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Original article
Advantages of adipose tissue stem cells over CD34+ mobilization to decrease hepatic fibrosis in Wistar rats
Marcela M. De Luna-Saldivara,b, Iván A. Marino-Martinezc, Moisés A. Franco-Molinaa, Lydia G. Rivera-Moralesa, Gabriela Alarcón-Galvánd, Paula Cordero-Pérezb, Augusto Rojas-Martíneze, Cristina Rodríguez-Padillaa, Linda E. Muñoz-Espinosab,
Corresponding author
linda_uanl@hotmail.com

Corresponding author at: Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital “Dr. Jose E. González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Gonzalitos No. 235 Col. Mitras Centro C.P., 64460 Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
a Department of Immunology and Virology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
b Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, “Dr. José E. González” University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
c Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
d Basic Science Department, School of Medicine, UDEM, Universidad de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza García, NL, Mexico
e Escuela de Medicina, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
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mobilization of endogenous hematopoietic stem cells &#40;HSCs&#41; induced by administration of granulocyte colony stimulating factor &#40;G-CSF&#41; or &#40;2&#41; inoculation of exogenous HSCs or mesenchymal stem cells &#40;MSCs&#41; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360">&#91;7&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MSCs are multipotent&#44; non-hematopoietic stromal cells&#46; They probably reside in a perivascular niche in vivo and can be isolated from various organs and tissues&#44; including adipose tissue &#40;AT&#41; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365">&#91;8&#93;</a>&#46; MSCs can contribute to the direct production of new hepatocytes&#44; can promote tissue repair by secreting trophic molecules&#44; are immunomodulatory&#44; have antifibrotic properties&#44; and inhibit activation of hepatic stellate cells <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370">&#91;9&#93;</a>&#46; In bone marrow &#40;BM&#41;&#44; MSCs comprise around 0&#46;001&#8211;0&#46;08&#37; of cells and mobilize to the peripheral circulation following experimental injury <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365">&#91;8&#44;10&#93;</a>&#46; AT is also a good source of MSCs&#44; with a high proliferative potential <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0380">&#91;11&#44;12&#93;</a>&#59; one gram of AT has 500 times more MSCs than BM and a better proliferative capacity than BM-derived MSCs <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0390">&#91;13&#44;14&#93;</a>&#46; Clinical studies using AT-derived MSCs showed improved histology and liver function in human and animal subjects <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0400">&#91;15&#8211;19&#93;</a>&#46; Furthermore&#44; the easy access to subcutaneous AT&#44; the ability to repeatedly sample this tissue&#44; and the uncomplicated enzyme-based isolation procedures make AT the most attractive source of MSCs <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425">&#91;20&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another strategy for stem cell therapy is to stimulate the mobilization of HSCs from BM into the blood stream through administration of G-CSF <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430">&#91;21&#93;</a>&#46; Mobilization of endogenous HSCs using G-CSF is also a promising treatment for acute and chronic liver damage in animal models <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0405">&#91;16&#44;22&#8211;24&#93;</a>&#46; BM-resident HSCs can be mobilized into the peripheral blood at a low rate under specific stimuli&#44; such as tissue injury <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0405">&#91;16&#44;25&#44;26&#93;</a>&#44; or at high rates with pharmacologic priming with cytostatic drugs&#44; chemokines&#44; or hematopoietic cytokines <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0460">&#91;27&#44;28&#93;</a>&#46; G-CSF is a hematopoietic growth factor that mediates HSC mobilization to peripheral blood and represents the most widely used mobilizing agent <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470">&#91;29&#93;</a>&#46; Several reports have suggested that G-CSF mobilized HSCs contribute to liver repair in acute and chronic liver injury models <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475">&#91;30&#44;31&#93;</a>&#46; The synergistic effect of HSC and MSC therapies have been observed in heart failure patients and in neovascularization processes in bioengineered bone <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0485">&#91;32&#44;33&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thus&#44; the study aim was to use endogenous HSCs via G-CSF and&#47;or intravenous administration of AT-derived MSCs to improve liver function and decrease hepatic fibrosis in an experimental model&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Isolation and characterization of MSCs derived from adipose tissue</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We obtained MSCs from inguinal fat AT of male rats &#40;2 months of age&#44; 225<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g body weight&#41;&#46; The fat was collected in phosphate buffered saline &#40;BioWest&#44; France&#41; containing 2&#37; antibiotic&#47;antimycotic &#40;BioWest&#41; and incubated for 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; AT was homogenized and subsequently digested with collagenase type I &#40;0&#46;1&#37;&#41; &#40;Gibco&#44; USA&#41; for 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min at 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C under constant stirring&#46; After two phases were visualized&#44; the lower phase was collected and centrifuged at 1500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm for 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; The supernatant was removed&#44; and the pellet was washed three times with sterile phosphate buffered saline at 1500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm for 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; The cell pellet was suspended in Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle&#39;s Medium &#40;BioWest&#41;&#44; 10&#37; fetal bovine serum &#40;BioWest&#41; and 1&#37; antibiotic&#47;antimycotic &#40;BioWest&#41;&#46; The medium was changed every 3 d until the monolayer of adherent cells reached 