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Original article
Association of HBsAg mutation patterns with hepatitis B infection outcome: Asymptomatic carriers versus HCC/cirrhotic patients
Seyed Y. Hosseinia, Neda Sanaeia, Mohamad-Reza Fattahib, Seyed A. Malek-Hosseinic, Jamal Sarvaria,b,
Corresponding author
sarvarij@sums.ac.ir

Corresponding author at: Department of Bacteriology &Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Zand Blv., Emam Hosein Square, Shiraz P.O. Box: 71345-1735, Iran.
a Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
b Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
c Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec1005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Even decades since the start of international coverage of hepatitis B virus &#40;HBV&#41; vaccine&#44; HBV infection has still remained persistent in about 250 million individuals worldwide <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">&#91;1&#93;</a>&#46; The chronic HBV infection remains asymptomatic or actively progresses toward cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">&#91;2&#93;</a>&#46; The host factors including age&#44; gender&#44; race&#44; and genetic background in addition to viral sequence diversity have been proposed to have ian mpact on the disease progression <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">&#91;3&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The DNA genome of HBV encompasses 4 open reading frames &#40;ORF&#41;&#44; which encodes 7 different proteins <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">&#91;4&#93;</a>&#46; The virus polymerase&#44; reverse transcriptase &#40;RT&#41; is an error-prone enzyme that leaves significant mutations alongside the viral genome during productive replication <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">&#91;5&#93;</a>&#46; Interestingly&#44; RT gene is overlapped by the small surface protein&#44; Hepatitis B virus surface antigen &#40;HBsAg&#41; that constitutes as the major part of virus genome&#46; As a result&#44; mutations in the small HBsAg region interchangeably affect RT protein and vice versa <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">&#91;6&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">HBsAg variants have been involved in some medical issues including failure of passive immunization by immunoglobulin &#40;IG&#41;&#44; disability of diagnostic method for detection&#44; and immune evasion <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200">&#91;7&#44;8&#93;</a>&#46; Variations that contribute to this issue are mainly located at the dominant epitope of HBsAg inside the &#8220;a&#8221; determinant &#40;aa 124&#8211;147&#41;&#44; within the major hydrophilic region &#40;MHR&#44; aa 99&#8211;169&#41; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">&#91;7&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The importance of HBsAg variations in immune evasion and disease progression has already been taken into consideration <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200">&#91;7&#44;9&#8211;13&#93;</a>&#46; The detailed analysis of immunologic regions of HBsAg showed an association between some point mutations including substitution and deletion with immune escape phenotypes <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200">&#91;7&#44;14&#93;</a>&#46; On the other hand&#44; amino acid change in HBsAg structure could ultimately alter the virus secretion and replication <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">&#91;15&#93;</a>&#46; While the point mutations that attributed to immune evasion have been defined clearly&#44; those that are responsible for disease progression need to be investigated further&#46; In fact&#44; some substitutions such as T53C&#44; L94S&#44; S98T&#44; P120T&#47;S&#44; A181T&#44; L176&#44; P203Q&#44; S210R&#44; and L213I are suggested to be involved in disease outcome <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200">&#91;7&#44;10&#44;12&#93;</a>&#46; Furthermore&#44; the significance of some HBsAg stop mutations including L95&#42;&#44; Q104&#42;&#44; W172&#42;&#44; W182&#42;&#44; W196&#42;&#44; and L216&#42; that are implicated in disease progression <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225">&#91;12&#44;16&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">More precisely&#44; some HBsAg mutations have been suggested to contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma &#40;HCC&#41;&#47;cirrhosis development&#44; although controversial issues remain to be elucidated&#46; Regarding this issue&#44; a genotype-dependent pattern of variation has been suggested inside the HBV genome <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250">&#91;17&#44;18&#93;</a>&#46; For example&#44; in some studies with the aim to find occult HBV-related mutations&#44; the &#8220;a&#8221; determinant variations were significantly correlated with virus genotype <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200">&#91;7&#44;18&#93;</a>&#46; Therefore&#44; in order to justify this investigation&#44; HBsAg mutations in disease progression should be conducted separately for each genotype&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the basis of genome sequence&#44; eight &#40;A&#8211;H&#41; different HBV genotypes were determined by Norder et al&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">&#91;19&#93;</a>&#46; HBV genotype D has been detected as the dominant genotype in Iran <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">&#91;20&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is limited data regarding the comparison of HBsAg variations between HCC&#47;cirrhotic cases and asymptomatic individuals amongst a pure population of patients with genotype D&#46; Therefore&#44; in this study the HBsAg mutation patterns between these groups were investigated and some new critical substitutions and stop codon mutations were suggested to be responsible for disease progression&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect9035">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Patient&#39;s selection</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; the subjects &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>46&#41; were consecutively recruited from the Gastroentrohepatology and Liver Transplant Research Centers at Nemazee Hospital&#44; Shiraz&#44; Iran&#44; from September 2013 to April 2016&#46; All the cases were negative for antibodies against HCV&#44; HIV and HDV viruses according to their medical records&#46; None of them were vaccinated for HBV or had undergone IG therapy&#46; Asymptomatic individuals &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26&#41; and HCC&#47;cirrhotic cases &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19&#41; were primarily diagnosed and selected by a