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HCBP6 Is Involved in the Development of Hepatic Steatosis Induced by High-Fat Diet and CCL4 in Rats
Yong-Ping Zheng*,*, Xian-Yang Zhong*, Yu-Shu Huang*, Can-Bin Zheng**
* Department of Gastroenterology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shantou, Guangdong province, China
** Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong province, China
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="s0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0015">Introduction</span><p id="p0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hepatic steatosis is characterized by lipid dysregulation and fat accumulation in the liver&#46; It is a major complication of obesity&#44; hyperlipidemia&#44; insulin resistance &#40;IR&#41;&#44; and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease &#40;NAFLD&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> If untreated&#44; benign steatosis can gradually advance to steatohepatitis&#44; fibrosis&#44; cirrhosis&#44; and even liver cancer&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Many risk factors can promote hepatic steatosis through different mechanisms&#44; such as metabolic diseases&#44; alcohol&#44; virus&#44; drugs&#44; and nutritional disorders&#44; with IR being the most common feature leading to hepatic lipid accumulation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Multiple lines of evidence have demonstrated that various genes&#44; including sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c &#40;SREBP-lc&#41;&#44; FoxOl&#44; AKT2&#44; and PPAR&#947;&#44; are involved in IR-induced hepatic steatosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="p0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hepatitis C virus core-binding protein 6 &#40;HCBP6&#41; was originally identified as a hepatitis C virus &#40;HCV&#41; corebinding protein&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> HCV core protein has been shown to play an important role in hepatic steatosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Researches have proved that HCBP6 mRNA and protein levels exhibited time- and dose-dependent increases in a cellular model of lipid-overload hepatic steatosis <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> and HCBP6 was found as a negative regulator and sensor of intracellular TG levels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Still&#44; the biological function of HCBP6 in hepatic steatosis is not fully understood&#46; Whether HCBP6 is involved in the development of hepatic steatosis <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span> is yet to be investigated&#46;</p><p id="p0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SREBP-1c belongs to the basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper family of transcription factors and plays a key role in regulating fatty acid synthesis and TG accumulation in the liver&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> HCV core protein induces TG accumulation by stimulating SREBP-lc gene expression and HCBP6 binds the HCV core protein&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Whether HCBP6 is involved in SREBP1c-FASN-mediated TG accumulation has yet to be determined&#46; Here&#44; we demonstrate that HCBP6 is involved in the development of hepatic steatosis induced by high-fat diet and carbon tetrachloride &#40;CCL4&#41; in rats and HCBP6 is negatively related to SREBP-1c&#46; The results offer new insights into the pathophysiology of hepatic steatosis&#46;</p></span><span id="s0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0020">Material and Methods</span><span id="s0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0025">Animals and treatment schedules</span><p id="p0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Wistar rats&#44; weighing 190-210 g&#44; were provided by laboratory center&#44; Shantou University Medical College&#46; A standard laboratory diet and water were available ad libitum&#46; The animal room was maintained humidity with a 12h &#40;7&#58;00 a&#46;m&#46; -7&#58;00 p&#46;m&#46;&#41; light&#47;dark cycle&#46; After 1 week on the basal diet&#44; 18 animals were randomly allocated into 3 groups&#58; Group 1&#44; Group 2&#44; and control group&#46; Each group contained 6 rats&#46; Rats in model groups received a high-fat diet and subcutaneous injection of 30&#37; CCL4 in liquid paraffin oil &#40;0&#46;2 mL&#47;100 g body weight&#41; twice a week for 3 weeks &#40;Group 1&#41; and 5 weeks &#40;Group 2&#41; respectively&#46; Rats in the control group received subcutaneous injection of normal saline and normal food feed instead&#46; After 3 weeks &#40;Group 1&#41; or 5 weeks &#40;Group 2 and control group&#41;&#44; rats were fasted overnight and sacrificed&#46; The serum was separated for further investigation&#46; Rat livers were weighed and frozen or fixed in 10&#37; formalin&#46; All experiment protocols were approved by ethics committee of Shantou Central Hospital&#46; All animals received humane care according to the criteria outlined in the &#8220;Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals&#8221; prepared by the National Academy of Sciences and published by the National Institutes of Health &#40;NIH publication 86-23 revised 1985&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="s0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0030">Evaluation