The relationship between serum levels of vitamin D with asthma and its symptom severity: A case–control study

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"apellidos" => "Kooti" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "wesamkooti@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2029 "Ancho" => 1639 "Tamanyo" => 137743 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Frequency of vitamin D deficiency in the case and control groups by separate levels (deficiency, suboptimal, optimal and severe)." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionAsthma is a heterogeneous disease that is characterised by chronic inflammatory airways. Asthma is a disease that has a high prevalence in developed and developing countries. Some countries such as in the West, have a population of more than 1.3% of children that are involved in asthma and allergies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235">1,2</a> There is an estimation that about 400 million people will be suffering from asthma up to 2025 in the world.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">3</a>A change in lifestyle, diet, allergens, various infections, and the family history can be risk factors for asthma. Asthma is formed by many immunological factors. One of the most discussed and researched hypotheses is the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and asthma. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is made mainly in the epithelial cells of the skin, which occurs due to UV rays and the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">4</a> An active form of vitamin D has local effects due to infections, and might reduce the inflammation that became a cause of those infections.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">5</a> It seems that in order to respond to an infection, vitamin D participates in Toll-like receptor signalling by up-regulating the production of cathelicidin and other antimicrobial peptides.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">6</a>The high incidence of vitamin D deficiency has led to more attention than in previous years, according to the report of the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, the percentage of adults that have an adequate amount of vitamin D (as defined by 25(OH)D of at least 30ng/ml), from 60% in 1988–1994 reached almost 30% among white people and 5–10% in African Americans during 2001–2004.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">7</a> Vitamin D deficiency in the world is epidemically prevalent, and in countries surrounding the Persian Gulf, despite adequate sunlight, vitamin D deficiency has the highest prevalence. Studies have shown that vitamin D deficiency in adolescent girls in Iran and Saudi Arabia is over 70% and over 80%, respectively.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">8</a>Vitamin D affects the innate and adaptive immune systems and the regulations of Th1/h2 and phagocytosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">9</a> By inhibiting the production of Th17, vitamin D can also help in preventing asthma exacerbations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">10</a> Vitamin D is considered as a potent modulator of the immune system<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">11</a> that regulates cell proliferation and differentiation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">12</a> It is assumed that vitamin D changes the expression of smooth muscle's chemokines in the airways through the inhibition of the expression of steroid resistant gene. However, this theory has yet to be proven.Some studies have clearly shown a correlation between vitamin D deficiency and asthma,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295">13–15</a> but others have provided different results.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310">16</a> An inverse association between serum Vitamin D levels and the recent upper respiratory tract infections, especially in a chronic respiratory disease such as asthma, was found by Ginde et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">17</a> One of the studies has shown that the intake of vitamin D supplementations from childhood might be related to the risk of developing asthma or other chronic diseases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310">16</a> On the other hand, a case–control study presented that serum vitamin D levels did not differ between the asthmatic patients and the controls.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320">18</a>In addition, the amount of vitamin D that might be needed to prevent or reduce the severity of an asthma attack is still unknown. Given the vital role of vitamin D in the body, and the high prevalence of asthma, as well as a lack of vitamin D, we decided to conduct a case–control study in order to investigate the relationship between serum levels of vitamin D with asthma and lung function.Materials and methodsThis case–control study investigated the 6–18 year-old children that were referred in the summer (May–September) to the tertiary referral hospital in Kurdistan province, Iran. The study population comprised 120 people divided into two groups of 60 people: case (asthmatic) and control groups. They were selected using a convenience sample method. This study was approved by the ethics committee in Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences (ethical code: MUK.REC.1393.106). With type I error of 5%, and the power of the study of 95%, the average vitamin D in the case and control groups was 49.29±21.44 and 66.82±28.76, respectively,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325">19</a> A required sample size of 56 people in each group was calculated. In this study, 60 people were obtained in each group.Inclusion criteriaCase group: Patients with asthma, who were diagnosed by a physician with a fellowship degree in allergy and clinical immunology based on a history and physical examination and findings of pulmonary function test (PFT), and were willing to participate in the study and who had no previous known diseases. These patients were selected from the asthma and allergy clinic in Besat hospital. Initially, all patients underwent a spirometry (Spiro lab III, Italy), and the spirometry findings were used to confirm and determine the severity of the disease. ATS criteria was used to interpret the spirometry findings.Control group: Healthy people from the community, who had no known history of asthma, no known illness, or drug use or other allergic diseases in themselves or their first degree relatives until then (in other words, healthy in every respect) and had desire to participate in the study.Exclusion criteria included a persons’ unwillingness to continue to cooperate in the study; recognition of any impairment or chronic illness during the study such as kidney or liver disease; the risk of malignancies; known musculoskeletal disorders, including rickets and osteomalacia; the use of vitamin D as a drug or dietary supplement; the use of medications with potential impact on vitamin D metabolism such as anticonvulsants; and/or identify any diseases associated with vitamin D in the study populations, such as thyroid and parathyroid glands, disorders, acute and chronic digestive disorders, autoimmune diseases, chronic kidney disease and skin disorders.Data collection methodA sampling was taken from a person in a laboratory, and subsequently the sample was tested in the laboratory after the serum was separated under the supervision of a pathologist or a specialist in laboratory science by vitamin D ELISA assay Kit (Immunodiagnostic EIA; Bensheim and Biomedica, Wien, Austria) and was explained by observing the following values<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">20</a>:<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Pulmonary-function testingIn both groups (case and control), spirometry was performed in accordance following the American Thoracic Society guidelines, in the seated position without nose clips. After at least one practice blow, three FEV1 and FVC readings were recorded. The highest FEV1 and FVC values from satisfactory manoeuvres were used in the analyses.Serum total immunoglobulin EA quantitative analysis of IgE was performed using ELISA kit (Pishtaz Teb, Iran) according to the manufacturer's guidelines.Ethical considerationsAll moral codes regarding the study and the confidentiality of information were observed, and also an informed consent form was obtained from the subjects. No additional processes were performed on the patient.Statistical analysisDescriptive analyses were performed to calculate frequency distributions and Pearson correlation coefficients were computed to assess the association between vitamin D and other independent variables. The chi-square test and T-test were performed for categorical and continuous variables, respectively.Hierarchical multiple linear regression model was used to examine the relationship between vitamin D and age, and sex and ige. Models were generated in three stages: model 1, did not adjust for confounders, model 2 adjusted for FEV and FVC and model 3 further adjusted for BMI. The SPSS15 statistical software was used to conduct all analyses. All tests were two-tailed and a probability value P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsIn this study, 120 children were divided into two groups of 60: healthy children 6–18 years old (control group) and 60 children with asthma (the case group). Of the children involved in the study, 42.5% were female and 57.5% were male; both groups were the same in terms of gender. Results concluded that there was no difference between the two groups in terms of the gender composition of the samples (P>0.05) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 1</a>). In addition, descriptive information such as economic situation, and education levels of the samples were shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 1</a>. Results have shown that there is a significant relationship between age and the individuals economic situation in both of the groups (P<0.001).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Serum levels of vitamin DThe results showed that there is a significant difference between the serum levels of vitamin D in both groups, with the mean serum level of vitamin D being lower in the case group (P<0.01). The mean serum levels of vitamin D of the subjects in the case and control groups were 17.98±8.68, and 22.35±6.26, respectively, as presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>. The severity of vitamin D deficiency in all subjects, 10%, 43.3%, 34.2%, and 12.5% were respectively severe, deficient, suboptimal, and optimal.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Vitamin D deficiency in the two groups (case and control), by separate levels (deficiency, suboptimal, optimal and sever) are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 2</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>Due to the severe shortage only in the case group, comparing the mean at the severity level in case and control groups was not possible, but a significant difference in the mean suboptimal level of vitamin D were observed (P<0.0001). In other levels of vitamin D, significant differences were not reported (P>0.05).The frequency of vitamin D deficiency in both groups by term of gender are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>. Based on <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>, the frequency of severe shortage of vitamin D in the case group (male and female) have been reported at 10%, and also in the control group no cases of Vitamin D deficiency have been reported (0.0%). In addition, optimal vitamin D in male in both cases and the controls were more than vitamin D in female. But, based on the results of the chi-square test, there was no significant correlation between vitamin D and gender in children (P>0.05).