gastroenterologist based on their medical records including biochemical&#44; virological&#44; imaging and pathological examinations&#44; which were also approved by a liver specialist&#46; These patients did not receive any kind of antiviral drugs for at least 3 months prior to this study&#46; Blood sample was collected in anticoagulant EDTA 5&#37;&#44; and serum was stored in &#8722;70 until further analysis&#46; Prior to sampling&#44; written informed consent was obtained from each participant&#46; The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Primer design</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The amplification primers were designed regarding the validated genotype B&#44; C and D sequences&#44; using Primer Designing Tool from NCBI homepage and MEGA7&#8482; software package &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; They were selected not only to amplify the HBsAg region &#40;aa 21&#8211;226&#41;&#44; but also to cover critical drug-resistance mutations in the RT protein &#40;aa 40&#8211;270&#41; that overlap with the S region&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Viral DNA extraction and HBs gene amplification</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The HBV DNA genome was isolated from 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;L of the serum sample&#44; using a viral DNA extraction kit &#40;Cinnagen Inc&#46; Tehran&#44; Iran&#41;&#44; according to the manufacturers&#8217; instruction&#46; After DNA extraction&#44; the samples were subjected to nested-PCR &#40;polymerase chain reaction&#41; amplification&#46; The first-round of PCR was performed in 28 cycles of 94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#44; 58<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s and 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#44; and a final extension step at 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; The PCR reaction was prepared in a 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;L volume containing 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;L of extracted DNA&#44; 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM of each dNTP&#44; 1&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM MgCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pmol of each outer primer and 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U Taq DNA polymerase &#40;Cinnagen Inc&#46;&#44; Tehran&#44; Iran&#41;&#46; In the nested amplification step&#44; 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;L of the first-round PCR product was subjected to PCR reaction containing HBSF2 and HBSR2 primers&#46; To ensure the reliability of the tests&#44; appropriate positive controls were also included&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Sequencing and multiple sequences alignment</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The PCR products of the nested round were purified using PCR Product Purification Kit &#40;MN Inc&#46;&#44; Germany&#41; and subjected to bi-directional traditional Sanger sequencing with inner primers &#40;HBSF2 and HBSR2&#41;&#46; The sequencing data were retrieved and aligned using MEGA7 software with different HBV genotype D sequences to find the mutations&#46; All the differences of new sequences with HBV selected sequences were considered as mutations&#46; A group of reference sequences&#44; which was selected from HBV databank &#40;<a href="https://hbvdb.ibcp.fr/HBVdb/HBVdbNomenclature">https&#58;&#47;&#47;hbvdb&#46;ibcp&#46;fr&#47;HBVdb&#47;HBVdbNomenclature</a>&#41; included as follow&#58; X65259&#46;1&#44; AF121240&#46;1&#44; FJ904433&#46;1&#44; M32138&#46;1 and&#44; X85254&#46;1&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;5</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Phylogenetic analysis and subtyping</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For phylogenetic analysis&#44; reference sequences of all HBV genotypes were entered into MEGA7 software and multiply aligned with new amplified sequences&#46; The selected reference sequences were AB033559&#46;1&#44; X85254&#46;1 and M32138&#46;1 &#40;genotype D&#41;&#59; AM282986&#46;1 &#40;genotype A&#41;&#59; AF282918&#46;1 &#40;genotype B&#41;&#59; NC-003977&#46;1 &#40;genotype C&#41;&#59; AB032431&#46;1 and X75657&#46;1 &#40;genotype E&#41; and AB275308&#46;1 &#40;genotype H&#41;&#46; After alignment&#44; phylogenetic analysis was performed following a maximum-likelihood method of tree construction&#46; The Kimura-2 parameter substitution model was applied during the tree construction&#46; To make sure&#44; we also performed bootstrap resampling analysis using 200 replicates and presented them on the tree nodes&#46; For subtyping&#44; the relevant subtypes were determined regarding the algorithm&#44; which was described by Yoshihiko Yano et al&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270">&#91;21&#44;22&#93;</a>&#46; In brief&#44; considering the identity of amino acids at positions of 122 &#40;Lys or Arg for d&#47;y typing&#41; and 160 &#40;Lys or Arg for w&#47;r typing&#41; or 127 &#40;Pro-Thr-Leu&#47;Ile&#41;&#44; the virus subtypes were determined&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;6</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical analysis was performed in Epi Info&#8482;&#44; using the Chi-square test&#59; the significance level was determined<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Results</span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Patient&#39;s data</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present study&#44; 45 HBV patients including 26 asymptomatic and 19 HCC&#47;cirrhotic cases were analyzed for their HBsAg sequence&#46; Medical records including demographic and laboratory tests showed that the mean age of the participants in healthy carrier and HCC&#47;cirrhotic patients were 39&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#46;1 and 50&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;6&#44; respectively&#44; which was statistically significant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;031&#41;&#46; Regarding participants&#8217; gender&#44; there were 34&#40;75&#46;6&#37;&#41; males and 11&#40;24&#46;4&#37;&#41; females&#46; The ELISA assay also showed the presence of HBsAg in all the evaluated sera samples&#46; The mean levels of ALT in asymptomatic and HCC&#47;cirrhosis were 33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21 and 51<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>28 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;018&#41;&#44; respectively while for AST it was 28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8 in the asymptomatic and 97<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>82 in cirrhotic&#47;HCC groups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Analysis of important immunologic regions of