of liver pathology</span><p id="p0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A histological study was performed following a midline laparotomy to remove the left lateral lobe of rat liver&#46; Livers were harvested at the end of the experiment&#46; Weighed&#44; immediately placed in 10&#37; buffered formalin&#44; and embedded in paraffin&#46; Liver sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin &#40;H&#38;E&#41; using standard technique&#46; To further confirm lipid droplet accumulation&#44; frozen liver sections were stained with Oil Red O&#46; Investigators were blinded to the group identity of each section&#44; and biopsies were classified into four categories depending on fat accumulation using a previously established method as follows&#58; Grade 0&#44; no fat observed in the liver&#59; Grade 1&#44; &#60; 33&#37; of hepatocytes contained fat vacuoles&#59; Grade 2&#44; 33-66&#37; of hepatocytes contained fat vacuoles&#59; Grade 3&#44; &#62; 66&#37; of hepatocytes contained fat vacuoles&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p></span><span id="s0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0035">Biochemical determinations</span><p id="p0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After being treated for 3 weeks &#40;Group 1&#41; or 5 weeks &#40;Group 2 and control group&#41;&#44; rats were fasted overnight and serum levels of alanine aminotransferase &#40;ALT&#41;&#44; aspartate aminotransferase &#40;AST&#41;&#44; total cholesterol &#40;TC&#41;&#44; and triglycerides &#40;TGs&#41; were measured with an automatic biochemical analyzer&#46;</p></span><span id="s0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0040">Evaluations of TC and TGs in liver tissues</span><p id="p0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Exactly 3 ml of ethanol - acetone &#40;1&#58;1&#41; was added to the liver tissues &#40;200 mg&#41;&#44; which were then homogenized in an ice bath and mixed thoroughly at 4&#176;C overnight&#46; After 24 h&#44; the liver tissues were centrifuged at 3000 rpm and 4 &#176;C for 20 min&#46; Subsequently&#44; the supernatant was transferred to a new tube&#44; then TC and TGs were measured based on the instructions on TC and TG assay kit &#40;Jiancheng Institute of Bio Engineering&#44; Nanjing&#44; China&#41; using a colorimetric method&#46;</p></span><span id="s0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0045">Immunofluorescence and confocal imaging</span><p id="p0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Specimens of liver tissues were cut into 4-&#956;&#953;&#964;&#953; sections using a cryotome &#40;Leica CM 3000&#59; Leica&#44; M&#252;nchen&#44; Germany&#41; and fixed in acetone for 10 min&#46; To quench the endogenous peroxidase activity&#44; sections were treated with 0&#46;3&#37; H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> for 10 min&#46; Then they were treated with normal non-immune goat serum for 15 min at room temperature to block nonspecific sites&#46; The sections were incubated with goat anti-rat HCBP6 polyclonal antibody &#40;1&#58;100&#44; Santa Cruz Biotechnology&#44; USA&#41; and rabbit antirat SREBP-1c polyclonal antibody &#40;1&#58;250&#44; Santa Cruz Biotechnology&#44; USA&#41; at 4&#176;C overnight&#44; washed with tris-buffered saline &#40;TBS 0&#46;1 M&#44; pH 7&#46;4&#41; and incubated with Alexa-Fluor-594-labelled donkey anti-goat IgG and FITC-labelled goat anti-rabbit IgG &#40;ZSGB-BIO&#44; Beijing&#44; China&#41; at 37&#176;C for 1&#46;5 h&#46; After washed with TBS&#44; The nuclei were stained by DAPI &#40;Abcam&#44; Cambridge&#44; UK&#41; for 10 min at room temperature&#46; Confocal images were collected by the slit scanning laser confocal microscope &#40;LSM710&#44; Carl Zeiss&#44; Germany&#41; and image software &#40;Zen 2011&#44; Carl Zeiss MicroImaging GHBH&#44; Germany&#41;&#46; To compare the intensity of immunofluorescence&#44; the average percentage of positive immunostaining cells to 10 random confocal images was measureed for the labeled index protein HCBP6 and SREBP-1c&#46;</p></span><span id="s0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0050">RNA analysis</span><p id="p0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> Reagent &#40;Invitrogen&#44; Carlsbad&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41; according to the manufacturer&#8217;s protocol&#46; 1&#46;0 &#956;g of total RNA was used as a template for first strand cDNA synthesis using PrimerScript<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> RT Master Mix kit &#40;TaKaRa&#44; Tokyo&#44; Japan&#41;&#46; Real-time PCR was performed using SYBR<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> Premix Ex TaqTM kit &#40;TaKaRa&#44; Tokyo&#44; Japan&#41; on LightCycler 480 Realtime PCR System &#40;Roche&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The sequences of primers used in this study were as follows &#40;forward and reverse&#41;&#58; HCBP6&#44; 5&#39;-CTT TTC GGG CAT GAG AGT CG-3&#39; and 5&#39;-GAA TCG TCA GCT GCT CCT TG -3&#39;&#59; SREBPlc&#44; 5&#39;-CAC TTC CAG CTA GAC CCC AA-3&#39; and 5&#39;-GGT GAG AGC CTT GAG ACA GT-3&#39;&#59; GAPDH&#44; 5&#39;-GTT ACC AGG GCT GCC TTC TC-3&#39; and 5&#39;- GAT GGT GAT GGG TTT CCC GT-3&#39;&#46;</p></span><span id="s0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0055">Western blotting analysis</span><p id="p0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The