80&#37; confluence&#46; Cell passaging was performed using 0&#46;25&#37; trypsin-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution &#40;BioWest&#41; until the third passage&#44; after which the cells were used for transplantation according to procedures described by Tobergte et al&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495">&#91;34&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Expression of the markers CD105&#44; CD90&#44; CD45&#44; CD34&#44; and &#946;-actin as an internal control was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using the primers&#58; CD105 &#40;5&#8242;-TGG TCT TTT CGA ACG AGA ATG-3&#8242;&#47;5&#8242;-AGC CGG AGG ACA ATG CTT TTG G-3&#8242;&#41;&#59; CD90 &#40;5&#8242;-TTT ATC AAG GTC CTT ACT CTA GCC-3&#8242;&#47;5&#8242;-CAG TCA CAG AGA AAT GAA GTC C-3&#8242;&#41;&#59; CD45 &#40;5&#8242;TCC ACG GGT ATT CAG CAA GTT TC-3&#8242;&#47;5&#8242;-CCA GAT CAT CTT CCA GAA GTC ATC-3&#8242;&#41;&#59; CD34 &#40;5&#8242;-AAG ATC TTG GGA GCC ACC AGA G-3&#8242;&#47;5&#8242;-TAG CCC TGG CCT CCA CCA TTC-3&#8242;&#41;&#59; and &#946;-actin &#40;5&#8242;-GTC ACC TGG GAC GAT ATG G-3&#8242;&#47;5&#8242;-AAG TCT AGG GCA ACA TAG CAC AG-3&#8242;&#41;&#46; Ribonucleic acid extraction of MSCs from AT during the third passage was with Trizol<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;Invitrogen&#44; USA&#41;&#44; performed according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions&#44; and complementary deoxyribonucleic acid was synthesized using SuperScript&#8482; III First-Strand Synthesis SuperMix &#40;Invitrogen&#44; USA&#41;&#44; SYBR<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> GreenER&#8482; quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction SuperMix &#40;Invitrogen&#44; USA&#41; and analyzed with the method&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Animal model of liver fibrosis and stem cell therapy administration</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We used female Wistar rats with a body weight of 225<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g raised with free access to water and food and on 12-h light&#47;dark cycles&#46; All studies were performed according to the Mexican Official Regulation &#40;NOM-062-ZOO-1999&#41; regarding the technical specifications for the production and care of laboratory animals&#46; The research protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee at the School of Medicine and the &#8220;Dr&#46; Jos&#233; Eleuterio Gonz&#225;lez&#8221; University Hospital&#44; Universidad Aut&#243;noma de Nuevo Leon&#44; &#40;reference number&#58; HI14-001&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To induce the liver fibrosis model&#44; 15 female Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with carbon tetrachloride &#40;CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#41; &#40;Sigma&#8211;Aldrich&#44; USA&#41; at doses that increased weekly at 500&#44; 570&#44; 650&#44; 850&#44; and 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg 3&#215; weekly over 8 weeks &#40;wks&#41;&#44; according to the modified protocol described by Muriel et al&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500">&#91;35&#93;</a>&#46; At the end of the 8 wks&#44; CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> was stopped&#44; and we randomly selected three rats to confirm histopathologically that they had developed cirrhosis &#40;see below&#41;&#46; Each group included 3 Wistar rats&#46; The negative control group received mineral oil intraperitoneally&#44; and the CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> group was the positive control for the experimental cirrhosis&#46; The next three groups received the experimental treatment at week &#40;wk&#41; 9&#46; In all groups&#44; CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> was stopped at wk 8&#46; Group CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G-CSF received 3 doses of G-CSF 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;kg&#47;3d at wk 9 &#40;days 1&#44; 2&#44; and 3&#41;&#46; Group CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MSC received 1 dose of 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span> MSC at wk 9 &#40;day 1&#41;&#44; and group CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G-CSF<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MSC received 3 doses of G-CSF 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;kg&#47;3d at wk 9 &#40;days 1&#44; 2&#44; and 3&#41; and 1 dose of 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span> MSC at wk 10 &#40;day 1&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Determination of CD34<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> surface marker</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We evaluated circulating CD34<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> before and after G-CSF treatment in all groups&#46; Erythrocytes were lysed using BD FACS&#8482; lysing solution &#40;BD Biosciences&#44; San Jos&#233;&#44; CA&#41; according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions&#46; The anti-CD34 antibody &#40;Abcam&#44; USA&#41; was added in 1&#58;50 proportion and incubated for 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min at room temperature&#46; The stained cells were analyzed with Accuri C6 flow cytometer and CFlow plus software &#40;BD Biosciences&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">AST&#44; ALT&#44; and growth factor and cytokine analysis</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Blood samples were drawn from all groups at 8 and 16 wks to perform aspartate aminotransferase &#40;AST&#41; and alanine aminotransferase &#40;ALT&#41; using standard commercial biochemical assay kits &#40;Ilab Plus 300&#44; Instrumentation Laboratory&#44; Italy&#41;&#46; The hepatocyte growth factor &#40;HGF&#41; &#40;R&#38;D Systems&#44; USA&#41; and transforming growth factor beta &#40;TGF-&#946;&#41; &#40;Abcam PLC&#44; Cambridge&#44; UK&#41; were determined with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay using the multi-detection microplate reader &#40;Biotek Instruments&#44; USA&#41;&#46; Interleukin 1beta &#40;IL-1&#946;&#41;&#44; interleukin 6 interleukin 10 &#40;IL-10&#41;&#44; and tumor necrosis factor alpha &#40;TNF-&#945;&#41; &#40;Merck&#44; Darmstadt&#44; Germany&#41; were measured by a Luminex analyzer &#40;Merck&#41;&#46; All analyses were run according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;5</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Histopathological analysis</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At 16 wks&#44; the rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and the livers removed by dissection&#44; fixed in 10&#37; formalin&#44; and embedded in paraffin wax&#46; Tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin Masson&#39;s trichrome&#44; and sirius red&#46; Histopathological analysis was performed using the Olympus BH-2 optical microscope &#40;Olympus Optical&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The degree of hepatic fibrosis was based on a histological grading scale using the METAVIR score <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505">&#91;36&#93;</a>&#46; The fibrosis was graded on a 5-point scale from F0 to F4&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Image analysis was performed to determine fibrosis score on micrographs of sirius red stained sections&#46; Thirty fields per slide area were analyzed using ImageJ program version 2&#46;0&#46;0-rc-43&#47;1&#46;50E&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;6</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Immunohistochemical study of proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Paraffin-embedded samples at 8 and 16 wks were stained for immunohistochemistry with primary antibody proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression &#40;PCNA&#41; &#40;1&#58;4000&#41; &#40;Abcam&#44; Cambridge&#44; UK&#41; with the mouse- and rabbit-specific HRP&#47;DAB &#40;ABC&#41; detection immunohistochemistry kit &#40;Abcam&#44; Cambridge&#44; UK&#41; according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions&#46; The immunoreactive score was calculated as the product of the positive cell proportion score &#40;0&#8211;4&#41; multiplied by the staining intensity score &#40;0&#8211;3&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510">&#91;37&#93;</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;7</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results are presented as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation &#40;SD&#41;&#46; Between-group differences were assessed for statistical significance with Student&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 was considered statistically significant&#46; Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 19&#46;0 computer software package &#40;SPSS Inc&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Results</span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Specific markers of MSCs derived from AT</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the third passage cell culture&#44; MSCs were characterized from a culture of adherent cells with fusiform appearance&#46; Relative gene expression of specific markers for MSCs and HSCs were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in complementary deoxyribonucleic acid&#46; Relative to expression of &#946;-actin messenger ribonucleic acid&#44; specific markers of MSC CD90<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> and CD105<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> were 60&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1&#37; and 24&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1&#37;&#44; respectively&#46; Low messenger ribonucleic acid expression of hematopoietic markers CD34 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;5&#37; and CD45 10&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4&#37; was detected&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Expression CD34<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> in peripheral blood</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The population of CD34<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> was analyzed before and 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after treatment with G-CSF&#46; Treatment induced a significant mobilization of hematopoietic CD34<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> cells in&#58; CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G-CSF &#40;0&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;17&#37; before vs&#46; 1&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;50&#37; after treatment&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41; and CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G-CSF<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MSC &#40;0&#46;57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;25&#37;&#44; before vs&#46; 1&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;36&#37; after treatment&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; We did not find differences in either the control &#40;0&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;10&#37; before vs&#46; 0&#46;21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#37; after saline&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NS&#41; or CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> &#40;0&#46;13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;06&#37;&#44; before vs&#46; 0&#46;016<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#37;&#44; after saline&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NS&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">AST and ALT</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">AST and ALT were significantly decreased in the groups treated with CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;G-CSF and CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;MSC compared with the CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> group at 16 wks &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; AST decreased in CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;G-CSF&#43;MSC &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; compared with the CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> group &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#44; B&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Growth factor levels</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">HGF levels of the positive control &#40;CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#41; remained similar at 8 and 16 wks &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NS&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>C&#41;&#44; whereas they decreased significantly at 16 wks in CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;G-CSF &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#46; Levels of HGF significantly increased in CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;MSC at 16 wks vs&#46; CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>C&#41;&#46; There was no significant difference between TGF-&#946; at 8 vs&#46; 16 wks in the control group&#46; However&#44; a significant decrease in