severity and symptoms: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
El efecto de la electroacupuntura en la gravedad y los síntomas de la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo en mujeres: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de ensayos controlados aleatorizados
a Universidad de Haliç, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Partería, Estambul, Turkey
b Universidad de Estambul-Cerrahpaşa, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Partería, Estambul, Turkey
c Universidad de Estambul-Cerrahpaşa, Instituto de Estudios de Posgrado, Departamento de Partería, Estambul, Programa de Doctorado, Estambul, Turquía. Universidad Ankara Medipol, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Partería, Ankara, Turkey