samples for Western blots analysis were liver lysates&#44; which were incubated in RIPA lysis buffer&#58; 50 mM Tris&#44; 150 mM NaCl&#44; 1&#37; Triton X-100&#44; 1&#37; sodium deoxycholate&#44; 0&#46;1&#37; SDS&#44; 2 mM EDTA&#44; and protease inhibitors &#40;pH 7&#46;4&#41;&#46; Protein content of the samples was measured by BCA Protein Assay Kit &#40;Thermo&#44; Rockford&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41;&#46; Proteins &#40;40 &#956;g per sample&#41; were separated by SDS-PAGE with 12&#37; polyacrylamide gels and transferred onto PVDF membranes&#46; The blots were blocked with a solution of 5&#37; &#40;wt &#47; vol&#41; skim milk in TBS containing 0&#46;1&#37; Tween-20 for 1 h at room temperature and incubated overnight at 4&#176;C with primary goat anti-rat HCBP6 antibody &#40;1&#58;800&#44; Santa Cruz&#44; Santa Cruz&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41;&#44; rabbit anti-rat SREBP-1c antibody &#40;1&#58;1000&#44; Santa cruz&#44; Santa Cruz&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41;&#44; and rabbit anti-rat &#946;-actin antibody &#40;1&#58;2000&#44; Cell Signaling Technology&#44; Danvers&#44; MA&#44; USA&#41;&#46; After rinsed in TBS &#40;pH 7&#46;8&#41; containing 0&#46;1&#37; Tween-20&#44; the blots were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibody &#40;1&#58;2000&#44; Cell Signaling Technology&#44; Danvers&#44; MA&#44; USA&#41; for 1 h&#46; HCBP6&#44; SREBP-1c&#44; and &#946;-actin proteins were detected by enhanced chemiluminescence system&#46; The integrated intensity for the protein bands was determined by scanning densitometry and analyzed by Glyko BandScan 5&#46;0&#46; The data were analyzed using relative intensity to the constitutive marker&#44; &#946;-actin&#46;</p></span><span id="s0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0060">Statistical analysis</span><p id="p0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Differences among groups were examined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison tests&#46; Values are expressed as the mean &#177; standard deviation&#46; A value of P &#60; 0&#46;05 was considered statistically significant&#46;</p></span></span><span id="s0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0065">Results</span><span id="s0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0070">Characteristics of animals</span><p id="p0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 18 rats were investigated in the study&#46; The initial body weights of the male and female rats were similar &#40;200 &#177; 10 g&#41;&#46; At the end of the intervention&#44; there was a significant difference in the percentage of liver-to-body weight between control group and model groups&#44; Group 1 &#40;4&#46;56&#37; &#177; 0&#46;56&#37;&#41;&#44; Group 2 &#40;4&#46;63&#37; &#177; 0&#46;30&#37;&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> control group &#40;3&#46;12&#37; &#177; 0&#46;23&#37;&#41;&#44; P &#60; 0&#46;05 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#f0005">Figure 1</a>A&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="f0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="s0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0075">Hepatic architecture</span><p id="p0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As H&#38;E staining showed&#44; histological analysis of the hepatic fragments in the control group exhibited well-preserved architecture with characteristic hepatocytes distributed homogenously throughout the hepatic parenchyma&#46; Group 1 and Group 2 exhibited significant alterations&#44; including tissue disorganization with macroand micro-vesicular steatosis in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes&#44; as well as the presence of multiple foci of inflammable infiltrates&#44; being prominent in rats of Group 2 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#f0005">Figure 1</a>B&#41;&#46; Quantifying the fatty infiltration by a previously published scoring system&#44; the mean fatty infiltration in the treated Group 1 and Group 2 were both Grade 2 while the control group was quantified as Grade 0&#46; Oil-Red-O stain displayed abundant accumulation of fat droplets in hepatocytes from rats of Group 1 and Group 2 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#f0005">Figure 1</a>B&#41;&#46; These liver histology results suggested that hepatic steatosis was successfully induced in model groups&#46;</p></span><span id="s0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0080">Biochemical determinations and liver TG content</span><p id="p0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The serum levels of ALT&#44; AST&#44; TC&#44; and TGs in the control group were 53&#46;00 &#177; 15&#46;06 U&#47;L&#44; 90&#46;75 &#177; 24&#46;00 U&#47;L&#44; 1&#46;42 &#177; 0&#46;36 mmol&#47;L&#44; and 0&#46;82 &#177; 0&#46;94 mmol&#47;L&#46; While the serum levels of ALT&#44; AST&#44; TC&#44; and TGs were 101&#46;25 &#177; 19&#46;00 U&#47;L&#44; 137&#46;00 &#177; 35&#46;79 U&#47;L&#44; 2&#46;45 &#177; 0&#46;35 mmol&#47;L&#44; and 1&#46;09 &#177; 0&#46;12 mmol&#47;L in Group 1 and 127&#46;00 &#177; 20&#46;45 U&#47;L&#44; 147&#46;25 &#177; 27&#46;40 U&#47;L&#44; 2&#46;03 &#177; 0&#46;20 mmol&#47;L&#44; and 1&#46;03 &#177; 0&#46;12 mmol&#47;L in Group 2&#46; The Group 1 and Group 2 rats showed significant serum elevations of ALT&#44; AST&#44; TC&#44; and TGs compared to the control