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Mean of various indices associated with the severity of asthma in the case groupIn this study, the mean and standard deviation of FEV, BMI, IgE, FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC were 76.21±17.88, 18.37± 5.8, 145.47± 110.62, 76.21±17.88, 75.8±15.77, and 73.28±5.9, respectively (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 3</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia>Correlation seen between vitamin D and other study variables in the case groupAccording to the results of the present study, there is a positive correlation between the levels of vitamin D with FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC; furthermore, there is a negative correlation between the levels of vitamin D with IGE (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 4</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia>Relationship between serum levels of vitamin D with age, IgE, FEV1 and FVC in the case groupTo investigate the relationship between vitamin D with the predictor variables: age, gender, and IgE, multiple regression models were used by controlling confounding variables: FEV, FCV, and BMI.According to the results of the multiple regression model, there was no relationship between gender with vitamin D, but between the levels of vitamin D and IgE there was a significant negative relation. This relationship remained even after adjusting for FEV, FVC, and BMI.The R-square for models 1, 2 and 3 was 0.341, 0.387 and 0.387 and the adjusted R-square was 0.305, 0.327 and 0.318 respectively. With respect to this information, Model 2 was the best model (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0030">Tables 5 and 6</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0035"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionThe aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the serum levels of vitamin D with asthma and its symptom severity. In terms of gender, the number of people in both groups was the same. The results of this study showed that there is no significant difference between both groups in terms of the gender distribution. However, results showed that there was a significant relationship between the groups that were studied by age; this concludes that the mean age in the case group was less. The incidence rate of asthma is present at lower ages and is more, with increasing age its prevalence becomes less. Nearly 80% of asthma cases have been reported before the age of 6.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325">19</a> The epidemiologic pattern of asthma over the last 30 years also confirms these findings. In a study by Rachel et al., the incidence of asthma in children aged 0–4 was 23.4/1000 was higher more than five times the same ratio in the subjects aged 12–17 (4.4/1000).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">21</a>In this study, the severity of vitamin D deficiency was also investigated. The results showed that the severity of vitamin D deficiency in all subjects had been 10% (severe), 43.3% (deficient), 34.2 (suboptimal), and 12.5% (normal). In addition, the results showed that the most frequent of the severe cases of decrease in vitamin and vitamin deficiency was related to the case group (asthma patients). Generally, vitamin D deficiency in the world is epidemically prevalent, and there is high prevalence even in areas with abundant sun exposure; by taking 25(OH)-D level of ≤20ng/ml as vitamin D deficiency, Gordon et al. reported a rate of 12.1% of this vitamin deficiency in American infants/toddlers.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340">22</a> In another study in the United States, the rates of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D insufficiency among people aged 0–21 were reported at 21% and 28%, respectively.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345">23</a> In Tehran, capital of Iran, a study was conducted with the aim of examining the vitamin D deficiency in children 9–12 years old and the results showed that 72.4% studied children suffer from vitamin D deficiency.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350">24</a> So, that research's outcomes are similar to our findings.According to the findings of the present study, there is a significant difference between serum levels of vitamin D in the case (with asthma) and control groups, so that severe cases and vitamin D deficiency were related to the case group (with asthma). As noted, several studies have been conducted in this field, but their results were different. In a study, Uysalol et al. investigated the association between vitamin D deficiency and asthma in children 2–14 years old.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345">23</a> The results indicated a significant difference in the level of vitamin D in the case and control groups, so that the mean and standard deviation of vitamin levels in the case and control were 16.6±8.5 and 28.2±19.5, respectively.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345">23</a> Similar results have been seen in studies Hisham<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">13</a> and Elnady<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">15</a> in Egypt, Sharif<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355">25</a> and Alyasin<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300">14</a> in Iran, and Kolokotroni in Cyprus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360">26</a> But, there were different results observed in studies by Hughes, Devereux, and Hyppönen.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365">27</a> In these studies, no relationship was seen between the levels of vitamin D with asthma. Here, to give an explanation for the inconsistency between these studies, we will discuss the aetiologies of the asthma.The interaction between genetic factors and the environment of the people causing the inflammation in the air ducts. Studies clearly indicate the involvement of some genotypes in susceptibility to asthma and allergic problems, as well as the amount of responsiveness to asthma treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0370">28,29</a> In addition, depending on the age range of the samples, the rate of response and the expression of asthma in different studies can be varied. Finally, some factors of variation in the results of the studies can be different allergens, such as foods; indoor allergens, including animal allergens, fungi, mites, … or outdoor seasonal allergens (pollen of trees, grass, etc.); cigarette smoke; cold air; chemicals; paints; ozone (O3); atmospheric changes in temperature and barometric pressure; air quality; exercise; heat and cold; and dehydration.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380">30</a>As mentioned, the results of this study have clearly confirmed the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and asthma. In explaining the findings, the role of vitamin D in maintaining the homeostasis of safety and its effect on the innate and acquired immune system can be pointed out. It is known that vitamin D inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of T and B cells, and prevents the secretion of immunoglobulin.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0380">30,31</a> It also causes the induction of regulatory T cells and inhibits Th17 cells.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0390">32,33</a> Generally, this vitamin causes the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and inhibits inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6,and TNF-α.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400">34</a> On the other hand, this vitamin is able for induction of tolerogenic DC properties in DC cells through enzyme CYP27B1.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405">35</a> Therefore, vitamin D shows a type of immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory property.In this regard, Agrawal showed that Vitamin D supplementation reduces inflammation of the air ducts and airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of allergic asthma. This study reported that vitamin D deficiency correlated with high BALF (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) eosinophilia, increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduced BALF IL-10 levels, reduced blood T-regs, and increased expression of importin-α3 and Rel- A in the lung tissue.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410">36</a> In another study, to evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on eosinophilic and neutrophilic airway inflammation in patients with non-atopic asthma, de Groot et al. showed that Vitamin D reduces eosinophilic inflammation of the air ducts and can be useful in the treatment of asthma.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415">37</a> In another study, Samaha et al. showed that vitamin D plays a role in airway remodelling.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420">38</a> Probably, through increased responsiveness to corticosteroids, vitamin D reduces eosinophilic airway inflammation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425">39</a> In this field, various studies showed that vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of airway hyper-reactivity and reduces lung function.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430">40</a>According to the findings of our study, there is a significant positive correlation between vitamin D deficiency and lung function tests such as FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC. These observations are consistent with the results of the studies conducted by Alyasin<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300">14</a> and Elnadya.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435">41</a> Also, Abd El Aaty showed a direct relationship between 1, 25 (OH) 2D, and lung function.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">13</a> Moreover, Jung demonstrated that a significant positive relationship exists between the level of 25-OH-functional lung VitD3 and lung tests of FEV1, FEV1/FVC.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440">42</a> Samaha et al. showed that patients that are vitamin D deficient have an incomplete pulmonary function. In addition, increased FENO and higher numbers of exacerbations have been reported in these patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420">38</a> However, Yoseph,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445">43</a> Brehm,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450">44</a> and Litonjua<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">12</a> provided different results in their studies. The relationship between lung function with vitamin D has not been clearly specified yet. However, it is predicted that vitamin D improves lung function through the effect on the muscles, adjustment of the inflammation, and induction of anti-microbial peptides.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455">45</a> It is known that vitamin D has a reverse relationship with circulating levels of Matrix Metalloproteinas (MMP-9). Matrix Metalloproteinas (MMPs) are enzymes that have a role in inflammation and cellular movement within the lung. It is known that these enzymes are involved in remodelling and inflammation process of COPD. Song et al. showed that pre-treatment of the human airway smooth muscle cells with 1, 25(OH)2D3 decreases production of MMP-9, disintegrin, and metalloprotease 33 (ADAM33) in the in vitro environment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455">45</a>In this study, a reverse relationship was observed between serum levels of IgE as an allergic indicator with vitamin D. This relationship remained even after the adjustment of FEV, FVC, and BMI. It seems that the relationship between vitamin D and allergic indicator such as IgE is independent from other effective factors such as FEV, FVC, and BMI.In this regard, Brehm et al. investigated the relationship between vitamin D and the markers of severity of childhood asthma among 616 children in Costa Rica.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450">44</a> In multivariate linear regression models, the results showed a reverse and significant relation between levels of vitamin D and IgE. These findings are consistent with the results of studies conducted by Uysalol<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460">46</a> and Hala,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">15</a> but in a study by Yoseph, no difference was seen between the levels of vitamin D with the serum level of IgE.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445">43</a> In this study, 39 people were studied in two group cases and a control. Finally, a prescription of vitamin D for the case group did not cause a significant change in IgE, eosinophil count, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, FeNO levels, and inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-17). Low size samples were one of the limitations of this study. Also, different results can be caused by a difference in choosing the type of samples, sample size, follow-up duration, seasons of review, and etc. Perhaps, through the inhibition of secretion of IL-4 IL-5, vitamin D inhibits too much increase in serum IgE levels; and in this way, it plays a role in controlling allergic diseases and asthma. However, this hypothesis requires more studies to confirm.The results of this study suggest that serum levels of vitamin D in asthma patients have been less in healthy people, and also lung function has reduced in these patients. Of course, this point should be seriously considered that many factors play a role in asthma, so, more related variables should be considered in these patients. Also the serum levels of vitamin D in patients with asthma must be checked continuously.Recommendations to researchers<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005">1.To conduct interventional studies with larger sample sizes.