TGF-&#946; levels was observed between 8 and 16 wks in the CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#46; At 16 wks a significant decrease in TGF-&#946; levels was seen in CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;MSC &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41; and CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;G-CSF&#43;MSC &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>D&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;5</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Production of serum inflammatory cytokines</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A natural recovery in IL-1&#946; and interleukin 6 seemed to occur at 16 wks &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; in the CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> group &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1</a> E&#44;F&#41;&#46; However&#44; the three treatment groups had significant decreases in IL-1&#946; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>E&#41;&#44; in contrast to interleukin 6 levels that were not altered by treatment groups &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>F&#41;&#46; IL-10 was increased at 16 wks in all treatment groups&#58; CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;G-CSF &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#44; CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;MSC&#44; and CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;G-CSF&#43;MSC vs&#46; CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> &#40;both <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>G&#41;&#46; TNF-&#945; levels were decreased in all treatment groups&#58; CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;G-CSF &#40;p&#60;0&#46;05&#41;&#44; CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;MSC&#44; and CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;G-CSF&#43;MSC &#40;both p&#60;0&#46;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>H&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;6</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Histopathological examination</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> group showed hepatocellular degeneration&#44; with presence of medium and small nodules with well-formed fibrous bands at 8 wks &#40;METAVIR F4&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>D&#8211;F&#41;&#46; However&#44; at 16 wks&#44; bridging fibrosis with the presence of medium nodules with thin fibrous bands was observed &#40;METAVIR F3&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>G&#8211;I&#41;&#46; At 16 wks&#44; the CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;G-CSF and CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;MSC groups showed presence of septa and thin bridging &#40;METAVIR F2&#41; vs&#46; CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> at 8 wks &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>J&#44; K&#44; L&#44; M&#44; N&#44; O&#41;&#46; At 16 wks&#44; the CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;G-CSF&#43;MSC group showed presence of septa&#44; thin bridging&#44; small and medium nodules&#44; and decreased fibrosis to F3 vs&#46; CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> at 8 wks&#44; but no difference was found compared with the CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> group at 16 wks &#40;METAVIR F3&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>P&#44; Q&#44; R&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;7</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Quantification of collagen in liver tissue</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> group&#44; the percentage of collagen was significantly increased by 20&#46;81<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;31&#37; at 8 wks compared with the control group&#44; 0&#46;67<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41;&#46; In the former&#44; there was a spontaneous reduction of collagen quantification to 7&#46;81<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;68&#37; at 16 wks &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; However&#44; in the treated groups there was further collagen reduction at 16 wks&#58; CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;G-CSF&#44; 2&#46;02<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;45&#37;&#59; CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;MSC&#44; 2&#46;32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;22&#37;&#59; CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;G-CSF&#43;MSC&#44; 3&#46;57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;29&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>A&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;8</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> group&#44; PCNA expression decreased &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; at 8 and 16 wks compared with the control group&#46; In the treated groups&#44; PCNA expression was significantly increased in CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;G-CSF &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;MSC &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; and CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;G-CSF&#43;MSC &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; compared with CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> group at 16 wks &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>B&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Discussion</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Isolated treatment with AT-derived MSCs showed better improvement in liver function compared with G-CSF-mobilized HSC&#46; MSC had the best results when comparing the three therapies against the positive control&#44; on HGF&#44; TGF-&#946;&#44; and IL-10 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#44; respectively&#41; levels&#46; However&#44; differences were not observed in either biopsied tissue or quantification of collagen&#46; HGF and TGF-&#946; levels reflect better conditions for the regenerative process&#59; this may be seen before the histological changes&#46; Less improvement was observed when these therapies were combined&#46; In all treatment groups&#44; IL-1&#946; and TNF-&#945; decreased&#44; likely reflecting an anti-inflammatory effect&#46; Likewise&#44; an elevation in IL-10 was observed&#44; which may reflect downregulation of inflammatory cytokines&#46; In addition&#44; treatment of experimental cirrhosis with MSCs stimulated the highest levels of HGF and inhibited TGF-&#946;&#44; which may reflect a better homing