HBsAg sequence</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The comparison of immunologic regions of all cases revealed not only some pre-defined variations with expected immune consequences&#44; but also dozens of novel mutations with unknown consequences&#46; The list of all variations of the immunologic site is presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; In total&#44; the sequence analysis detected more than 160 amino acid substitutions in all the samples&#46; Out of which&#44; 58&#46;4&#37; occurred in the HCC&#47;cirrhotic group and 41&#46;6&#37; in the asymptomatic cases &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; The epitope regions responsible for B-cell and T-cell immunity are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; According to their position&#44; our results revealed 51&#44; 36 and 45 amino acid substitutions in B-cell&#44; Th &#40;CD4&#41; and CTL epitopes&#44; respectively&#46; These findings showed a high prevalence of amino acid substitutions of Y134H&#47;F&#47;L &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#41;&#44; P120S&#47;T &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#41;&#44; I110L &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#41; and G159<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V&#47;A&#47;&#42;&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#41; inside the B-cell epitope site&#46; The substitutions of Y134H&#47;F&#47;L &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;04&#41; and P120T&#47;S &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;009&#41; in this epitope showed to be more prevalent in the HCC&#47;cirrhotic group&#46; In addition&#44; S193N&#47;L &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#41;&#44; C221Y &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#41; and I82T &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#41; were detected as more prevalent substitutions inside T-helper epitope site&#46; For CTL epitopes&#44; substitutions including Y206F&#47;L&#47;S&#47;H&#47;C &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#41;&#44; S207R &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#41;&#44; I208T &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#41; and P214L&#47;Q &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#41; were detected more frequently than other mutations in the two groups&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the overlaps of MHR and B-cell epitope&#44; they exhibited a similar pattern of variation&#46; The important MHR substitutions with defined functional effects are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46; These variations that are accounted for vaccine or IG immunotherapy escapes were found in 8&#46;3&#37; and 16&#46;7&#37; of all cases&#46; The sequence analysis showed that important substitutions including P120S&#47;T &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#41;&#44; R122T &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#41; and T140I&#47;N &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;0&#46;05&#41; were detectable&#46; Interestingly&#44; no sign of critical G145R mutation was probed in all the cases&#46; Furthermore&#44; some other mutations such as S114P&#44; T115N&#44; T118A&#44; T124G&#44; T126R&#44; P127T&#44; G130&#47;&#42;&#47;K&#47;R&#44; M133R&#44; Y134H&#47;F&#47;L&#44; K141E&#44; D144A&#44; T148I and I152S were also detected amongst the MHR region with less effective consequences&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Comparison of the entire HBs sequence variations</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After multiple alignments of all retrieved sequences&#44; mutation patterns for the samples were revealed&#46; As a result&#44; the comparison of variations between HCC&#47;cirrhosis and asymptomatic carrier samples also showed the differences between groups&#44; as listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#46; Substitutions of P120T&#47;S were significantly higher in the HCC&#47;cirrhotic patients &#40;5&#47;19 cases&#44; 26&#37;&#41; than those with asymptomatic condition &#40;0&#47;26&#44; 0&#37;&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;009&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; Y134N&#47;F&#47;L was seen more frequently in the HCC&#47;cirrhotic patients &#40;6&#47;19 cases&#44; 32&#46;2&#37;&#41; compared to those with asymptomatic condition &#40;1&#47;26&#44; 3&#46;9&#37;&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;04&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; a stop codon mutation of C69&#42;&#40;6 cases<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>32&#46;2&#37;&#41; was detected more in the HCC&#47;cirrhotic patients &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;003&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A substitution of Y206S&#47;F&#47;L&#47;H&#47;C was frequently detected &#40;7 vs&#46; 1 cases&#41; in asymptomatic cases in comparison with the HCC&#47;Cirrhotic patients &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;06&#41;&#46; Although the frequency of T126S&#47;R&#44; G130K&#47;R and W182L&#47;&#42; mutations were detected in 3 out of 19 of the HCC&#47;cirrhotic group and none of the asymptomatic cases&#44; they were not statistically significant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;0&#46;05&#41;&#46; Also&#44; I82T &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#41;&#44; Q101R &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#41;&#44; S207T&#47;N&#47;R &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#41;&#44; P214L&#47;Q &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#41;&#44; C221Y &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#41; and Y225S &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#41; mutation was detected more prevalently in the asymptomatic group than those with HCC&#47;cirrhosis&#44; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stop codon mutations which cause a truncated form to HBsAg including C69&#42;&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#41;&#44; W182&#42;&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41;&#44; L94&#42;&#44; L95&#42;&#44; C107&#42; and G159&#42; were observed in 47&#46;4&#37; of individuals in the HCC&#47;cirrhotic group&#44; but only one &#40;L216&#42;&#41; was detected among the asymptomatic cases &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; However&#44; among the truncation-related stop codons&#44; only C69&#42; was significantly different between the two studied groups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;003&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Drug resistance pattern in polymerase gene</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As the S gene sequence overlaps polymerase region&#44; some substitutions in S gene might