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010">2.To conduct studies in the various target groups and taking into account the different efficient factors.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015">3.To conduct studies on the long interval and free or bioavailable levels of vitamin D.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020">4.To perform the measurement of bone mineral density in patients with asthma.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025">5.To minimise the amount of effective doses in the treatment of asthma (oral and systemic corticosteroids) with bone influences to control the disease with drugs with minimal side effects.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030">6.To check the amount of food and medicinal effects on the disease and its severity.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035">7.Measurement of vitamin levels after treatment with vitamin and its impact on asthma movement and the need for medications.</li></ul>Ethical disclosuresConfidentiality of dataThe authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work centre on the publication of patient data and that all the patients included in the study have received sufficient information and have given their informed consent in writing to participate in that study.Right to privacy and informed consentThe authors have obtained the informed consent of the patients and/or subjects mentioned in the article. The author for correspondence is in possession of this document.Protection of human subjects and animals in researchThe authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the regulations of the responsible Clinical Research Ethics Committee and in accordance with those of the World Medical Association and the Helsinki Declaration.Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interests." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres753574" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec755884" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Inclusion criteria" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Data collection method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Pulmonary-function testing" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Serum total immunoglobulin E" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Ethical considerations" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Serum levels of vitamin D" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Mean of various indices associated with the severity of asthma in the case group" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Correlation seen between vitamin D and other study variables in the case group" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Relationship between serum levels of vitamin D with age, IgE, FEV1 and FVC in the case group" ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Recommendations to researchers" ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0090" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0095" "titulo" => "Protection of human subjects and animals in research" ] ] ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0100" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack250552" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-01-04" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-04-27" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec755884" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Vitamin D" 1 => "Asthma" 2 => "Kurdistan" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "BackgroundAsthma is a heterogeneous disease characterised by chronic inflammatory airways, and is affected by several immunological factors. One of the most discussed and researched hypotheses is the relationship between vitamin D serum levels with asthma. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between vitamin D serum levels with asthma and pulmonary functions in children in Kurdistan province, Iran. Materials and methodsIn this case–control study, 120 children ranging from 6 to 18 years were referred in summer for investigation. Participants were divided into two groups: asthma group, N=60; and control group, N=60. After serum separation, samples were analysed using vitamin D ELISA kit. Additionally, pulmonary function test and serum IgE levels were measured in both groups. Data were analysed using Chi-square test and multiple regression analysis in SPSS15. ResultsNo difference was shown between the groups in terms of gender composition (male: 57.5; female: 42.5) (P>0.05). Average Vitamin D serum level in the case group (17.98±8.68) was less than in control group (22.35±6.26) (P<0.01). In addition, the difference of vitamin D deficiency in level of suboptimal between the asthma (17.77±6.41) and the control group (24.9±3.18) was statistically significant (P<0.0001). Positive correlation existed between vitamin D levels with FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC. Multiple regression analysis showed a reverse relationship between vitamin D levels with IgE serum levels; this remained after adjustment for potential confounders (e.g. age, sex, BMI, FEV1, and FVC). ConclusionThe results showed that serum levels of vitamin D in asthma patients were less than in healthy people, and also reduced lung function in these patients. So, the serum levels of vitamin D in asthma patients must be checked continuously." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:9 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1036 "Ancho" => 1591 "Tamanyo" => 44431 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Mean serum levels of vitamin D in the case and control groups." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2029 "Ancho" => 1639 "Tamanyo" => 137743 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Frequency of vitamin D deficiency in the case and control groups by separate levels (deficiency, suboptimal, optimal and severe)." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="6" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Index \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sub-index \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control (n=60) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Case (n=60) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P-value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age; mean±SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9.35±2.337 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">7.82±2.151 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Sex; n (%)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">34 (56.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">35 (58.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">69 (57.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">>0.05</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">26 (43.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">25 (41.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">51 (42.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Economic situation; n (%)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Weak \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">10 (16.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13 (21.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">23 (19.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><0.05</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Intermediate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">38 (63.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">24 (40) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">62 (51.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Good \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">12 (20) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">23 (38.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">35 (29.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="6" align="left" valign="top">Education (father); n (%)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Under Diploma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8 (13.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">7 (11.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15 (12.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="6" align="left" valign="top">>0.05</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diploma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14 (23.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">23 (38.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">37 (30.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Associate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6 (10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6 (5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Bachelor \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19 (31.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">30 (50) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">49 (40.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Masters \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">7 (11.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">7 (5.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Phd \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6 (10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6 (5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="6" align="left" valign="top">Education (mother); n (%)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Under Diploma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">11 (18.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5 (8.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">16 (13.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="6" align="left" valign="top">>0.05</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diploma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">21 (35) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">21 (35) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">42 (35) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Associate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9 (15) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9 (7.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Bachelor \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">10 (16.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">34 (56.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">44 (36.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Masters \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9 (15) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9 (7.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Phd \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1247056.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Study population characteristics." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Status \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean±SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mann–Whitney U \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P-value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="6" align="left" valign="middle">Vitamin D</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Deficiency</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Case \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17.51±9.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">291.50</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">0.40</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.40±2.63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Suboptimal</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Case \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17.77±6.41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">60</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top"><0.0001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24.9±3.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Optimal</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Case \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23.71±10.66 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">13</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">0.083</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">32.33±2.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1247059.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Comparison of the distribution of the severity of the vitamin D deficiency in the two groups." ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Indices \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Number \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Max \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.75 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">IgE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">145.47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">110.62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">388 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FEV1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">76.21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">118 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FVC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">75.