capacity of MSC than of HSC&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MSCs derived from AT were characterized by adherence to plastic and expression profiles of specific markers according to Lofty et al&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395">&#91;14&#93;</a>&#44; who showed high expression of CD90 and CD105 and low expression of CD34 and CD45&#46; We found that G-CSF induces mobilization of HSC expressing CD34<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> surface markers&#46; Accordingly&#44; Mark et al&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440">&#91;23&#93;</a> observed an increase in CD34<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> population in an experimental&#44; acute model of CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> using G-CSF&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Increased hepatic enzymes &#40;ALT and AST&#41;&#44; TGF-&#946; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0515">&#91;38&#44;39&#93;</a>&#44; IL-1&#946;&#44; and TNF-&#945; pro-inflammatory cytokines are parameters associated with liver damage&#44; fibrosis&#44; and active inflammation <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0525">&#91;40&#44;41&#93;</a>&#46; Similarly&#44; in a chronic injury model of CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> treated with MSCs <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535">&#91;42&#93;</a>&#44; there was an improvement in liver function and diminished ALT and AST&#46; In addition&#44; treatment with G-CSF <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405">&#91;16&#93;</a> ameliorated liver damage and decreased ALT <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0405">&#91;16&#44;39&#44;42&#93;</a>&#46; ALT is a more specific enzyme of liver damage than AST&#46; However&#44; in our model&#44; improvement was reflected by a decrease in AST in all treatment groups&#44; whereas ALT improvement was seen in CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;G-CSF and CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;MSC but not in CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;G-CSF&#43;MSC&#46; With these experiments&#44; it is impossible to determine why there is a different response between ALT and AST&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A decrease in TGF-&#946; may be associated with diminished fibrosis <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540">&#91;43&#93;</a>&#46; In our model&#44; both CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;MSC &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41; and CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;G-CSF&#43;MSC &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; groups had a significant impact on decreasing TGF-&#946;&#46; Changes in HGF and TGF-&#946; serum levels may not be reflected in liver histology in our model&#44; possibly because a short period of observation was used to define whether these growth factors predict the evolution of fibrosis&#46; In our model&#44; the increase in HGF and decrease in TGF-&#946; in the three groups suggests an adequate response to therapy&#44; with elevated HGF indicating repair and decreased TGF-&#946; indicating decreased fibrosis&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In vitro studies have shown that MSCs in culture can produce HGF and inhibit hepatic stellate cells <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435">&#91;22&#93;</a> and in vivo studies of experimental fibrosis have shown that MSCs increase levels of circulating HGF <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0435">&#91;22&#44;42&#93;</a>&#44; stimulating regeneration and accelerating hepatocyte proliferation <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0480">&#91;31&#44;39&#93;</a>&#46; In the current study&#44; MSCs stimulated the highest increase of HGF&#44; possibly reflecting damage repair&#46; Further&#44; PCNA increased in MSCs and G-CSF &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and G-CSF&#43;MSC &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; groups&#46; Li et al&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370">&#91;9&#93;</a> addressed the therapeutic effects of MSC and HSC in an experimental cirrhosis model&#44; and placed emphasis on MSC having a greater homing capacity for the injured liver and greater capacity to promote hepatocyte proliferation&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In another liver fibrosis model treated with MSCs <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540">&#91;43&#93;</a>&#44; IL-1&#946; and TNF-&#945; decreased&#44; consistent with our findings&#46; It has also been shown previously that TNF-&#945; decreases with G-CSF treatment <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405">&#91;16&#93;</a>&#46; In addition&#44; in this study&#44; combined therapy showed a significant decrease in TNF-&#945; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41;&#44; possibly indicating a strong anti-inflammatory effect&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MSCs and HSCs have immunomodulatory properties and play important roles in liver injury&#46; Studies of kidney and lung injury and fulminant hepatic failure models have demonstrated that IL-10 plays an anti-inflammatory role <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0545">&#91;44&#8211;46&#93;</a>&#46; A possible anti-inflammatory role of IL-10 was observed in all treatment groups&#46; Previous studies with a similar model with MSC treatment reported an increase in IL-10 <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0535">&#91;42&#44;43&#93;</a>&#46; Discrepancies across studies relate to the mechanisms that mediate immunosuppression&#44; which may be due to different experimental conditions or the origin of the MSCs <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560">&#91;47&#93;</a>&#46; Although these mechanisms are not wholly understood&#44; MSCs are able to inhibit the proliferation of T cells&#44; to inhibit the production of interferon gamma and TNF-&#945;&#44; and to induce an increase in interleukin 4 and IL-10 levels&#46; Cumulatively&#44; these findings indicate a pro-inflammatory immune response in an anti-inflammatory state&#44; which is favored by stimulation of the Treg lymphocytes and alterations in dendritic cell activities <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560">&#91;47&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The MSCs are also able to interfere in the differentiation&#44; maturation&#44; and function of dendritic cells&#44; causing a blockade in the immature