leave a profound effect on RT drug susceptibility&#46; This study showed that a part of substitutions along with S gene leads to missense variations in RT coding sequence&#44; simultaneously&#46; As a whole&#44; 13 substitutions with medical importance were detected inside the RT region&#46; The analysis revealed that just one primary substitution&#44; A194T&#44; responsible for complete drug resistance to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Adefovir</span> or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tenofovir</span> was detected&#46; The most prevalent mutation was Q215S &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#41;&#44; which is a potential resistance mutation&#44; partially destroying RT drug responsiveness to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">adefovir</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">lamivudine</span>&#46; Some other variations with less medical importance including V191I &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41;&#44; I169T &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#41;&#44; V214A &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41; and I233V &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#41; were detected in a lower frequency&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;5</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Determination of HBV genotype&#44; subgenotype&#44; and serotypes</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The HBs sequences of all 45 isolates &#40;the temporal accession numbers&#58; KY707893&#8211;KY707937&#41; were compared with the reference sequences of 8 HBV defined genotypes&#46; The Maximum-Likelihood phylogenetic tree construction method was employed for genotype determination&#46; The phylogenetic analysis showed that all the analyzed sequences belonged to genotype D&#44; as depicted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#46; The survey of the serotype also revealed that the majority of samples &#40;42 out of 45&#41; were ayw1 serotype&#44; while the rest were determined as ayw3 and ayw2&#44; respectively&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Discussion</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">HBsAg variants have been suggested to be involved in some issues&#44; such as vaccine escape&#44; failure of IG protection&#44; a shortcoming in the detection of carriers&#44; and even in disease progression &#40;10&#41;&#46; While the correlation of some HBsAg variations with disease progression has been suspected &#40;10&#41;&#44; it still remains to be clarified further&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As the main aim of this study&#44; the comparison of the variation pattern between groups showed that some substitutions such as of Y134N&#47;F&#47;L and P120T&#47;S were significantly more prevalent in the HCC&#47;Cirrhotic cases than the asymptomatic group&#46; In a similar finding&#44; P120 position was shown to be a critical point for HCC&#47;cirrhosis prediction <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">&#91;4&#93;</a>&#46; However&#44; Y134N&#47;F&#47;L has not been reported as an important position for HCC&#47;cirrhosis prediction&#46; Instead&#44; a correlation between this mutation and HBV reactivation following the immune suppression was reported <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185">&#91;4&#44;21&#44;22&#93;</a>&#46; In spite of immune evasion mutations&#44; the controversial issue still remain unclear for the role of HBsAg variations in disease progression&#46; The studies that were in agreement with the role of HBsAg variation in disease progression suggested a genotype-dependent manner <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250">&#91;17&#44;18&#93;</a>&#46; It was shown that occult HBV related substitutions strongly follow a genotype-dependent pattern <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250">&#91;17&#44;18&#93;</a>&#46; Mutations in T53&#44; L94&#44; S98&#44; P120&#44; A181&#44; L176&#44; P203&#44; S210&#44; and L213 positions have been suggested to be involved in the disease outcome <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200">&#91;7&#44;10&#44;12&#93;</a>&#46; However&#44; none of them was detected as a remarkable variation in our experiment&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As an interesting finding&#44; a noticeable number of stop codons were detected among the HCC&#47;cirrhotic group&#46; In total&#44; 12 stop codon mutations including C69&#42;&#44; C107&#42;&#44; G159&#42;&#44; W182&#42;&#44; L94&#42; and L95&#42; were detectable&#44; but only C69&#42; was significantly important&#46; Regarding the length of HBsAg&#44; it is predictable that truncation from gene end such as L216 leaves an ineffective alteration in the structure when compared to longer deletions of protein &#40;e&#46;g&#46; C69 and C107&#41; in the HCC&#47;Cirrhotic group&#46; This is not the first report claiming the importance of HBs truncation in disease progression&#46; These long truncations lead to deletion of carboxyl terminal and creation of new HBsAg versions with different activities&#46; Interestingly&#44; stop codons including L95&#42;&#44; Q104&#42;&#44; W172&#42;&#44; W182&#42;&#44; W196&#42; and L216&#42; have been indicated to be responsible for disease progression toward tumor and cirrhosis <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225">&#91;12&#44;16&#44;23&#93;</a>&#46; The stop codon mutations like L95&#42;&#44; W182&#42;&#44; and L216&#42; were shown to activate cell proliferation and induce transformation through transactivation of different oncogenes <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245">&#91;16&#44;23&#93;</a>&#46; Similarly&#44; the presence of stop codons in our HCC&#47;cirrhotic group might also emphasize on their molecular roles in enhancing the disease progression toward cirrhosis and HCC by unknown mechanisms&#46; The correlation of C69&#42; stop mutation with cirrhosis has also been described by Veazjalali et al&#46; on a pure genotype D infected population <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">&#91;24&#93;</a>&#46; However&#44; since there is no similar report&#44; a genotype dependency for these kinds of mutations is predictable&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition&#44; truncating stop codons are suspected to correlate with failure in HBsAg detection and with virus diagnosis <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220">&#91;11&#44;25&#93;</a>&#46; On the contrary&#44; all of our cases showed a detectable amount of HBsAg when assayed by an ELISA method&#46; Hence&#44; it could be concluded that at least in our population with genotype D&#44; the role of variations in detection failure is ignorable&#46; By modeling and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> assessment&#44; Sadeghi