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15.77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">115 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FEV1/FVC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">73.28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">56.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">84 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1247057.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Mean of various indices associated with the severity of asthma in the case group." ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0025" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at4" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1. Age \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">2. BMI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.189 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">3. IgE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.564<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">4. FEV1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.356<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.296 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.309<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">5. FVC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.399<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.143 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.372<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.897<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">6. FEV1/FVC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.367<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.335<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.271<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.61<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.562<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">7. Vit D \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.103 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.189 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.564<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.356<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.399<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.367<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1247061.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "P<0.05." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "**" "nota" => "P<0.01." ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "***" "nota" => "P<0.001." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Correlation between vitamin D and other study variables in the case group." ] ] 6 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0030" "etiqueta" => "Table 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at5" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Estimate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Std. error \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">t \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P-value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95% CI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top">Without adjust for covariates</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Intercept \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14.366 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.515 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.605 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.012 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.317 to 25.414 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">IGE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.038 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.009 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.193 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.0002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.056 to −0.020 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FEV1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.024 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.118 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.842 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.212 to 0.259 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FVC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.097 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.137 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.709 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.481 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.177 to 0.371 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top">Adjust for covariates age, sex and BMI</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Intercept \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.004 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.345 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.451 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.018 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.271 to 32.737 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">IGE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.036 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.010 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.710 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.056 to −0.017 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FEV1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.021 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.130 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.164 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.871 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.282 to 0.240 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FVC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.142 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.146 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.970 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.336 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.151 to 0.435 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1247058.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Association between serum levels of vitamin D with IgE, FEV1 and FVC in the case group, with and without adjusting for confounders (age, sex and BMI)." ] ] 7 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0035" "etiqueta" => "Table 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at6" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Estimate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Std. error \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">t \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P-value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95% CI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top">Without adjust for covariates</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Intercept \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27.267 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.279 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.166 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.692 to 37.841 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.238 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.545 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.436 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.664 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−1.331 to 0.855 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Gender \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−3.981 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.251 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.769 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.082 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−8.490 to 0.528 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">IGE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.044 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.009 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.889 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.062 to −0.026 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top">Adjusted for covariates FEV, FCV</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Intercept \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.170 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.178 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.417 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.162 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−4.222 to 24.561 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.159 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.514 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.308 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.759 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−1.190 to 0.873 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Gender \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−3.896 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.110 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.855 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.069 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−8.107 to 0.315 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">IGE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.037 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.010 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.867 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.056 to −0.018 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top">Adjusted for covariates FEV, FCV and BMI</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Intercept \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.112 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.530 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.608 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.114 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−2.991 to 27.215 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.145 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.516 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.282 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.779 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−1.180 to 0.889 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Gender \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−3.747 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.112 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.774 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.082 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−7.983 to 0.489 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Level of IGE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.036 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.010 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.710 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.056 to −0.017 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1247062.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Association between serum levels of vitamin D with age, gender and IGE in the case group, with and without adjustment for confounders (FEV, FCV and BMI)." ] ] 8 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Severity of vitamin deficiency \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Range (ng/ml) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Very severe vitamin D deficiency \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Severe vitamin D deficiency \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5–10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Vitamin D deficiency \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">10–20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Suboptimal vitamin D provision \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">20–30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Optimal vitamin D level \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">30–50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Upper norm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">50–70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Overdose (but not toxic) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">70–150 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Vitamin D intoxication \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">>150 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1247060.png" ] ] ] ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:46 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0235" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Worldwide trends in the prevalence of asthma symptoms: phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "N. 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Original Article

Rasoul Nasiri Kalmarzia, A. Zamanib, A. Fathallahpourd, E. Ghaderic, Ramesh Rahehaghd, W. Kootib,

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wesamkooti@gmail.com

Corresponding author.

a Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran

b Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran

c Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran

d Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran

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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Frequency of vitamin D deficiency in the case and control groups by separate levels &#40;deficiency&#44; suboptimal&#44; optimal and severe&#41;&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Asthma is a heterogeneous disease that is characterised by chronic inflammatory airways&#46; Asthma is a disease that has a high prevalence in developed and developing countries&#46; Some countries such as in the West&#44; have a population of more than 1&#46;3&#37; of children that are involved in asthma and allergies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> There is an estimation that about 400 million people will be suffering from asthma up to 2025 in the world&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A change in lifestyle&#44; diet&#44; allergens&#44; various infections&#44; and the family history can be risk factors for asthma&#46; Asthma is formed by many immunological factors&#46; One of the most discussed and researched hypotheses is the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and asthma&#46; Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is made mainly in the epithelial cells of the skin&#44; which occurs due to UV rays and the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> An active form of vitamin D has local effects due to infections&#44; and might reduce the inflammation that became a cause of those infections&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> It seems that in order to respond to an infection&#44; vitamin D participates in Toll-like receptor signalling by up-regulating the production of cathelicidin and other antimicrobial peptides&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The high incidence of vitamin D deficiency has led to more attention than in previous years&#44; according to the report of the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention&#44; the percentage of adults that have an adequate amount of vitamin D &#40;as defined by 25&#40;OH&#41;D of at least 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#41;&#44; from 60&#37; in 1988&#8211;1994 reached almost 30&#37; among white people and 5&#8211;10&#37; in African Americans during 2001&#8211;2004&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Vitamin D deficiency in the world is epidemically prevalent&#44; and in countries surrounding the Persian Gulf&#44; despite adequate sunlight&#44; vitamin D deficiency has the highest prevalence&#46; Studies have shown that vitamin D deficiency in adolescent girls in Iran and Saudi Arabia is over 70&#37; and over 80&#37;&#44; respectively&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vitamin D affects the innate and adaptive immune systems and the regulations of Th1&#47;h2 and phagocytosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> By inhibiting the production of Th17&#44; vitamin D can also help in preventing asthma exacerbations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Vitamin D is considered as a potent modulator of the immune system<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> that regulates cell proliferation and differentiation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> It is assumed that vitamin D changes the expression of smooth muscle&#39;s chemokines in the airways through the inhibition of the expression of steroid resistant gene&#46; However&#44; this theory has yet to be proven&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some studies have clearly shown a correlation between vitamin D deficiency and asthma&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;15</span></a> but others have provided different results&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> An inverse association between serum Vitamin D levels and the recent upper respiratory tract infections&#44; especially in a chronic respiratory disease such as asthma&#44; was found by Ginde et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> One of the studies has shown that the intake of vitamin D supplementations from childhood might be related to the risk of developing asthma or other chronic diseases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> On the other hand&#44; a case&#8211;control study presented that serum vitamin D levels did not differ between the asthmatic patients and the controls&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition&#44; the amount of vitamin D that might be needed to prevent or reduce the severity of an asthma attack is still unknown&#46; Given the vital role of vitamin D in the body&#44; and the high prevalence of asthma&#44; as well as a lack of vitamin D&#44; we decided to conduct a case&#8211;control study in order to investigate the relationship between serum levels of vitamin D with asthma and lung function&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This case&#8211;control study investigated the 6&#8211;18 year-old children that were referred in the summer &#40;May&#8211;September&#41; to the tertiary referral hospital in Kurdistan province&#44; Iran&#46; The study population comprised 120 people divided into two groups of 60 people&#58; case &#40;asthmatic&#41; and control groups&#46; They were selected using a convenience sample method&#46; This study was approved by the ethics committee in Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences &#40;ethical code&#58; MUK&#46;REC&#46;1393&#46;106&#41;&#46; With type I error of 5&#37;&#44; and the power of the study of 95&#37;&#44; the average vitamin D in the case and control groups was 49&#46;29<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&#46;44 and 66&#46;82<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>28&#46;76&#44; respectively&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> A required sample size of 56 people in each group was calculated&#46; In this study&#44; 60 people were obtained in each group&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Inclusion criteria</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Case group&#58; Patients with asthma&#44; who were diagnosed by a physician with a fellowship degree in allergy and clinical immunology based on a history and physical examination and findings of pulmonary function test &#40;PFT&#41;&#44; and were willing to participate in the study and who had no previous known diseases&#46; These patients were selected from the asthma and allergy clinic in Besat hospital&#46; Initially&#44; all patients underwent a spirometry &#40;Spiro lab III&#44; Italy&#41;&#44; and the spirometry findings were used to confirm and determine the severity of the disease&#46; ATS criteria was used to interpret the spirometry findings&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Control group&#58; Healthy people from the community&#44; who had no known history of asthma&#44; no known illness&#44; or drug use or other allergic diseases in themselves or their first degree relatives until then &#40;in other words&#44; healthy in every respect&#41; and had desire to participate in the study&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Exclusion criteria included a persons&#8217; unwillingness to continue to cooperate in the study&#59; recognition of any impairment or chronic illness during the study such as kidney or liver disease&#59; the risk of malignancies&#59; known musculoskeletal disorders&#44; including rickets and osteomalacia&#59; the use of vitamin D as a drug or dietary supplement&#59; the use of medications with potential impact on vitamin D metabolism such as anticonvulsants&#59; and&#47;or identify any diseases associated with vitamin D in the study populations&#44; such as thyroid and parathyroid glands&#44; disorders&#44; acute and chronic digestive disorders&#44; autoimmune diseases&#44; chronic kidney disease and skin disorders&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Data collection method</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A sampling was taken from a person in a laboratory&#44; and subsequently the sample was tested in the laboratory after the serum was separated under the supervision of a pathologist or a specialist in laboratory science by vitamin D ELISA assay Kit &#40;Immunodiagnostic EIA&#59; Bensheim and Biomedica&#44; Wien&#44; Austria&#41; and was explained by observing the following values<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Pulmonary-function testing</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In both groups &#40;case and control&#41;&#44; spirometry was performed in accordance following the American Thoracic Society guidelines&#44; in the seated position without nose clips&#46; After at least one practice blow&#44; three FEV1 and FVC readings were recorded&#46; The highest FEV1 and FVC values from satisfactory manoeuvres were used in the analyses&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Serum total immunoglobulin E</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A quantitative analysis of IgE was performed using ELISA kit &#40;Pishtaz Teb&#44; Iran&#41; according to the manufacturer&#39;s guidelines&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Ethical considerations</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All moral codes regarding the study and the confidentiality of information were observed&#44; and also an informed consent form was obtained from the subjects&#46; No additional processes were performed on the patient&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive analyses were performed to calculate frequency distributions and Pearson correlation coefficients were computed to assess the association between vitamin D and other independent variables&#46; The chi-square test and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span>-test were performed for categorical and continuous variables&#44; respectively&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hierarchical multiple linear regression model was used to examine the relationship between vitamin D and age&#44; and sex and ige&#46; Models were generated in three stages&#58; model 1&#44; did not adjust for confounders&#44; model 2 adjusted for FEV and FVC and model 3 further adjusted for BMI&#46; The SPSS15 statistical software was used to conduct all analyses&#46; All tests were two-tailed and a probability value <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 was considered statistically significant&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; 120 children were divided into two groups of 60&#58; healthy children 6&#8211;18 years old &#40;control group&#41; and 60 children with asthma &#40;the case group&#41;&#46; Of the children involved in the study&#44; 42&#46;5&#37; were female and 57&#46;5&#37; were male&#59; both groups were the same in terms of gender&#46; Results concluded that there was no difference between the two groups in terms of the gender composition of the samples &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; descriptive information such as economic situation&#44; and education levels of the samples were shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 1</a>&#46; Results have shown that there is a significant relationship between age and the individuals economic situation in both of the groups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Serum levels of vitamin D</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results showed that there is a significant difference between the serum levels of vitamin D in both groups&#44; with the mean serum level of vitamin D being lower in the case group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#46; The mean serum levels of vitamin D of the subjects in the case and control groups were 17&#46;98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;68&#44; and 22&#46;35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;26&#44; respectively&#44; as presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#46; The severity of vitamin D deficiency in all subjects&#44; 10&#37;&#44; 43&#46;3&#37;&#44; 34&#46;2&#37;&#44; and 12&#46;5&#37; were respectively severe&#44; deficient&#44; suboptimal&#44; and optimal&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vitamin D deficiency in the two groups &#40;case and control&#41;&#44; by separate levels &#40;deficiency&#44; suboptimal&#44; optimal and sever&#41; are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the severe shortage only in the case group&#44; comparing the mean at the severity level in case and control groups was not possible&#44; but a significant difference in the mean suboptimal level of vitamin D were observed &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41;&#46; In other levels of vitamin D&#44; significant differences were not reported &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The frequency of vitamin D deficiency in both groups by term of gender are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#46; Based on <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#44; the frequency of severe shortage of vitamin D in the case group &#40;male and female&#41; have been reported at 10&#37;&#44; and also in the control group no cases of Vitamin D deficiency have been reported &#40;0&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; optimal vitamin D in male in both cases and the controls were more than vitamin D in female&#46; But&#44; based on the results of the chi-square test&#44; there was no significant correlation between vitamin D and gender in children &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Mean of various indices associated with the severity of asthma in the case group</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; the mean and standard deviation of FEV&#44; BMI&#44; IgE&#44; FEV1&#44; FVC&#44; and FEV1&#47;FVC were 76&#46;21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46;88&#44; 18&#46;37&#177; 5&#46;8&#44; 145&#46;47&#177; 110&#46;62&#44; 76&#46;21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46;88&#44; 75&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#46;77&#44; and 73&#46;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;9&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Correlation seen between vitamin D and other study variables in the case group</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the results of the present study&#44; there is a positive correlation between the levels of vitamin D with FEV1&#44; FVC&#44; and FEV1&#47;FVC&#59; furthermore&#44; there is a negative correlation between the levels of vitamin D with IGE &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Relationship between serum levels of vitamin D with age&#44; IgE&#44; FEV1 and FVC in the case group</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To investigate the relationship between vitamin D with the predictor variables&#58; age&#44; gender&#44; and IgE&#44; multiple regression models were used by controlling confounding variables&#58; FEV&#44; FCV&#44; and BMI&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the results of the multiple regression model&#44; there was no relationship between gender with vitamin D&#44; but between the levels of vitamin D and IgE there was a significant negative relation&#46; This relationship remained even after adjusting for FEV&#44; FVC&#44; and BMI&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span>-square for models 1&#44; 2 and 3 was 0&#46;341&#44; 0&#46;387 and 0&#46;387 and the adjusted <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span>-square was 0&#46;305&#44; 0&#46;327 and 0&#46;318 respectively&#46; With respect to this information&#44; Model 2 was the best model &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0030">Tables 5 and 6</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0035"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Discussion</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the serum levels of vitamin D with asthma and its symptom severity&#46; In terms of gender&#44; the number of people in both groups was the same&#46; The results of this study showed that there is no significant difference between both groups in terms of the gender distribution&#46; However&#44; results showed that there was a significant relationship between the groups that were studied by age&#59; this concludes that the mean age in the case group was less&#46; The incidence rate of asthma is present at lower ages and is more&#44; with increasing age its prevalence becomes less&#46; Nearly 80&#37; of asthma cases have been reported before the age of 6&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> The epidemiologic pattern of asthma over the last 30 years also confirms these findings&#46; In a study by Rachel et al&#46;&#44; the incidence of asthma in children aged 0&#8211;4 was 23&#46;4&#47;1000 was higher more than five times the same ratio in the subjects aged 12&#8211;17 &#40;4&#46;4&#47;1000&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; the severity of vitamin D deficiency was also investigated&#46; The results showed that the severity of vitamin D deficiency in all subjects had been 10&#37; &#40;severe&#41;&#44; 43&#46;3&#37; &#40;deficient&#41;&#44; 34&#46;2 &#40;suboptimal&#41;&#44; and 12&#46;5&#37; &#40;normal&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; the results showed that the most frequent of the severe cases of decrease in vitamin and vitamin deficiency was related to the case group &#40;asthma patients&#41;&#46; Generally&#44; vitamin D deficiency in the world is epidemically prevalent&#44; and there is high prevalence even in areas with abundant sun exposure&#59; by taking 25&#40;OH&#41;-D level of &#8804;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml as vitamin D deficiency&#44; Gordon et al&#46; reported a rate of 12&#46;1&#37; of this vitamin deficiency in American infants&#47;toddlers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> In another study in the United States&#44; the rates of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D insufficiency among people aged 0&#8211;21 were reported at 21&#37; and 28&#37;&#44; respectively&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> In Tehran&#44; capital of Iran&#44; a study was conducted with the aim of examining the vitamin D deficiency in children 9&#8211;12 years old and the results showed that 72&#46;4&#37; studied children suffer from vitamin D deficiency&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> So&#44; that research&#39;s outcomes are similar to our findings&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the findings of the present study&#44; there is a significant difference between serum levels of vitamin D in the case &#40;with asthma&#41; and control groups&#44; so that severe cases and vitamin D deficiency were related to the case group &#40;with asthma&#41;&#46; As noted&#44; several studies have been conducted in this field&#44; but their results were different&#46; In a study&#44; Uysalol et al&#46; investigated the association between vitamin D deficiency and asthma in children 2&#8211;14 years old&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> The results indicated a significant difference in the level of vitamin D in the case and control groups&#44; so that the mean and standard deviation of vitamin levels in the case and control were 16&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;5 and 28&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19&#46;5&#44; respectively&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Similar results have been seen in studies Hisham<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> and Elnady<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> in Egypt&#44; Sharif<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> and Alyasin<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> in Iran&#44; and Kolokotroni in Cyprus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> But&#44; there were different results observed in studies by Hughes&#44; Devereux&#44; and Hypp&#246;nen&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> In these studies&#44; no relationship was seen between the levels of vitamin D with asthma&#46; Here&#44; to give an explanation for the inconsistency between these studies&#44; we will discuss the aetiologies of the asthma&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The interaction between genetic factors and the environment of the people causing the inflammation in the air ducts&#46; Studies clearly indicate the involvement of some genotypes in susceptibility to asthma and allergic problems&#44; as well as the amount of responsiveness to asthma treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28&#44;29</span></a> In addition&#44; depending on the age range of the samples&#44; the rate of response and the expression of asthma in different studies can be varied&#46; Finally&#44; some factors of variation in the results of the studies can be different allergens&#44; such as foods&#59; indoor allergens&#44; including animal allergens&#44; fungi&#44; mites&#44; &#8230; or outdoor seasonal allergens &#40;pollen of trees&#44; grass&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#59; cigarette smoke&#59; cold air&#59; chemicals&#59; paints&#59; ozone &#40;O3&#41;&#59; atmospheric changes in temperature and barometric pressure&#59; air quality&#59; exercise&#59; heat and cold&#59; and dehydration&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As mentioned&#44; the results of this study have clearly confirmed the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and asthma&#46; In explaining the findings&#44; the role of vitamin D in maintaining the homeostasis of safety and its effect on the innate and acquired immune system can be pointed out&#46; It is known that vitamin D inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of T and B cells&#44; and prevents the secretion of immunoglobulin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;31</span></a> It also causes the induction of regulatory T cells and inhibits Th17 cells&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;33</span></a> Generally&#44; this vitamin causes the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and inhibits inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1&#44; IL-6&#44;and TNF-&#945;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> On the other hand&#44; this vitamin is able for induction of tolerogenic DC properties in DC cells through enzyme CYP27B1&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> Therefore&#44; vitamin D shows a type of immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory property&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this regard&#44; Agrawal showed that Vitamin D supplementation reduces inflammation of the air ducts and airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of allergic asthma&#46; This study reported that vitamin D deficiency correlated with high BALF &#40;bronchoalveolar lavage fluid&#41; eosinophilia&#44; increased pro-inflammatory cytokines&#44; reduced BALF IL-10 levels&#44; reduced blood T-regs&#44; and increased expression of importin-&#945;3 and Rel- A in the lung tissue&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> In another study&#44; to evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on eosinophilic and neutrophilic airway inflammation in patients with non-atopic asthma&#44; de Groot et al&#46; showed that Vitamin D reduces eosinophilic inflammation of the air ducts and can be useful in the treatment of asthma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> In another study&#44; Samaha et al&#46; showed that vitamin D plays a role in airway remodelling&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> Probably&#44; through increased responsiveness to corticosteroids&#44; vitamin D reduces eosinophilic airway inflammation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> In this field&#44; various studies showed that vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of airway hyper-reactivity and reduces lung function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a></p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the findings of our study&#44; there is a significant positive correlation between vitamin D deficiency and lung function tests such as FEV1&#44; FVC&#44; and FEV1&#47;FVC&#46; These observations are consistent with the results of the studies conducted by Alyasin<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> and Elnadya&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a> Also&#44; Abd El Aaty showed a direct relationship between 1&#44; 25 &#40;OH&#41; 2D&#44; and lung function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Moreover&#44; Jung demonstrated that a significant positive relationship exists between the level of 25-OH-functional lung VitD3 and lung tests of FEV1&#44; FEV1&#47;FVC&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a> Samaha et al&#46; showed that patients that are vitamin D deficient have an incomplete pulmonary function&#46; In addition&#44; increased FENO and higher numbers of exacerbations have been reported in these patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> However&#44; Yoseph&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> Brehm&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> and Litonjua<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> provided different results in their studies&#46; The relationship between lung function with vitamin D has not been clearly specified yet&#46; However&#44; it is predicted that vitamin D improves lung function through the effect on the muscles&#44; adjustment of the inflammation&#44; and induction of anti-microbial peptides&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> It is known