state and altering secretion of cytokines&#46; For example&#44; MSCs can reduce production of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 12&#44; interferon gamma&#44; and TNF-&#945; and increase production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565">&#91;48&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment with MSCs and G-CSF improves liver fibrosis in CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> chronic liver injury models <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0445">&#91;24&#44;50&#44;51&#93;</a>&#46; Similarly&#44; our results showed a decrease from F4 to F2 in the METAVIR score and diminished collagen fibers&#44; especially when treatments were used separately&#46; Several mechanisms by which these cells might contribute to decreased fibrosis have been proposed&#44; including their differentiation into hepatocytes&#44; their fusion with endogenous hepatocytes&#44; and a proliferative paracrine effect on hepatocytes <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570">&#91;49&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">HSCs participate in hepatic proliferation and repair after injury <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0585">&#91;52&#8211;56&#93;</a> although the true contributions of BM stem cells to liver regeneration has been questioned <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0480">&#91;31&#44;57&#44;58&#93;</a>&#46; Evidence suggests that rather than transdifferentiation of HSCs to tissue-specific stem cells or fusion of donor with host cells&#44; replenishment of damaged tissues occurs through activation of endogenous progenitors and repair mechanisms mediated by paracrine secretion of soluble factors by BM cells <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0620">&#91;59&#8211;61&#93;</a>&#46; G-CSF&#44; by means of forced circulation of large numbers of HSCs&#44; has been extensively investigated for its hepatic regenerative effect&#44; both in animal models of liver injury <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475">&#91;30&#44;31&#44;62&#93;</a> and clinical trials <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0640">&#91;63&#8211;65&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our model&#44; the CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> group at 8 wks&#44; compared to the CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> group at 16 wks&#44; decreased from F4 to F3&#46; Muriel et al&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500">&#91;35&#93;</a> reported that the degree of fibrosis increased linearly with duration of CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> treatment&#44; but spontaneous regression of fibrosis was similar after 2 or 3 months of chronic intoxication&#44; and discontinuation of the toxin for two months produced a significant but relatively small reduction in fibrosis&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; the G-CSF&#43;MSC combination showed less improvement compared to separate use of MSCs and G-CSF treatments&#46; A synergistic or additive effect was not observed&#46; In previous studies&#44; a synergistic effect was demonstrated when MSCs in combination with G-CSF were successfully used as a treatment for ulcerative colitis in rats&#44; suggesting that G-CSF increased recruitment of MSCs <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570">&#91;49&#93;</a>&#46; However&#44; in a study by Li et al&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370">&#91;9&#93;</a>&#44; the synergistic effect of MSCs and HSCs &#40;derived from non-autologous BM&#41; treatment was not observed in liver injury&#59; this group obtained better results with MSCs than with HSC in mice&#46; We used G-CSF to promote HSC CD34<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> autologous mobilization as a possible increase in recruitment of AT MSCs&#46; We did not observe the additive or synergistic effect between MSCs and G-CSF therapies in this chronic CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> model&#46; However&#44; these experiments were not designed to explain some mechanisms&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; our results showed that MSC treatment improved liver function&#44; diminished inflammatory activity&#44; decreased hepatic fibrosis&#44; played an anti-inflammatory role&#44; promoted HGF production&#44; and increased PCNA following treatment with HSC mobilization using G-CSF&#46; However&#44; combined therapies showed less improvement in liver fibrosis&#46; It will be necessary to carry out experiments using higher doses and administration frequencies&#46; Larger experimental groups will also allow assessment of the capacity of these therapies to reduce liver fibrosis&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleDefList"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Abbreviations</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefTerm">ALT</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefDescription"><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">alanine aminotransferase</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDefTerm">AST</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefDescription"><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">aspartate aminotransferase</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDefTerm">AT</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefDescription"><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">adipose tissue</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDefTerm">BM</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefDescription"><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">bone marrow</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDefTerm">CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleDefDescription"><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">carbon tetrachloride</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDefTerm">G-CSF</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefDescription"><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">granulocyte colony stimulating factor</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDefTerm">HGF</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefDescription"><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">hepatocyte growth factor</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDefTerm">HSCs</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefDescription"><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">hematopoietic stem