et al&#46; showed that variations in MHR might have an impact on diagnosis&#44; but not as much to entirely destroy the detection process <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">&#91;15&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the MHR region&#44; substitutions of Y134N&#47;F&#47;L and P120T&#47;S were detected more in the HCC&#47;Cirrhotic cases compared to the asymptomatic carriers&#46; Several mutations in the MHR region and HBsAg have been described&#44; which leads to the emergence of immune escapes mutant <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205">&#91;8&#44;12&#44;27&#93;</a>&#46; The more frequent immune evasion mutations reported so far include P120T&#44; R122K&#47;T&#44; Q129H&#44; M133I&#44; F&#47;Y134N&#44; S143L&#44; D144E&#47;A&#44; G145R&#44; E164D&#44; A168V&#44; W172&#42;&#44; W182&#42;&#44; and I195M <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195">&#91;6&#44;26&#8211;28&#93;</a>&#46; Amongst these mutations&#44; Y134 and P120 positions showed a higher prevalence of variations in our study&#46; All these mutations cause the virus to escape from vaccine&#44; IG&#44; and commercial detection assays <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">&#91;26&#93;</a>&#46; In our study&#44; the well-known G145R substitution&#44; as a remarkable vaccine escape mutation&#44; was not detected&#46; In line with our study&#44; G145R has been reported in a very low frequency &#40;&#60;0&#46;5&#37;&#41; in other studies <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195">&#91;6&#44;9&#44;26&#44;27&#93;</a>&#46; It is suggested that mutations including G119R&#44; C124Y&#44; I126S&#44; Q129R&#44; S136P&#44; C139R&#44; T140I&#44; K141E&#44; D144A&#44; and G145R significantly impaired the virus and S protein secretion <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200">&#91;7&#44;11&#44;15&#93;</a>&#46; Therefore&#44; mutations in the MHR or in other immunological regions might also impact the virus replication&#44; and consequently the disease outcome&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the case of cellular immune epitopes&#44; our analysis revealed that S193 variation at T-helper epitope as well as some substitutions including Y206F&#47;L&#47;S&#47;H&#47;C&#44; S207R&#44; I208T&#44; P214L&#47;Q in T-cytotoxic epitopes were more prevalent&#46; These findings also showed that substitution of Y206S&#47;F&#47;L&#47;H in the CTL epitopes was detected more frequently in our study population&#46; Some mutations in HBsAg immunologic region&#44; like G159 and L213&#44; were also detected with a lower frequency&#46; In a similar report on genotype D samples&#44; substitution at S207&#44; I208 and L213 was determined as the most prevalent immune escape mutations <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310">&#91;29&#93;</a>&#46; The limit in HBsAg detection&#44; cellular immune evasion and consequent viral persistence might be associated with both Th or CTL epitopes variations <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320">&#91;31&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The substitution at position Y206 was detected more frequently&#44; but was not significant in asymptomatic patients in comparison with the HCC&#47;cirrhosis group&#46; Its correlation with disease outcome was poorly described&#59; however&#44; the association with lower levels of virus titer has already been suggested&#46; Mirabelli et al&#46; suggested that specific HBsAg-mutations &#40;M197T&#44; S204N&#44; and Y206C&#47;H&#41; were significantly associated with lower &#40;&#60;2000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41; viral titer in the sera <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">&#91;30&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The analysis of RT drug resistance showed a low frequency of resistance-related substitutions&#46; In all cases&#44; just one primary resistance mutation &#40;A194T&#41; was confirmed&#44; while other mutations such as Q215S&#47;H were defined as secondary &#40;potential resistance&#41; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205">&#91;8&#44;31&#93;</a>&#46; It has been reported that the genotype D of HBV is associated with an increased risk of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">adefovir</span> resistance&#46; The position of Q215 from RT has been detected as more frequent spontaneous mutation arising among genotype D&#44; and its mutants are potentially resistant to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">adefovir</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325">&#91;32&#93;</a>&#46; The low frequency of all RT mutations can be explained by the drug avoidance of the selected groups&#44; which was reported in several studies <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0300">&#91;27&#44;32&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In agreement with our results&#44; several studies from the southern region of Iran have implied the dominant prevalence of genotype D throughout the country <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265">&#91;20&#44;29&#93;</a>&#46; However&#44; our study showed that serotype ayw1 was dominant amongst the investigated population&#46; Another report indicated that serotypes ayw2 &#40;94&#46;4&#37;&#41; followed by ayw1 and ayw3 were more frequent than other types in our region <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">&#91;33&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Generally&#44; this study highlighted the significant prevalence of some mutations inside the HBsAg in terms of their possible effects on disease progression&#59; however&#44; our findings should be evaluated in a larger population to meet the predictive marker criteria&#46; Hence&#44; participants must be age-matched to prevent bias with respect to the effect of disease duration&#46; Moreover&#44; traditional sequencing does not have enough sensitivity to detect mutations that are the minority&#46; Therefore&#44; in order to precisely define medically important mutations&#44; performing clonal sequencing or next-generation ones could be the preferred choice&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; the higher frequency of substitutions in MHR and immune epitopes at positions such as Y134 and P120 as well as stop codons such as C69&#42; might have the predictive value to determine the HBV infection prognosis due to higher numbers in the HCC&#47;cirrhotic group&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleDefList"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Abbreviations</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefTerm">HBV</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefDescription"><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">hepatitis B