that vitamin D has a reverse relationship with circulating levels of Matrix Metalloproteinas &#40;MMP-9&#41;&#46; Matrix Metalloproteinas &#40;MMPs&#41; are enzymes that have a role in inflammation and cellular movement within the lung&#46; It is known that these enzymes are involved in remodelling and inflammation process of COPD&#46; Song et al&#46; showed that pre-treatment of the human airway smooth muscle cells with 1&#44; 25&#40;OH&#41;2D3 decreases production of MMP-9&#44; disintegrin&#44; and metalloprotease 33 &#40;ADAM33&#41; in the in vitro environment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; a reverse relationship was observed between serum levels of IgE as an allergic indicator with vitamin D&#46; This relationship remained even after the adjustment of FEV&#44; FVC&#44; and BMI&#46; It seems that the relationship between vitamin D and allergic indicator such as IgE is independent from other effective factors such as FEV&#44; FVC&#44; and BMI&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this regard&#44; Brehm et al&#46; investigated the relationship between vitamin D and the markers of severity of childhood asthma among 616 children in Costa Rica&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> In multivariate linear regression models&#44; the results showed a reverse and significant relation between levels of vitamin D and IgE&#46; These findings are consistent with the results of studies conducted by Uysalol<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> and Hala&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> but in a study by Yoseph&#44; no difference was seen between the levels of vitamin D with the serum level of IgE&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> In this study&#44; 39 people were studied in two group cases and a control&#46; Finally&#44; a prescription of vitamin D for the case group did not cause a significant change in IgE&#44; eosinophil count&#44; high sensitivity C-reactive protein&#44; FeNO levels&#44; and inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines &#40;IL-4&#44; IL-5&#44; IL-10&#44; and IL-17&#41;&#46; Low size samples were one of the limitations of this study&#46; Also&#44; different results can be caused by a difference in choosing the type of samples&#44; sample size&#44; follow-up duration&#44; seasons of review&#44; and etc&#46; Perhaps&#44; through the inhibition of secretion of IL-4 IL-5&#44; vitamin D inhibits too much increase in serum IgE levels&#59; and in this way&#44; it plays a role in controlling allergic diseases and asthma&#46; However&#44; this hypothesis requires more studies to confirm&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of this study suggest that serum levels of vitamin D in asthma patients have been less in healthy people&#44; and also lung function has reduced in these patients&#46; Of course&#44; this point should be seriously considered that many factors play a role in asthma&#44; so&#44; more related variables should be considered in these patients&#46; Also the serum levels of vitamin D in patients with asthma must be checked continuously&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Recommendations to researchers</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To conduct interventional studies with larger sample sizes&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To conduct studies in the various target groups and taking into account the different efficient factors&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To conduct studies on the long interval and free or bioavailable levels of vitamin D&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To perform the measurement of bone mineral density in patients with asthma&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5&#46;</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To minimise the amount of effective doses in the treatment of asthma &#40;oral and systemic corticosteroids&#41; with bone influences to control the disease with drugs with minimal side effects&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6&#46;</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To check the amount of food and medicinal effects on the disease and its severity&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">7&#46;</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Measurement of vitamin levels after treatment with vitamin and its impact on asthma movement and the need for medications&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work centre on the publication of patient data and that all the patients included in the study have received sufficient information and have given their informed consent in writing to participate in that study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the informed consent of the patients and&#47;or subjects mentioned in the article&#46; The author for correspondence is in possession of this document&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Protection of human subjects and animals in research</span><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the regulations of the responsible Clinical Research Ethics Committee and in accordance with those of the World Medical Association and the Helsinki Declaration&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Pulmonary-function testing"
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              "titulo" => "Serum levels of vitamin D"
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              "titulo" => "Mean of various indices associated with the severity of asthma in the case group"
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              "titulo" => "Correlation seen between vitamin D and other study variables in the case group"
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              "titulo" => "Relationship between serum levels of vitamin D with age&#44; IgE&#44; FEV1 and FVC in the case group"
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              "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2016-01-04"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterised by chronic inflammatory airways&#44; and is affected by several immunological factors&#46; One of the most discussed and researched hypotheses is the relationship between vitamin D serum levels with asthma&#46; This study aimed to investigate the relationship between vitamin D serum levels with asthma and pulmonary functions in children in Kurdistan province&#44; Iran&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Materials and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In this case&#8211;control study&#44; 120 children ranging from 6 to 18 years were referred in summer for investigation&#46; Participants were divided into two groups&#58; asthma group&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#59; and control group&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#46; After serum separation&#44; samples were analysed using vitamin D ELISA kit&#46; Additionally&#44; pulmonary function test and serum IgE levels were measured in both groups&#46; Data were analysed using Chi-square test and multiple regression analysis in SPSS15&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No difference was shown between the groups in terms of gender composition &#40;male&#58; 57&#46;5&#59; female&#58; 42&#46;5&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; Average Vitamin D serum level in the case group &#40;17&#46;98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;68&#41; was less than in control group &#40;22&#46;35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;26&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; the difference of vitamin D deficiency in level of suboptimal between the asthma &#40;17&#46;77<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;41&#41; and the control group &#40;24&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;18&#41; was statistically significant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41;&#46; Positive correlation existed between vitamin D levels with FEV1&#44; FVC&#44; and FEV1&#47;FVC&#46; Multiple regression analysis showed a reverse relationship between vitamin D levels with IgE serum levels&#59; this remained after adjustment for potential confounders &#40;e&#46;g&#46; age&#44; sex&#44; BMI&#44; FEV1&#44; and FVC&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The results showed that serum levels of vitamin D in asthma patients were less than in healthy people&#44; and also reduced lung function in these patients&#46; So&#44; the serum levels of vitamin D in asthma patients must be checked continuously&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="6" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Index&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age&#59; mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#46;35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;337&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#46;82<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;151&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Sex&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">34 &#40;56&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">35 &#40;58&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">69 &#40;57&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">&#62;0&#46;05</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26 &#40;43&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25 &#40;41&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">51 &#40;42&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Economic situation&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Weak&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 &#40;16&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 &#40;21&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23 &#40;19&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;05</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Intermediate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">38 &#40;63&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24 &#40;40&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62 &#40;51&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Good&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23 &#40;38&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">35 &#40;29&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="6" align="left" valign="top">Education &#40;father&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Under Diploma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;13&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;11&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15 &#40;12&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="6" align="left" valign="top">&#62;0&#46;05</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diploma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14 &#40;23&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23 &#40;38&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">37 &#40;30&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Associate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Bachelor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19 &#40;31&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">49 &#40;40&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Masters&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;11&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;5&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Phd&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="6" align="left" valign="top">Education &#40;mother&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Under Diploma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11 &#40;18&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;8&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16 &#40;13&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="6" align="left" valign="top">&#62;0&#46;05</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diploma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21 &#40;35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21 &#40;35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">42 &#40;35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Associate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;7&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Bachelor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 &#40;16&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">34 &#40;56&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">44 &#40;36&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Masters&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;7&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Phd&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Study population characteristics&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Status&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="6" align="left" valign="middle">Vitamin