cells</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDefTerm">IL-1&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefDescription"><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">interleukin 1beta</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDefTerm">IL-10</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefDescription"><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">interleukin 10</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDefTerm">MSCs</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefDescription"><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">mesenchymal stem cells</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDefTerm">PCNA</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefDescription"><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">proliferating cell nuclear antigen</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDefTerm">TGF-&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefDescription"><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">transforming growth factor beta</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDefTerm">TNF-&#945;</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefDescription"><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">tumor necrosis factor alpha</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDefTerm">wks</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefDescription"><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">weeks</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDefTerm">wk</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefDescription"><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">week</p></span></span></p></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Funding</span><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work was supported by the Department of Immunology and Virology and the Liver Unit&#44; Department of Internal Medicine&#44; &#8220;Dr&#46; Jos&#233; E&#46; Gonzalez&#8221; University Hospital of Universidad Aut&#243;noma de Nuevo Leon and PAICYT reference number&#58; SA167-15&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Abstract"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0005"
              "titulo" => "Introduction and Objectives"
            ]
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              "identificador" => "abst0010"
              "titulo" => "Material and methods"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0015"
              "titulo" => "Results"
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              "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1145651"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        2 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        3 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Material and methods"
          "secciones" => array:7 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Isolation and characterization of MSCs derived from adipose tissue"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Animal model of liver fibrosis and stem cell therapy administration"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Determination of CD34 surface marker"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "AST&#44; ALT&#44; and growth factor and cytokine analysis"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Histopathological analysis"
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            5 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "Immunohistochemical study of proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression"
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          "titulo" => "Results"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0055"
              "titulo" => "Specific markers of MSCs derived from AT"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0060"
              "titulo" => "Expression CD34 in peripheral blood"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0065"
              "titulo" => "AST and ALT"
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            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0070"
              "titulo" => "Growth factor levels"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0075"
              "titulo" => "Production of serum inflammatory cytokines"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0080"
              "titulo" => "Histopathological examination"
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            6 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0085"
              "titulo" => "Quantification of collagen in liver tissue"
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            7 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0090"
              "titulo" => "Proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0095"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0100"
          "titulo" => "Funding"
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0105"
          "titulo" => "Conflict of interest"
        ]
        8 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2018-05-25"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2018-11-01"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1145651"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Mesenchymal"
            1 => "Hematopoietic"
            2 => "Progenitor"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction and Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chronic liver inflammation may lead to hepatic cirrhosis&#44; limiting its regenerative capacity&#46; The clinical standard of care is transplantation&#44; although stem cell therapy may be an alternative option&#46; The study aim was to induce endogenous hematopoietic stem cells &#40;HSCs&#41; with granulocyte colony stimulating factor &#40;G-CSF&#41; and&#47;or intravenous administration of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells &#40;MSCs&#41; to decrease hepatic fibrosis in an experimental model&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A liver fibrosis model was developed with female Wistar rats via multiple intraperitoneal doses of carbon tetrachloride&#46; Three rats were selected to confirm cirrhosis&#44; and the rest were set into experimental groups to evaluate single and combined therapies of G-CSF-stimulated HSC mobilization and intravenous MSC administration&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Treatment with MSCs and G-CSF significantly improved alanine amino transferase levels&#44; while treatment with G-CSF&#44; MSCs&#44; and G-CSF<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MSCs decreased aspartate amino transferase levels&#46; Hepatocyte