virus</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDefTerm">HBsAg</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefDescription"><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">hepatitis B surface antigen</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDefTerm">ORF</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefDescription"><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">open reading frame</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDefTerm">RT</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefDescription"><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">reverse transcriptase</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDefTerm">IG</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefDescription"><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">immunoglobulin</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDefTerm">PCR</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefDescription"><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">polymerase chain reaction</p></span></span></p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">The authors contribution</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Study concept&#58; Sarvari J&#44; Malek-Hosseini SA&#44; Fattahi MR&#59; Study design&#58; Sarvari J&#44; Hosseini SY and Sanaei N&#59; Bench work&#58; Sanaei N&#59; Patients selection&#58; Fattahi MR and Malek-Hosseini SA&#59; Data analysis&#58; Sanaei N&#44; Hosseini SY and Sarvari J&#59; Manuscript drafting&#58; Hosseini SY&#44; Sarvari J&#59; Critical revision of the manuscript&#58; Fattahi MR and Malek-Hossini SA&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Financial support</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study was extracted from the thesis written by Neda Sanaei&#44; which was financially supported by <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Shiraz University of Medical Sciences</span> &#40;Grant No&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs1">94-10841</span>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is declared that informed patients consent was obtained for publication&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the authors declare no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Introduction and Objectives"
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          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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          "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
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            0 => array:2 [
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              "titulo" => "Patient&#39;s selection"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Primer design"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Viral DNA extraction and HBs gene amplification"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Sequencing and multiple sequences alignment"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Phylogenetic analysis and subtyping"
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            5 => array:2 [
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              "titulo" => "Statistical analysis"
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        4 => array:3 [
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          "titulo" => "Results"
          "secciones" => array:5 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "Patient&#39;s data"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0050"
              "titulo" => "Analysis of important immunologic regions of HBsAg sequence"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0055"
              "titulo" => "Comparison of the entire HBs sequence variations"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0060"
              "titulo" => "Drug resistance pattern in polymerase gene"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0065"
              "titulo" => "Determination of HBV genotype&#44; subgenotype&#44; and serotypes"
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        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0070"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
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        6 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "The authors contribution"
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        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0080"
          "titulo" => "Financial support"
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        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0085"
          "titulo" => "Conflict of interest"
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack422295"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        ]
        10 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2018-07-16"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2018-12-03"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1145654"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Hepatitis B virus"
            1 => "Hepatitis B surface antigen &#40;HBsAg&#41;"
            2 => "Sequence variation"
            3 => "Disease progression"
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    "resumen" => array:1 [
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction and Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The hepatitis B virus &#40;HBV&#41; surface antigen &#40;HBsAg&#41; variations suggested having some effects on infection outcome&#46; Due to some controversial issues&#44; the aim of this study was to compare the pattern of HBsAg variation between asymptomatic carriers and HCC&#47;cirrhosis patients&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Materials and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In this cross-sectional study&#44; 19 HCC&#47;cirrhotic and 26 asymptomatic patients were enrolled&#46; After viral DNA extraction&#44; HBs gene was amplified using an in-house nested-PCR&#46; Then&#44; PCR products were introduced into bi-directional Sanger sequencing&#46; The retrieved sequences were compared with references&#44; to investigate the variation of immunologic sites&#44; major hydrophilic region &#40;MHR&#41; of HBsAg as well as reverse transcriptase &#40;RT&#41;&#44; and also to determine genotype&#47;subtype&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The analysis of MHR and epitopes on HBsAg showed dozens of substitution&#44; which occurred more prevalently in I110&#44; P120&#44; Y134&#44; G159&#44; S193&#44; Y206&#44; S207&#44; I208&#44; L213 and P214 positions&#46; However&#44; Y134N&#47;F&#47;L &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;04&#41; and P120T&#47;S &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;009&#41; were significantly detected in MHR and B-cell epitope of HCC&#47;Cirrhotic group&#46; A number of truncation-related mutations were higher in HCC&#47;Cirrhotic group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; albeit only C69&#42; stop codon was statistically significant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;003&#41;&#46; In RT&#44; some potentially resistant substitutions such as Q215S&#44; V191I and V214A&#44; were revealed&#46; Phylogenetic analysis showed that all of isolates belonged to genotype D&#44; and the major serotype was ayw1&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The higher frequency of substitutions in MHR and immune epitopes at positions such as Y134 and P120 as well as stop codons such as C69&#42; in HCC&#47;cirrhotic group might candidate them as predictive factors for infection outcome&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