D</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Deficiency</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Case&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;51<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">291&#46;50</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">0&#46;40</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Suboptimal</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Case&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;77<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">60</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;0001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Optimal</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Case&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23&#46;71<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">13</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">0&#46;083</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32&#46;33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Indices&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Number&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Max&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">IgE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">145&#46;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">110&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">388&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FEV1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">76&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">118&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FVC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">75&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">115&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">73&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1&#46; Age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">2&#46; BMI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;189&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">3&#46; IgE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;564<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">4&#46; FEV1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;356<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;296&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;309<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">5&#46; FVC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;399<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;143&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;372<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;897<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">6&#46; FEV1&#47;FVC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;367<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;335<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;271<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;61<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;562<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">7&#46; Vit D&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;103&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;189&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;564<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;356<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;399<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;367<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Without adjust for covariates</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Intercept&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;515&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;605&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;317 to 25&#46;414&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IGE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;193&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;0002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;118&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;842&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FVC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;097&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;137&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;709&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;481&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;177 to 0&#46;371&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Adjust for covariates age&#44; sex and BMI</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Intercept&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&#46;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;345&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;451&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;018&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;271 to 32&#46;737&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IGE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;036&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;710&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;056 to &#8722;0&#46;017&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;021&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;130&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;164&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;871&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;282 to 0&#46;240&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FVC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;142&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;146&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;970&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;336&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;151 to 0&#46;435&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Estimate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Std&#46; error&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Without adjust for covariates</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Intercept&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27&#46;267&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;279&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;166&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;692 to 37&#46;841&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;238&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;545&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;436&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;664&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;1&#46;331 to 0&#46;855&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gender&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;3&#46;981&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;251&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;769&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;082&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;8&#46;490 to 0&#46;528&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IGE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;044&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;889&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;062 to &#8722;0&#46;026&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Adjusted for covariates FEV&#44; FCV</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Intercept&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;170&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;178&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;417&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;162&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;4&#46;222 to 24&#46;561&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;159&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;514&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;308&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;759&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;1&#46;190 to 0&#46;873&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gender&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;3&#46;896&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;110&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;855&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;069&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;8&#46;107 to 0&#46;315&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IGE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;037&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;867&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;056 to &#8722;0&#46;018&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Adjusted for covariates FEV&#44; FCV and BMI</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Intercept&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;112&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;530&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;608&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;114&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;2&#46;991 to 27&#46;215&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;145&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;516&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;282&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;779&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;1&#46;180 to 0&#46;889&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gender&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;3&#46;747&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;112&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;774&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;082&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;7&#46;983 to 0&#46;489&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Level of IGE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;036&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;710&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;056 to &#8722;0&#46;017&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Severity of vitamin deficiency&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Range &#40;ng&#47;ml&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Very severe vitamin D deficiency&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Severe vitamin D deficiency&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#8211;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Vitamin D deficiency&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#8211;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Suboptimal vitamin D provision&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20&#8211;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Optimal vitamin D level&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30&#8211;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Upper norm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">50&#8211;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Overdose &#40;but not toxic&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">70&#8211;150&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Vitamin D intoxication&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;150&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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Article information

ISSN: 03010546
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.aller.2016.04.016

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	4	0	4
2024 October	50	14	64
2024 September	52	6	58
2024 August	54	4	58
2024 July	69	16	85
2024 June	39	5	44
2024 May	58	16	74
2024 April	58	18	76
2024 March	97	21	118
2024 February	84	8	92
2024 January	62	17	79
2023 December	63	24	87
2023 November	83	9	92
2023 October	67	18	85
2023 September	61	8	69
2023 August	57	10	67
2023 July	107	6	113
2023 June	116	10	126
2023 May	115	18	133
2023 April	136	4	140
2023 March	96	11	107
2023 February	37	8	45
2023 January	25	10	35
2022 December	14	5	19
2022 November	25	16	41
2022 October	22	12	34
2022 September	53	14	67
2022 August	17	17	34
2022 July	20	10	30
2022 June	24	8	32
2022 May	16	7	23
2022 April	20	20	40
2022 March	25	7	32
2022 February	22	8	30
2022 January	28	18	46
2021 December	16	8	24
2021 November	28	14	42
2021 October	35	25	60
2021 September	25	14	39
2021 August	9	12	21
2021 July	10	6	16
2021 June	30	15	45
2021 May	39	21	60
2021 April	70	31	101
2021 March	40	29	69
2021 February	12	10	22
2021 January	17	9	26
2020 December	1	0	1
2020 October	1	0	1
2020 July	0	1	1
2019 November	1	2	3
2018 February	5	3	8
2018 January	7	2	9
2017 December	0	4	4
2017 November	10	8	18
2017 October	16	5	21
2017 September	1	1	2
2016 November	2	0	2
2016 September	0	1	1

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Allergologia et Immunopathologia is no longer published on Elsevier since the 2021 year.Transferred to Codon Publications

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Allergologia et Immunopathologia is no longer published on Elsevier since the 2021 year.Transferred to Codon Publications

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