growth factor &#40;HGF&#41; and interleukin 10 levels increased with MSC treatment&#46; Transforming growth factor &#946; levels were lower with MSC treatment&#46; Interleukin 1&#946; and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels decreased in all treated groups&#46; Histopathology showed that MSCs and G-CSF reduced liver fibrosis from F4 to F2&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">MSC treatment improves liver function&#44; decreases hepatic fibrosis&#44; and plays an anti-inflammatory role&#59; it promotes HGF levels and increased proliferating cell nuclear antigen when followed by MSC treatment mobilization using G-CSF&#46; When these therapies were combined&#44; however&#44; fibrosis improvement was less evident&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Changes in serum levels of liver enzymes&#44; growth factors and inflammatory cytokines of the groups evaluated before treatment and after 8 and 16 weeks&#46; Liver enzymes&#58; &#40;A&#41; Alanino aminotransferase &#40;ALT&#41;&#59; &#40;B&#41; Aspartato aminotransferase &#40;AST&#41;&#46; Growth factors&#58; &#40;C&#41; Hepatocyte growth factor &#40;HGF&#41;&#59; &#40;D&#41; Transforming growth factor &#946; &#40;TGF-&#946;&#41;&#46; Inflammatory cytokines&#58; &#40;E&#41; Interleukin 1&#946; &#40;IL-1&#946;&#41;&#59; &#40;F&#41; Interleukin 6 &#40;IL-6&#41;&#59; &#40;G&#41; Interleukin 10 &#40;IL-10&#41;&#59; &#40;H&#41; Tumor necrosis factor &#945; &#40;TNF-&#945;&#41;&#46; Mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#41;&#46; &#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#44; &#42;&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#44; &#42;&#42;&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#44; &#42;&#42;&#42;&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Histopathological analysis of liver tissue of the groups evaluated before treatment and after 8 and 16 weeks&#46; Left side&#44; hematoxylin &#38; eosin &#40;H&#38;E&#41;&#59; center&#44; Masson&#39;s trichrome &#40;MT&#41;&#59; right&#44; sirius red &#40;SR&#41;&#59; A &#40;H&#38;E&#41;&#44; B &#40;MT&#41;&#44; C &#40;SR&#41;&#58; Control&#59; D &#40;H&#38;E&#41;&#44; E &#40;MT&#41;&#44; F &#40;SR&#41;&#58; CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> 8 weeks&#59; G &#40;H&#38;E&#41;&#44; H &#40;MT&#41;&#44; I &#40;SR&#41;&#58; CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> 16 weeks&#59; J &#40;H&#38;E&#41;&#44; K &#40;MT&#41;&#44; L &#40;SR&#41;&#58; CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;G-CSF 16 weeks&#59; M &#40;H&#38;E&#41;&#44; N &#40;MT&#41;&#44; O &#40;SR&#41;&#58; CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;MSC 16 weeks&#59; P &#40;H&#38;E&#41;&#44; Q &#40;MT&#41;&#44; R &#40;SR&#41;&#58; CCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#43;G-CSF&#43;MSC 16 weeks&#46; Amplification &#40;100&#215;&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Quantification of collagen in liver tissue and immunohistochemical analysis of the groups evaluated after treatment at 16 weeks&#46; &#40;A&#41; Quantification of collagen percentage stained with sirius red&#46; &#40;B&#41; Immunohistochemistry proliferating cell nuclear antigen &#40;PCNA&#41; in liver tissue&#58; evaluation of staining intensities&#46; Mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#41;&#46; Significant differences in both analysis&#46; &#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#44; &#42;&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#46;</p>"
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      "titulo" => "References"
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          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Oxidative stress and hepatic stellate cell activation are key events in arsenic induced liver fibrosis in mice"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Ghatak"
                            1 => "A&#46; Biswas"
                            2 => "G&#46;K&#46; Dhali"
                            3 => "A&#46; Chowdhury"
                            4 => "J&#46;L&#46; Boyer"
                            5 => "A&#46; Santra"
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                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.taap.2010.11.016"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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                        "link" => array:1 [
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              "identificador" => "bib0335"
              "etiqueta" => "&#91;2&#93;"
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                0 => array:2 [
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                      "titulo" => "Cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver injury"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => false
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.002"
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                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
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                            "web" => "Medline"
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                      ]
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                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0340"
              "etiqueta" => "&#91;3&#93;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Status and prospects of liver cirrhosis treatment by using bone marrow-derived cells and mesenchymal cells"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
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                            1 => "T&#46; Takami"
                            2 => "N&#46; Yamamoto"
                            3 => "K&#46; Fujisawa"
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                            5 => "Y&#46; Urata"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
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                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0345"
              "etiqueta" => "&#91;4&#93;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Hepatic progenitor cell-mediated regeneration and fibrosis&#58; chicken or egg&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A&#46;D&#46; Clouston"
                            1 => "J&#46;R&#46; Jonsson"
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                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
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Article information
ISSN: 16652681
Original language: English
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