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            "titulo" => "Results"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The phylogenetic analysis of HBs gene sequences&#46; The new sequences are marked by black triangle and genotype D references by black square&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Name&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Position&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Size of product&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">HBS1F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#8242;-CTGCTGGTGGCTCCAGTT-3&#8242;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1451&#8211;1469&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1021</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">HBS1R&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#8242;-GCCTTGTAAGTTGGCGAGAA-3&#8242;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2510&#8211;2530&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">HBS2F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#8242;-TAGGACCCCTGCTCGTGTTA-3&#8242;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1895&#8211;1915&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">885</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HBS2R&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#8242;-TGGCGAGAAAGTRAAAGCCT-3&#8242;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1085&#8211;1105&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab2106819.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Primers&#8217; list and their location &#40;accession number&#58; JN040775&#46;1&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Amino-Acid Substitutions&#47;Mutations of HBsAg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cell subsets&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sequence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Q101R&#40;3&#41;&#44; M103T&#40;1&#41;&#44; L104W&#40;1&#41;&#44; V106D&#40;1&#41;&#44; C107&#42;&#40;1&#41;&#44; L109P&#40;1&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">I110L&#47;T&#40;5&#41;</span>&#44; S114P&#40;1&#41;&#44; T115N&#40;1&#41;&#44; T118A&#40;1&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">P120S&#47;T&#40;5&#41;</span>&#44; R122T&#40;1&#41;&#44; C124G&#40;1&#41;&#44; T126R&#40;3&#41;&#44; P127T&#40;1&#41;&#44; G130K&#47;R&#40;3&#41;&#44; M133I&#40;1&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Y134H&#47;F&#47;L&#40;8&#41;</span>&#44; T140I&#40;2&#41;&#44; K141E&#40;1&#41;&#44; D144A&#40;1&#41;&#44; T148I&#40;1&#41;&#44; I152S&#40;1&#41;&#44; A157V&#40;1&#41;&#44; F158V&#40;1&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">G159V&#47;A&#47;&#42;&#40;4&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">B cell&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&#8211;160&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Th &#40;CD4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&#8211;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Q30K&#40;1&#41;&#44; G44E&#40;1&#41;&#44; L49R&#40;1&#41;&#44; S53L&#40;1&#41;&#44; Q54R&#40;1&#41;&#44; P62L&#47;Q&#40;2&#41;&#44; S64F&#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Th &#40;CD4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21&#8211;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">F80S&#40;1&#41;&#44; I82T&#40;3&#41;&#44; F85C&#40;1&#41;&#44; L88P&#40;2&#41;&#44; L89Q&#40;1&#41;&#44; I92T&#40;1&#41;&#44; L94&#42;&#40;1&#41;&#44; L95&#42;&#40;1&#41;&#44; V96A&#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Th &#40;CD4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80&#8211;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">L186F&#47;C&#40;2&#41;&#44; T189I&#40;1&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">S193L&#40;5&#41;</span>&#44; M197T&#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Th &#40;CD4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">186&#8211;197&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">L215P&#40;1&#41;&#44; L216&#42;&#40;1&#41;&#44; P217L&#40;1&#41;&#44; F220S&#40;1&#41;&#44; C221Y&#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Th &#40;CD4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">215&#8211;223&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">V177L&#47;A&#40;2&#41;&#44; F179S&#40;2&#41;&#44; Q181H&#40;1&#41;&#44; W182L&#40;1&#41;&#47;&#42;&#40;2&#41;&#44; V184G&#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CTL &#40;CD8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">171&#8211;184&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Y206F&#40;2&#41;&#47;L&#40;1&#41;&#47;S&#40;3&#41;&#47;H&#40;1&#41;&#47;C&#40;1&#41;&#44; S207R&#40;3&#41;&#47;N&#40;1&#41;&#47;T&#40;3&#41;&#44; I208T&#40;5&#41;</span>&#44; L209S&#40;1&#41;&#44; S210K&#40;1&#41;&#47;T&#40;1&#41;&#47;R&#40;1&#41;&#44; F212S&#40;1&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">L213I&#40;4&#41;&#44; P214L&#40;4&#41;&#47;Q&#40;1&#41;</span>&#44; L215P&#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CTL &#40;CD8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">206&#8211;215&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2106820.