group&#46; In liver tissues&#44; the levels of TC and TGs were 1&#46;06 &#177; 0&#46;18 mg&#47;g and 1&#46;75 &#177; 0&#46;31 mg&#47;g in the control group&#44; 2&#46;58 &#177; 0&#46;21 mg&#47;g and 4&#46;35 &#177; 0&#46;39 in Group 1&#44; and 2&#46;93 &#177; 0&#46;32 mg&#47;g and 4&#46;41 &#177; 0&#46;62 mg&#47;g in Group 2 respectively&#46; Similarly&#44; liver TC and TGs elevated remarkably in model groups compared with the control group &#40;n &#61; 6&#44; P &#60; 0&#46;05&#41;&#59; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="t0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="s0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0085">Immunofluorescence evaluation of HCBP6 and SREBP-1c</span><p id="p0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Immunofluorescence staining was performed to detect the HCBP6 and SREBP-1c expression in the liver tissues of rats separated from Group 1&#44; Group 2&#44; and control group &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#f0010">Figure 2</a>A&#41;&#46; The percentages of HCBP6 positive cells for Group 1&#44; Group 2&#44; and control group were 5&#46;22&#37; &#177; 1&#46;74&#37;&#44; 6&#46;93&#37; &#177; 1&#46;04&#37;&#44; and 43&#46;85&#37; &#177; 5&#46;89&#37;&#44; respectively&#46; While the percentages of SREBP-1c positive cells for Group 1&#44; Group 2&#44; and control group were 72&#46;15&#37; &#177; 8&#46;24&#37;&#44; 83&#46;61&#37; &#177; 8&#46;52&#37;&#44; and 8&#46;84&#37; &#177; 0&#46;91&#37;&#44; respectively&#46; It was significantly lower for HCBP6 expression and higher for SREBP-1c expression in hepatocytes of Group 1 and Group 2 rats&#44; compared with control rats &#40;n &#61; 6&#44; P &#60; 0&#46;05&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#f0010">Figure 2</a>B&#41;&#46; But there was no significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 rats&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="f0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="s0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0090">mRNA expressions of HCBP6 and SREBP-1c</span><p id="p0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mRNA expressions of HCBP6 and SREBP-1c in hepatocytes of Group 1&#44; Group 2&#44; and control rats were shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t0010">table 2</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#f0010">figure 2</a>C&#46; Compared with control rats&#44; the mRNA expression of HCBP6 was significantly lower in hepatocytes of Group 1 and Group 2 rats &#40;n &#61; 6&#44; P &#60; 0&#46;05&#41;&#46; Conversely&#44; a significantly higher expression of SREBP-1c was detected in hepatocytes of Group 1 and Group 2 rats than that in hepatocytes of control rats &#40;n &#61; 6&#44; P &#60; 0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="t0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="s0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0095">Protein expressions of HCBP6 and SREBP-1c</span><p id="p0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Protein expressions of the HCBP6 and SREBP-1c were analyzed through western blotting on the liver samples&#46; Compared with control rats&#44; the protein expression of HCBP6 was decreased in hepatocytes of Group 1 and Group 2 rats&#46; While SREBP-1c protein expression of hepatocytes in both Group 1 and Group 2 rats was significantly higher than that in control rats &#40;n &#61; 6&#44; P &#60; 0&#46;05&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#f0010">Figures 2</a>D and 2E&#44; and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="s0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0100">Discussion</span><p id="p0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NAFLD is an increasing prevalent health problem that ranges from simple fatty infiltration of the liver parenchyma &#40;non-alcoholic simple fatty liver&#44; NAFL&#41; to steatosis with inflammation and hepatocellular ballooning &#40;non-alcoholic steatohepatitis&#44; NASH&#41; and ultimately cirrhosi&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> It is estimated that 1 billion people currently suffer from some form of NAFLD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Liver steatosis&#44; marked as the first stage of NAFLD&#44; is closely associated with obesity&#44; type 2 diabetes mellitus&#44; IR&#44; and drug-induced liver injury&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Steatosis is considered as a benign reversible event&#44; while NASH has a potential to lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma&#46; As much as 10-25&#37; of liver steatosis patients progress to NASH and 2-3&#37; of NASH patients develop into liver cancer&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Hence&#44; liver steatosis is of major concern for worldwide health&#46;</p><p id="p0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pathologically&#44; hepatic steatosis is featured by the accumulation of fat in at least 5&#37; of hepatocytes&#46; Hepatic steatosis occurs when the production and removal of intrahepatic TGs become unbalanced due to reduced fatty acid oxidation as well as increased de novo lipogenesis&#46; Maintaining TG homeostasis is essential for normal liver function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Many risk factors can promote hepatic steatosis through different mechanisms&#44; such as metabolic diseases&#44; alcohol&#44; virus&#44; drugs&#44; and nutritional disorders&#44; with IR being the most common feature leading to hepatic lipid accumulation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Various genes&#44; including SREBP-1c&#44; LXR&#44; AKT2&#44; and FASN&#44; have been demonstrated to be involved in IR-induced hepatic steatosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p><p id="p0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It has classically been found that HCV&#44; especially genotype 3&#44; exerts direct metabolic effects which leads to liver steatosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> HCV core protein plays an important role in the development of hepatic steatosis in HCV infection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Researches have demonstrated that HCV core is localized on the endoplasmic reticulum and on lipid droplets which suggests a relationship between the expression of the HCV core protein and cellular lipid metabolism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> HCBP6 has been identified as a HCV core-binding protein and shown to inhibit HCV core protein transactivation ef- fects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> It has also been found to regulate the transcriptional activity of the alpha chain of nascent polypeptide-associated complex promoter and the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation&#44; signal transduction&#44; growth&#44; and differentiation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Studies have revealed that HCBP6 is a negative regulator and sensor of intracellular TG levels in vitro and HCPB6 expression is induced by TGs in a time- and dose-dependent manner&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="p0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SREBP-1c belongs to the basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper family of transcription factors and plays a key role in regulating fatty acid synthesis and TG accumulation in the liver&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Three mammalian SREBP isoforms &#40;SREBP-1a&#44; SREBP-1c&#44; and SREBP-2&#41; are encoded by two genes&#44; SREBF1 and SREBF2&#44; and have distinct but overlapping functions in lipogenic gene regulation&#46; Previous studies have reported that SREBP-1a activates fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis&#46; SREBP-1c activates fatty acid and TG synthesis&#44; and SREBP-2 activates cholesterol synthesis and uptake&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> SREBP-1c increases the transcriptional activity of genes involved in hepatic fatty acid synthesis &#40;including FASN&#44; ACC&#44; and SCD&#41;&#44; enhances transcription of genes required for fatty acid synthesis&#44; and predominates in the liver&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Alterations to the SREBP-1c-FASN pathway can result in liver steatosis and type 2 diabetes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p><p id="p0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Various animal models of NAFLD have been developed involving genetic and diet manipulation&#44; treatment with toxins as well as combination models&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> In our study&#44; we established the model of liver steatosis by a high-fat diet and CCL4 subcutaneous injection&#46; This method accords with the pattern of NAFLD development in some degree and has been extensively studied&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> The pathology and liver function study revealed that hepatic steatosis was successfully induced in model groups&#46; To further explore whether HCBP6 was involved with a time-dependent manner&#44; we designed model groups treated for 3 weeks and 5 weeks&#46; Two groups both exhibited fatty infiltration of quantifying Grade 2 while Group 2 represented more serious steatohepatitis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> However&#44; we did not include the investigation on the change of HCBP6 within clear stages of NAFLD to NASH&#44; even to fibrosis&#44; which was worth our further investigation&#46;</p><p id="p0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previous studies have demonstrated that HCV core protein induced TG accumulation by stimulating SREBP-1c gene expression and HCBP6 negatively regulated intracellular TG levels in hepatoma cell lines via the SREBP-1c&#47; FASN Pathway in vitro&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> The results implied that HCBP6 may impact TG metabolism through the regulation of SREBP-1c <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo&#46;</span> In the current study&#44; we investigated the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span> change and revealed HCBP6 expression was downregulated in hepatic steatosis in rats&#44; consistent with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> observations by Gao&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Our experimental results showed the expression of HCBP6 was significantly decreased in livers of rats induced by high-fat diet and CCL4&#46; It continued to maintain at a lower level as treating time prolonged&#46; All above showed HCBP6 was associated with the development of hepatic steatosis in rats&#46; Besides&#44; as a crucial transcription factor in hepatic fatty acid synthesis&#44; SREBP-1c expression was up-regulated in the model groups&#44; negatively correlated with HCBP6&#46; So we speculated that the lower expression of HCBP6 may cause the higher expression of SREBP-1c and activate the SREBP-1c signal pathway&#44; resulting in the increase of fatty acid and TG synthesis and the dysfunction of lipid metabolism in the development of hepatic steatosis&#46; This study offered new insights into the pathophysiology of hepatic steatosis&#46; On the other hand&#44; it also suggested that HCBP6 may be used as a sensitive indicator for NAFLD occurrence and development&#46; It may be an efficient way to prevent and treat NAFLD by promoting the expression of HCBP6&#46;</p><p id="p0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; we demonstrate that HCBP6 is involved in the development of hepatic steatosis induced by highfat diet and CCL4 in rats and HCBP6 is negatively related to SREBP-1c&#46; The results offer new insights into the pathophysiology of hepatic steatosis&#46; Thus&#44; our results suggest that HCBP6 may represent a new potential therapeutic target in lipid metabolism and fatty liver management&#46;</p></span><span id="s0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0105">Abbreviations</span><p id="p0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="u0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">ALT&#58;</span> alanine aminotransferase&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="u0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">AST&#58;</span> aspartate aminotransferase&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="u0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">CCL4&#58;</span> carbon tetrachloride&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="u0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">H&#38;E&#58;</span> hematoxylin and eosin&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="u0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">HCBP6&#58;</span> hepatitis C virus core-binding protein 6&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="u0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">HCV&#58;</span> hepatitis C virus&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="u0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">IR&#58;</span> insulin resistance&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="u0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">NAFL&#58;</span> non-alcoholic simple fatty liver&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="u0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">NAFLD&#58;</span> non-alcoholic fatty liver disease&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="u0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">NASH&#58;</span> non-alcoholic steatohepatitis&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="u0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">SREBP-lc&#58;</span> sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="u0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">TBS&#58;</span> tris-buffered saline&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="u0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">TC&#58;</span> total cholesterol&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="u0070"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">TG&#58;</span> triglyceride&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="s0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0110">Acknowledgements</span><p id="p0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is no conflict of interest to be declared&#46; This study was supported by Science Foundation of Guangdong province for traditional Chinese medicine research &#40;No&#46; 20131053&#41;&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "identificador" => "xres1190776"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
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              "identificador" => "abs0010"
            ]
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        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1110053"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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        2 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "s0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        3 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "s0010"
          "titulo" => "Material and Methods"
          "secciones" => array:8 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "s0015"
              "titulo" => "Animals and treatment schedules"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "s0020"
              "titulo" => "Evaluation of liver pathology"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "s0025"
              "titulo" => "Biochemical determinations"
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            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "s0030"
              "titulo" => "Evaluations of TC and TGs in liver tissues"
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            4 => array:2 [
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              "titulo" => "Immunofluorescence and confocal imaging"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "s0040"
              "titulo" => "RNA analysis"
            ]
            6 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "s0045"
              "titulo" => "Western blotting analysis"
            ]
            7 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "s0050"
              "titulo" => "Statistical analysis"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        4 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "s0055"
          "titulo" => "Results"
          "secciones" => array:6 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "s0060"
              "titulo" => "Characteristics of animals"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "s0065"
              "titulo" => "Hepatic architecture"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "s0070"
              "titulo" => "Biochemical determinations and liver TG content"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "s0075"
              "titulo" => "Immunofluorescence evaluation of HCBP6 and SREBP-1c"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "s0080"
              "titulo" => "mRNA expressions of HCBP6 and SREBP-1c"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "s0085"
              "titulo" => "Protein expressions of HCBP6 and SREBP-1c"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "s0090"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "s0095"
          "titulo" => "Abbreviations"
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "s0100"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
        ]
        8 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2017-07-16"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2017-09-12"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1110053"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease"
            1 => "Hepatitis C virus core-binding protein"
            2 => "SREBP-1c"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abs0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="sp0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Introduction and alm&#46;</span> Hepatitis C virus core-binding protein 6 &#40;HCBP6&#41; was previously found to be an hepatitis C virus corebinding protein&#44; its biological function remains unclear&#46; Our research aims to investigate the role of HCBP6 in the development of hepatic steatosis induced by high-fat diet and carbon tetrachloride &#40;CCL4&#41; in rats&#46;</p><p id="sp0225" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Material and methods&#46;</span> Eighteen Wistar rats were randomly allocated into 3 groups&#58; control group&#44; model group 1&#44; and model group 2&#46; The control group was treated with a standard diet for 5 weeks&#46; Model groups were treated with high-fat diet and CCL4 injection twice a week for 3 weeks in Group 1 and 5 weeks in Group 2&#44; respectively&#46; After the intervention&#44; hepatic steatosis was observed by histological staining with hematoxylin and eosin &#40;H&#38;E&#41; and Oil Red O staining&#46; Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase &#40;ALT&#41;&#44; aspartate aminotransferase &#40;AST&#41;&#44; total cholesterol &#40;TC&#41;&#44; and triglycerides &#40;TGs&#41; were measured&#46; The TG content in liver homogenates was evaluated&#46; Expressions of HCBP6 and SREBP-1c were determined by immunofluorescence&#44; quantitative real-time PCR&#44; and Western blot analysis&#46;</p><p id="sp0325" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Results&#46;</span> Hepatic steatosis was successfully induced in model groups&#46; ALT&#44; AST&#44; TC&#44; and TGs elevated in model groups compared with those in control group &#40;P &#60; 0&#46;05&#41;&#46; Hepatic steatosis induced by high-fat diet and CCL4 resulted in low expression of HCBP6 and high expression of SREBP-1c in the liver of rats &#40;P &#60; 0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p><p id="sp0425" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusion&#46;</span> HCBP6 is involved in the development of high-fat diet- and CCL4-induced hepatic steatosis and related negatively with SREBP-1c&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:4 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "f0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1671
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="sp0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Weight and pathological change of livers from rats induced by high-fat diet and carbon tetrachloride &#40;CCL4&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">A&#46;</span> Percentage of liver-to-body weight was shown in this panel&#46; The percentage of liver-to-body weight from control group was significantly lower than that from Group 1 and Group 2 &#40;&#42;P &#60; 0&#46;05 compared with Group 1&#59;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8224;</span> P &#60; 0&#46;05 compared with Group 2&#59; n &#61; 6&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">B&#46;</span> Pathological observation of hepatic steatosis induced by high-fat diet and CCL4&#46; Liver sections from control group&#44; Group 1&#44; and Group 2 were stained with H&#38;E and Oil Red O&#46; Original magnification&#58; 200&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "f0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 4980
            "Ancho" => 4408
            "Tamanyo" => 1776665
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="sp0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Expressions of HCBP6 and SREBP-1c in hepatocytes of Group 1&#44; Group 2&#44; and control rats&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">A&#46;</span> Immunofluorescence staining of HCBP6 and SREBP-1c in hepatocytes &#40;Origina magnification&#58; 100&#41;&#46; Magnified images are shown in the bottom right of each section&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">B&#46;</span> Comparisons of percentages of HCBP6 <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> and SREBP-1c <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> hepatocytes &#40;&#42;P &#60; 0&#46;05 compared for HCBP6 with control&#59;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8224;</span> P &#60; 0&#46;05 compared for SREBP-1c with control&#59; n &#61; 6&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">C&#46;</span> Comparisons of HCBP6 and SREBP-1c mRNA expressions in hepatocytes &#40;&#42;P &#60; 0&#46;05 compared for HCBP6 with control&#59;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8224;</span> P &#60; 0&#46;05 compared for SREBP-1c with control&#59; n &#61; 6&#41;&#46; D&#46; Protein expressions of HCBP6 and SRBP-1c in hepatocytes detected by Western blot analysis&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">E&#46;</span> Comparisons of integrated intensity for HCBP6 and SREBP-1c &#40;&#42;P &#60; 0&#46;05 compared for HCBP6 with control&#59;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8224;</span> P &#60; 0&#46;05 compared for SREBP-1c with control&#59; n &#61; 6&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "t0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="np0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ALT&#58; alanine aminotransferase&#46; AST&#58; aspartate aminotransferase&#46; TC&#58; total cholesterol&#46; TG&#58; triglycerides&#59;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ALT &#40;U&#47;L&#41; &#40;serum&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">AST &#40;U&#47;L&#41; &#40;serum&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TC &#40;mmol&#47;L&#41; &#40;serum&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TG &#40;mmol&#47;L&#41; &#40;serum&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TC &#40;mg&#47;g&#41; &#40;liver tissue&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TG &#40;mg&#47;g&#41; &#40;liver tissue&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">53&#46;00&#177;15&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90&#46;75 &#177; 24&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;42&#177;0&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;82 &#177; 0&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;06&#177;0&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;75 &#177; 0&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Group 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">101&#46;25&#177; 19&#46;00<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">137&#46;00 &#177; 35&#46;79<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;45&#177; 0&#46;35<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;09 &#177; 0&#46;12<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;58&#177; 0&#46;21<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;35 &#177; 0&#46;39<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Group 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">127&#46;00&#177; 20&#46;45<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">147&#46;25 &#177; 27&#46;40<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;03&#177; 0&#46;20<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;03 &#177; 0&#46;12<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;93&#177; 0&#46;32<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;41 &#177; 0&#46;62<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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              ]
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="sp0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ALT&#44; AST&#44; TC&#44; and TG levels in serum and TC and TG levels in liver tissues&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "t0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gene&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">mRNA level<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Protein level <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HCBP6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Group 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;69 &#177; 0&#46;08 <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;274 &#177; 0&#46;034 <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Group 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;63 &#177; 0&#46;10 <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;217 &#177; 0&#46;033 <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;11 &#177; 0&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;540 &#177; 0&#46;061&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">SREBP-lc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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          "en" => "<p id="sp0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">HCBP6 and SREBP-1c expressions in hepatocytes of Group 1&#44; Group 2&#44; and control rats&#46;</p>"
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ISSN: 16652681
Original language: English
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es en pt

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