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The immune evasion variations regarding the major B or T cell epitope sites&#46; The variations are ordered by locations and cell subsets&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at3"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Substitution in MHR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Number of cases&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Vaccine escape&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Immunotherapy escape&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Failure of HBsAg detection&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">P120S&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">n</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">P120T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">n</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">R122T&#47;K&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">n</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M133I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">n</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Substitutions with unknown functions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">S114P&#40;1&#41;&#44; T115N&#40;1&#41;&#44; T118A&#40;1&#41;&#44; C124G&#40;1&#41;&#44; T126R&#40;1&#41;&#44; P127T&#40;1&#41;&#44; G130K&#40;2&#41;&#44; G130R&#40;1&#41;&#44; G130&#42;&#40;1&#41;&#44; M133R&#40;1&#41;&#44; Y134N&#47;F&#47;L&#40;8&#41;&#44; K141E&#40;1&#41;&#44; D144A&#40;1&#41;&#44; T148I&#40;1&#41;&#44; I152S&#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Position&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Carrier samples &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HCC&#47;cirrhotic &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">S&#47;L&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">0&#46;42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#8211;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">C&#47;&#42; &#40;6&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">L&#47;R&#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">C&#47;Y&#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">L&#47;R&#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">R&#47;H&#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">0&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">I&#47;T&#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">0&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">&#62;0&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">L&#47;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">0&#46;42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">V&#47;A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">&#62;0&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Q&#47;R&#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">C&#47;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">0&#46;42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">110&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">I&#47;L&#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">I&#47;L-I&#47;T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">&#62;0&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">120</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#8211;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">P&#47;T&#40;3&#41;&#44;S&#40;2&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">P</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;01</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">126&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">T&#47;S&#40;2&#41;R&#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">130&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">G&#47;K&#40;2&#41;&#44;R&#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">134</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Y134N&#47;L&#40;2&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Y&#47;N&#40;3&#41;&#44;F&#40;2&#41;&#44;L&#40;1&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">P</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;05</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">159&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">G&#47;A&#44;V&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">G&#47;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">0&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">177&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">V&#47;A&#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">0&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">179&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">F&#47;S&#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">0&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">182&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">W&#47;L&#44;&#42;&#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">204&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">S&#47;R&#40;3&#41;&#44;K&#44;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">S&#47;R&#40;2&#41;&#44;N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">0&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">205&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">L&#47;M&#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">0&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">206</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Y&#47;S&#40;3&#41;&#44;F&#40;2&#41;&#44;L&#44;H&#44;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Y&#47;C</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">P</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;05</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">207&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">S&#47;T&#40;2&#41;&#44;N&#44;R&#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">S&#47;T&#44;R&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">208&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">I&#47;T&#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">I&#47;T&#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">&#62;0&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">210&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">S&#47;R&#44;T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">S&#47;K&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">0&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">213&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">L&#47;I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">L&#47;I&#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">214&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">P&#47;L&#40;3&#41;&#44;Q&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">P&#47;L&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">&#62;0&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">216&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">L&#47;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">&#62;0&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">221&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">C&#47;Y&#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">0&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">224&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">V&#47;A&#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">225&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Y&#47;S&#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">0&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The comparisons of variations among HCC&#47;cirrhosis with asymptomatic carrier samples&#46;</p>"
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    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos