Comparison of acoustic radiation force impulse imaging (ARFI) to liver biopsy histologic scores in the evaluation of chronic liver disease: A pilot study

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"documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "mis" "cita" => "Ann Hepatol. 2010;9:294-5" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 91 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 12 "HTML" => 50 "PDF" => 29 ] ] "en" => array:9 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Congenital absent of inferior vena cava" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "294" "paginaFinal" => "295" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "f0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1453 "Ancho" => 788 "Tamanyo" => 103146 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Congenital absence of the inferior vena cava. A. Black arrow-aorta. B. White arrow-azygos vein. C. Grey arrow-hemiazygos vein." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Dina Carvalho, José Presa Ramos" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Dina" "apellidos" => "Carvalho" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "José" "apellidos" => "Presa Ramos" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1665268119316400?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/16652681/0000000900000003/v1_201906230902/S1665268119316400/v1_201906230902/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S1665268119316382" "issn" => "16652681" "doi" => "10.1016/S1665-2681(19)31638-2" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2010-07-01" "aid" => "71324" "copyright" => "Fundación Clínica Médica Sur, A.C." "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Ann Hepatol. 2010;9:282-8" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 67 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 23 "HTML" => 22 "PDF" => 22 ] ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic liver disease: A retrospective study of the association of two increasingly common diseases in Mexico" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "282" "paginaFinal" => "288" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "f0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 651 "Ancho" => 1337 "Tamanyo" => 60345 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Prevalence of T2DM in patients with liver disease. The figure shows the prevalence of liver disease in patients with T2DM compared with patients without T2DM. Only cirrhosis was statistically significant whereas HCC showed a tendency towards significance. T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus. HCV: hepatitis C virus. HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. NASH: nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. VHB: hepatitis B virus." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Ramón Arturo Kobashi-Margáin, Ylse Gutiérrez-Grobe, Guadalupe Ponciano-Rodríguez, Misael Uribe, Nahum Méndez-Sánchez" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ramón" "apellidos" => "Arturo Kobashi-Margáin" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ylse" "apellidos" => "Gutiérrez-Grobe" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Guadalupe" "apellidos" => "Ponciano-Rodríguez" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Misael" "apellidos" => "Uribe" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Nahum" "apellidos" => "Méndez-Sánchez" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1665268119316382?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/16652681/0000000900000003/v1_201906230902/S1665268119316382/v1_201906230902/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:16 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Comparison of acoustic radiation force impulse imaging (ARFI) to liver biopsy histologic scores in the evaluation of chronic liver disease: A pilot study" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "289" "paginaFinal" => "293" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Maznar Haque, Charlotte Robinson, David Owen, Eric M. Yoshida, Alison Harris" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Maznar" "apellidos" => "Haque" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "aff1" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Charlotte" "apellidos" => "Robinson" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "**" "identificador" => "aff2" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "David" "apellidos" => "Owen" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "***" "identificador" => "aff3" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Eric" "apellidos" => "M. Yoshida" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "aff1" ] ] ] 4 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Alison" "apellidos" => "Harris" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "alison.harris@vch.ca" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "**" "identificador" => "aff2" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor1" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Division of Gastroenterology. University of British Columbia and the Vancouver General Hospital, Canada." "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "aff1" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departments of Radiology. University of British Columbia and the Vancouver General Hospital, Canada." "etiqueta" => "**" "identificador" => "aff2" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia and the Vancouver General Hospital, Canada." "etiqueta" => "***" "identificador" => "aff3" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor1" "etiqueta" => "*" "correspondencia" => "Correspondence and reprint request: Dr. Alison Harris, Vancouver General Hospital1. Department of Radiology, 899 W12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Tel.: 604-875-4111 Fax: 604-875-4228" ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionEarly diagnosis of chronic liver disease and the negative sequelae of organ transplantation are crucial for optimal management. Histology remains the gold standard but percutaneous biopsy is not without complications, such as bleeding and infection. Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging (ARFI) is a new non invasive ultrasound based technique which has shown promising in vivo results suggesting that it may be useful clinically in the management of chronic liver disease although clinical studies are few and the technology is currently not licensed. Preliminary result of this study has been compared ARFI imaging with histology as the gold standard in patients with chronic liver disease.BackgroundIn fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver; pathological changes in tissue mechanical properties are known to be accompanied by stiffness changes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a>. Elastogra-phy is a relatively new ultrasound technique, which provides non-invasive information (complementary to diagnostic ultrasound and histological assessment of tissue) about the mechanical properties of tissue by measuring local displacements, which occur during global tissue compression.The feasibility of established elasticity imaging methods, i.e. Fibroscan® (Echosens, Paris France) is well recognized, and has shown significant promise for assessment of diffuse liver disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a> Moreover, the technology is commercially licensed in Canada and throughout the world. However there is little data to date regarding the novel technology of ARFI compared to a gold standard histological reference standard.ARFI is a newer technique providing non invasive information about the localized mechanical properties of tissue by utilizing short, high intensity acoustic pulses (shear wave pulses) to locally displace tissues while conventional B-mode ultrasound is used to assess the mechanical response (tissue displacement) thereby providing a measure of tissue elasticity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a> ARFI imaging is different to elastography in that it does not depend on operator-induced compression as it uses a shear wave pulse from the transducer to compress the tissue.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">4</a> Moreover, ARFI technology is a component of an ultrasound unit (Virtual Touch ImagingTM, ACUSON S2000 Ultrasound Unit, Siemens, Mountain View, CA) and will allow for conventional ultrasound imaging in addition to ARFI determinations unlike the current commercially licensed elasticity technology (i.e. Fibroscan®, Echo-sens, Paris France).The primary end-point of this preliminary pilot study was to determine if ARFI imaging correlated with liver biopsy histology scores in patients with chronic liver disease.Materials and methodsThe study was designed as a prospective blind pilot comparison study of ARFI elastography in a consecutive series of patients who underwent liver biopsy for assessment of fibrosis in chronic liver disease at the Vancouver General Hospital.Ethics approval was obtained from the University of British Columbia Clinical Ethics Research Board.Eligibility Criteria<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="li0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="list0005">•Inclusion criteria. All patients attending for an ultrasound guided liver biopsy with a history of chronic liver disease as determined necessary by the referring physicians who were able to understand and give full informed consent.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="list0010">•Exclusion criteria. Patients who were pregnant or breast feeding or had abnormal coagulation parameters precluding percutaneous core liver biopsy (as per internal departmental protocol: platelet count < 50,000/mL and INR > 1.4).</li></ul>Ultrasound ProtocolPatients were prepared according to the Radiology Department protocol for ultrasound guided percutaneous biopsy. Patients fasted for 6 hours prior to the study. A qualified ultrasound technologist performed a standard abdominal ultrasound. ARFI imaging measurements were obtained at the same ultrasound visit and a single 18G core liver biopsy was performed.Wherever possible the same radiologist performed the biopsies and ARFI imaging measurements in each study patient. All ultrasounds with ARFI were performed in the Ultrasound Department of the Vancouver General Hospital using an ARFI ultrasound unit (Virtual Touch ImagingTM, ACUSON S2000 Ultrasound Unit, Siemens, Mountain View, CA). Radiologists had full access to the clinical history and previous imaging findings.ARFI shear-wave propagation velocity was measured in meters per second. Ten ARFI measurements were taken on an average per patient and the average score was used.An experienced liver histopathologist (D.Ó.) has been blinded to the clinical diagnosis and examined the liver histology. Each specimen has been classified according to the Batts-Ludwig and Modified Is-hak scoring systems.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">5</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a> Mean ARFI velocities were compared with both Batts-Ludwig (F0 to F4) and Modified Ishak scores (F0 to F4) for fibrosis in liver biopsy findings.Statistical AnalysisStatistical significance was evaluated at the conventional α = 0.05 probability level. The ARFI measurements are presented as Mean ± Standard Deviation, and Range (also Median) in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t0005">table 1</a>. Comparative p-values by the parametric independent Óne-sample t-tests were used to compare the differences between mean values of the ARFI measurements of each patient and the non-replicated [one measurement per liver] histological reference standards; namely Butts-Ludwig inflammation score [B1], Butts-Ludwig fibrosis score [B2], Ishak modified inflammation grade[I1]and Ishak modified stage [I2]. The parametric Paired t-tests and Pearson’s correlations (2-tailed) were applied to compare the<elsevierMultimedia ident="t0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Mean ARFI measurements with the histological gold standards [BI, B2, and II, I2]. Non-parametric Spearman correlations (2-tailed) were also used to compare the Median ARFI measurements with the three histological gold standards.The diagnostic Accuracy of the Median ARFI measurements values were experimented with the Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve (ROC) and evaluated as the areas under the curves for various fibrosis stages. Statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS version 17.0 software package (SPSS Inc. Chicago, Illinois).ResultsTwenty one patients with chronic liver disease (Hepatitis C (HCV) =16, Hepatitis B (HBV) =1, both HCV and HBV = 1 Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) = 1, others = 2) underwent ARFI and liver biopsy on the same day (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t0005">Table 1</a>). The Spearman correlation coefficients between the median values of the ARFI measurements and the histological fibrosis stage of the Modified Ishak score and Batts-Ludwig score were both highly significant (p < 0.001) with rho = 0.69 and rho = 0.73 respectively. The median ARFI (total 180 replications; minimum 5, maximum 10 measurements per patients) velocities for our study population range from 0.92 to 4.17 m/s. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the accuracy of ARFI imaging was 1.00 and 0.35, for the diagnosis of moderate fibrosis (histologic fibrosis stage, F ≥ 2) and 0.85 and 0.85 respectively for Ishak and Batts-Ludwig score, for the diagnosis of cirrhosis. For inflammation scores the correlation rho = 0.56 (p = 0.008). The value of the correlation was lower than fibrosis scores with Batts-Ludwig or with Modified Ishak scoring system, but it was still statistically significant. Due to the relatively small numbers of patients enrolled in this preliminary pilot study, threshold ARFI values for the different histologic scores were not determinable.DiscussionImaging and histopathological assessment play a major role in the clinical assessment of patients with chronic liver disease and the complications of organ transplantation. Early identification of significant target organ damage (i.e. advanced fibrosis) in this diverse group of patients is essential to initiate appropriate clinical decision making. Liver biopsy is the current gold standard for the assessment of chronic liver disease but is not without problems: a small but significant risk of severe complications and false negative results (reported in high as 30% of biopsy samples).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">8</a> Ultrasonography has a reported accuracy of 82-88% in the diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">9</a> Newer imaging techniques, such as elastography (ie. Fibroscan® and ARFI) have been developed to provide an alternative non invasive and accurate method of assessment of liver fibrosis.Unlike Fibroscan® the current clinical experience with ARFI in liver disease is still very limited. Preliminary quantitative in vivo results, however, suggest that the ARFI method may be useful clinically.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a> The utility of ARFI imaging has been demonstrated for abdominal applications,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">11</a> and in particular in the assessment of diffuse liver disease,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">11</a> particularly chronic viral hepatitis. Recent data suggests that it may have a diagnostic accuracy comparable to that of transient elastography.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">12</a> It is also suggested that ARFI imaging improves visualization of malignancies in the liver and kidney compared to the use of conventional US alone.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">11</a> The experience with ARFI in terms of correlation with liver histology, however, is still very much in its early stages, hence our decision to undertake this pilot study to determine the potential feasibility of ARFI at our hospital with “real world” patients drawn from clinical practice. We note that the ability to measure bulk liver stiffness whilst simultaneously screening for focal lesions of the liver/abdomen with conventional ultrasound imaging, as well as intra-abdominal doppler flow studies, is one potential advantage not currently associated with any other ultrasound-based methods of imaging tissue elasticity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">11</a> If ARFI is determined to be reliable, then a combined ARFI, conventional diagnostic imaging at a single patient encounter would allow for greater clinical convenience to both the patient and health care providers than the need to undergo both transient elastography (Fibroscan®) and a conventional ultrasound imaging on separate occasions. It may also be more cost effective for centres to acquire an ultrasound machine with ARFI technology than to acquire both transient elastography and conventional diagnostic ultrasound units.ConclusionIn our preliminary pilot study, ARFI imaging appears to have a significant correlation with the fi-brosis stage of both Batts-Ludwig and Ishak score in chronic liver disease. Future studies are needed to determine threshold ARFI values for each histolo-gic, especially fibrosis, stage.AcknowledgementAuthors acknowledge Ms Eva Germann for helping statistical analysis and also acknowledge all Ultrasound Technologists who helped this pilot project at VGH.DisclosuresThis clinical research project was unfunded. Sie-mans-Canada, Richmond BC, Canada provided the ACUSON S2000 Ultrasound Unit on loan for the purposes of this clinical study." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1211011" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abs0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1127295" "titulo" => "Key words" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Background" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Eligibility Criteria" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Ultrasound Protocol" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Statistical Analysis" ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Results" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Acknowledgement" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Disclosures" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2010-06-28" "fechaAceptado" => "2010-06-30" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Key words" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1127295" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Chronic Liver Disease" 1 => "Liver Biopsy" 2 => "Non-invasive" 3 => "ARFI" 4 => "Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "Background and aims. Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging (ARFI) is a novel non invasive technique studying the localized mechanical properties of tissue by utilising short, high intensity acoustic pulses (shear wave pulses) to assess the mechanical response (tissue displacement), providing a measure of tissue elasticity. The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of ARFI imaging as a non-invasive method for the assessment of liver fibrosis compared to liver biopsy scores.Materials and methods. A prospective blind comparison study of ARFI elastography (Virtual Touch Imaging™, ACUSON S2000 Ultrasound Unit, Siemens, Mountain View CA) in a consecutive series of patients who underwent liver biopsy for assessment of fibrosis in chronic liver disease. ARFI shear-wave propagation velocity was measured in meters per second. Mean ARFI velocities were compared with both Batts-Ludwig (F0 to F4) and Modified Ishak scores (F0 to F4) for fibrosis in liver biopsy findings. Twenty-one patients with chronic liver disease (Hepatitis C (HCV) = 16, Hepatitis B (HBV) = 1, both HCV and HBV = 1 Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) = 1, others = 2) underwent ARFI and liver biopsy on the same day.Results. The Spearman correlation coefficients between the median values of the ARFI measurements and the histological fibrosis stage of the Modified Ishak score and Batts-Lud-≥ wig score were both highly significant (p < 0.01) with rho = 0.69 and rho = 0.72 respectively. The median ARFI (total 180 replications; minimum 5, maximum 10 measurements per patients) velocities for our study population range from 0.92 to 4.17 m/sec. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the accuracy of ARFI imaging was 1.00 and 0.35, for the diagnosis of moderate fibrosis (histologic fibrosis stage, F ≥ 2) and 0.85 and 0.85 respectively for Ishak and Batts-Ludwig score, for the diagnosis of cirrhosis.Conclusion. ARFI imaging has a strong correlation with the fibrosis stage of both Batts-Ludwig and shak score in chronic liver disease. It’s accuracy in prediction of severe fibrosis and cirrhosis is maximal in comparison with earlier stages." ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "t0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "HCV: Hepatitis C. HBV: Hepatitis B. ALD: Alcoholic liver disease. AIH: Auto immune hepatitis. PBC: Primary biliary cirrhosis. P#: Case Identification, serial number/liver, n: number of replications. ARFI-Mean: Value of the Mean of Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging measurements per liver. ARFI-Median: Value of the Median of Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging measurements per liver. B1: BATTS-LUDWIG: Grade (inflammation score) -ONE measurement/liver No replications were done; [scale 0-4]. B2: BATTS-LUDWIG: Stage (fibrosis score) - ONE measurement/liver No replications were done; [scale 0-4]. l1: ISHAK score: Grade only - Test value: ONE measurement/liver No replications were done; [scale 0-18]. I2: ISHAK score: Modified stage - ONE measurement/liver No replications were done; [scale 0-4]." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patient# \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Diagnosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ARFI-Mean \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ARFI-Median \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">B1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">B2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">I1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">I2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">AIH/PBC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">3.412 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">3.290 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">HCV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.135 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.035 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">HCV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.110 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">0.970 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">HCV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.489 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.510 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">AIH \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.369 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.415 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">HCV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.375 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.375 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">HCV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.050 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.075 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">HBV/HCV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2.088 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.340 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">HCV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2.390 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.995 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">HCV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">3.795 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">3.935 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">HCV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2.125 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2.255 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">HCV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">3.294 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">4.170 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">HCV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.718 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.740 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">HCV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.432 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.425 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">HCV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.236 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.165 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">HCV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">0.848 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">0.920 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">HBV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.267 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.220 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">HCV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.197 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.190 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">ALD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">3.318 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">3.390 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">HCV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.311 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.310 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">HCV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.096 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1.130 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2067328.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Patient data including primary liver disease, ARFI measurements and histologic scores." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Quantitative analysis of the mechanical characteristics of pathologically changed soft biological tissues." "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "Skovoroda AR" 1 => "Klishko AN" 2 => "Gusakyan DA" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Biophysics" "fecha" => "1995" "volumen" => "40" "numero" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "1359" "paginaFinal" => "1364" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Transient elastography: a new noninvasive method for assessment of hepatic fibrosis." 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"autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "Fahey BJ" 1 => "Nightingale KR" 2 => "Nelson RC" 3 => "Palmen ML" 4 => "Trahey GE" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2005.05.004" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ultrasound Med Biol" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "31" "numero" => "9" "paginaInicial" => "1185" "paginaFinal" => "1198" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16176786" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "4." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A finite-element method model of soft tissue response to impulsive acoustic radiation force." 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Maznar Haque*, Charlotte Robinson**, David Owen***, Eric M. Yoshida*, Alison Harris**,

Corresponding author

alison.harris@vch.ca

Correspondence and reprint request: Dr. Alison Harris, Vancouver General Hospital1. Department of Radiology, 899 W12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Tel.: 604-875-4111 Fax: 604-875-4228

* Division of Gastroenterology. University of British Columbia and the Vancouver General Hospital, Canada.

** Departments of Radiology. University of British Columbia and the Vancouver General Hospital, Canada.

*** Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia and the Vancouver General Hospital, Canada.

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pathological changes in tissue mechanical properties are known to be accompanied by stiffness changes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Elastogra-phy is a relatively new ultrasound technique&#44; which provides non-invasive information &#40;complementary to diagnostic ultrasound and histological assessment of tissue&#41; about the mechanical properties of tissue by measuring local displacements&#44; which occur during global tissue compression&#46;</p><p id="p0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The feasibility of established elasticity imaging methods&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">i</span>&#46;e&#46; Fibroscan&#174; &#40;Echosens&#44; Paris France&#41; is well recognized&#44; and has shown significant promise for assessment of diffuse liver disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Moreover&#44; the technology is commercially licensed in Canada and throughout the world&#46; However there is little data to date regarding the novel technology of ARFI compared to a gold standard histological reference standard&#46;</p><p id="p0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ARFI is a newer technique providing non invasive information about the localized mechanical properties of tissue by utilizing short&#44; high intensity acoustic pulses &#40;shear wave pulses&#41; to locally displace tissues while conventional B-mode ultrasound is used to assess the mechanical response &#40;tissue displacement&#41; thereby providing a measure of tissue elasticity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> ARFI imaging is different to elastography in that it does not depend on operator-induced compression as it uses a shear wave pulse from the transducer to compress the tissue&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Moreover&#44; ARFI technology is a component of an ultrasound unit &#40;Virtual Touch Imaging<span class="elsevierStyleSup">TM</span>&#44; ACUSON S2000 Ultrasound Unit&#44; Siemens&#44; Mountain View&#44; CA&#41; and will allow for conventional ultrasound imaging in addition to ARFI determinations unlike the current commercially licensed elasticity technology &#40;i&#46;e&#46; Fibroscan&#174;&#44; Echo-sens&#44; Paris France&#41;&#46;</p><p id="p0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The primary end-point of this preliminary pilot study was to determine if ARFI imaging correlated with liver biopsy histology scores in patients with chronic liver disease&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Materials and methods</span><p id="p0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was designed as a prospective blind pilot comparison study of ARFI elastography in a consecutive series of patients who underwent liver biopsy for assessment of fibrosis in chronic liver disease at the Vancouver General Hospital&#46;</p><p id="p0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ethics approval was obtained from the University of British Columbia Clinical Ethics Research Board&#46;</p><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Eligibility Criteria</span><p id="p0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="li0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="list0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Inclusion criteria&#46;</span> All patients attending for an ultrasound guided liver biopsy with a history of chronic liver disease as determined necessary by the referring physicians who were able to understand and give full informed consent&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="list0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Exclusion criteria&#46;</span> Patients who were pregnant or breast feeding or had abnormal coagulation parameters precluding percutaneous core liver biopsy &#40;as per internal departmental protocol&#58; platelet count &#60; 50&#44;000&#47;mL and INR &#62; 1&#46;4&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Ultrasound Protocol</span><p id="p0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients were prepared according to the Radiology Department protocol for ultrasound guided percutaneous biopsy&#46; Patients fasted for 6 hours prior to the study&#46; A qualified ultrasound technologist performed a standard abdominal ultrasound&#46; ARFI imaging measurements were obtained at the same ultrasound visit and a single 18G core liver biopsy was performed&#46;</p><p id="p0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Wherever possible the same radiologist performed the biopsies and ARFI imaging measurements in each study patient&#46; All ultrasounds with ARFI were performed in the Ultrasound Department of the Vancouver General Hospital using an ARFI ultrasound unit &#40;Virtual Touch Imaging<span class="elsevierStyleSup">TM</span>&#44; ACUSON S2000 Ultrasound Unit&#44; Siemens&#44; Mountain View&#44; CA&#41;&#46; Radiologists had full access to the clinical history and previous imaging findings&#46;</p><p id="p0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ARFI shear-wave propagation velocity was measured in meters per second&#46; Ten ARFI measurements were taken on an average per patient and the average score was used&#46;</p><p id="p0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An experienced liver histopathologist &#40;D&#46;&#211;&#46;&#41; has been blinded to the clinical diagnosis and examined the liver histology&#46; Each specimen has been classified according to the Batts-Ludwig and Modified Is-hak scoring systems&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Mean ARFI velocities were compared with both Batts-Ludwig &#40;F0 to F4&#41; and Modified Ishak scores &#40;F0 to F4&#41; for fibrosis in liver biopsy findings&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Statistical Analysis</span><p id="p0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical significance was evaluated at the conventional &#945; &#61; 0&#46;05 probability level&#46; The ARFI measurements are presented as Mean &#177; Standard Deviation&#44; and Range &#40;also Median&#41; in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t0005">table 1</a>&#46; Comparative p-values by the parametric independent &#211;ne-sample t-tests were used to compare the differences between mean values of the ARFI measurements of each patient and the non-replicated &#91;one measurement per liver&#93; histological reference standards&#59; namely Butts-Ludwig inflammation score &#91;B1&#93;&#44; Butts-Ludwig fibrosis score &#91;B2&#93;&#44; Ishak modified inflammation grade&#91;I1&#93;and Ishak modified stage &#91;I2&#93;&#46; The parametric Paired t-tests and Pearson&#8217;s correlations &#40;2-tailed&#41; were applied to compare the</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="t0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="p0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mean ARFI measurements with the histological gold standards &#91;BI&#44; B2&#44; and II&#44; I2&#93;&#46; Non-parametric Spearman correlations &#40;2-tailed&#41; were also used to compare the Median ARFI measurements with the three histological gold standards&#46;</p><p id="p0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnostic Accuracy of the Median ARFI measurements values were experimented with the Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve &#40;ROC&#41; and evaluated as the areas under the curves for various fibrosis stages&#46; Statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS version 17&#46;0 software package &#40;SPSS Inc&#46; Chicago&#44; Illinois&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="p0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Twenty one patients with chronic liver disease &#40;Hepatitis C &#40;HCV&#41; &#61;16&#44; Hepatitis B &#40;HBV&#41; &#61;1&#44; both HCV and HBV &#61; 1 Alcoholic liver disease &#40;ALD&#41; &#61; 1&#44; others &#61; 2&#41; underwent ARFI and liver biopsy on the same day &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; The Spearman correlation coefficients between the median values of the ARFI measurements and the histological fibrosis stage of the Modified Ishak score and Batts-Ludwig score were both highly significant &#40;p &#60; 0&#46;001&#41; with rho &#61; 0&#46;69 and rho &#61; 0&#46;73 respectively&#46; The median ARFI &#40;total 180 replications&#59; minimum 5&#44; maximum 10 measurements per patients&#41; velocities for our study population range from 0&#46;92 to 4&#46;17 m&#47;s&#46; Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the accuracy of ARFI imaging was 1&#46;00 and 0&#46;35&#44; for the diagnosis of moderate fibrosis &#40;histologic fibrosis stage&#44; F &#8805; 2&#41; and 0&#46;85 and 0&#46;85 respectively for Ishak and Batts-Ludwig score&#44; for the diagnosis of cirrhosis&#46; For inflammation scores the correlation rho &#61; 0&#46;56 &#40;p &#61; 0&#46;008&#41;&#46; The value of the correlation was lower than fibrosis scores with Batts-Ludwig or with Modified Ishak scoring system&#44; but it was still statistically significant&#46; Due to the relatively small numbers of patients enrolled in this preliminary pilot study&#44; threshold ARFI values for the different histologic scores were not determinable&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Discussion</span><p id="p0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Imaging and histopathological assessment play a major role in the clinical assessment of patients with chronic liver disease and the complications of organ transplantation&#46; Early identification of significant target organ damage &#40;i&#46;e&#46; advanced fibrosis&#41; in this diverse group of patients is essential to initiate appropriate clinical decision making&#46; Liver biopsy is the current gold standard for the assessment of chronic liver disease but is not without problems&#58; a small but significant risk of severe complications and false negative results &#40;reported in high as 30&#37; of biopsy samples&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Ultrasonography has a reported accuracy of 82-88&#37; in the diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Newer imaging techniques&#44; such as elastography &#40;ie&#46; Fibroscan&#174; and ARFI&#41; have been developed to provide an alternative non invasive and accurate method of assessment of liver fibrosis&#46;</p><p id="p0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unlike Fibroscan&#174; the current clinical experience with ARFI in liver disease is still very limited&#46; Preliminary quantitative <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span> results&#44; however&#44; suggest that the ARFI method may be useful clinically&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> The utility of ARFI imaging has been demonstrated for abdominal applications&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> and in particular in the assessment of diffuse liver disease&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> particularly chronic viral hepatitis&#46; Recent data suggests that it may have a diagnostic accuracy comparable to that of transient elastography&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> It is also suggested that ARFI imaging improves visualization of malignancies in the liver and kidney compared to the use of conventional US alone&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> The experience with ARFI in terms of correlation with liver histology&#44; however&#44; is still very much in its early stages&#44; hence our decision to undertake this pilot study to determine the potential feasibility of ARFI at our hospital with &#8220;real world&#8221; patients drawn from clinical practice&#46; We note that the ability to measure bulk liver stiffness whilst simultaneously screening for focal lesions of the liver&#47;abdomen with conventional ultrasound imaging&#44; as well as intra-abdominal doppler flow studies&#44; is one potential advantage not currently associated with any other ultrasound-based methods of imaging tissue elasticity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> If ARFI is determined to be reliable&#44; then a combined ARFI&#44; conventional diagnostic imaging at a single patient encounter would allow for greater clinical convenience to both the patient and health care providers than the need to undergo both transient elastography &#40;Fibroscan&#174;&#41; and a conventional ultrasound imaging on separate occasions&#46; It may also be more cost effective for centres to acquire an ultrasound machine with ARFI technology than to acquire both transient elastography and conventional diagnostic ultrasound units&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conclusion</span><p id="p0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our preliminary pilot study&#44; ARFI imaging appears to have a significant correlation with the fi-brosis stage of both Batts-Ludwig and Ishak score in chronic liver disease&#46; Future studies are needed to determine threshold ARFI values for each histolo-gic&#44; especially fibrosis&#44; stage&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Acknowledgement</span><p id="p0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Authors acknowledge Ms Eva Germann for helping statistical analysis and also acknowledge all Ultrasound Technologists who helped this pilot project at VGH&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Disclosures</span><p id="p0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This clinical research project was unfunded&#46; Sie-mans-Canada&#44; Richmond BC&#44; Canada provided the ACUSON S2000 Ultrasound Unit on loan for the purposes of this clinical study&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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          "titulo" => "Background"
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          "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
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            0 => array:2 [
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              "titulo" => "Eligibility Criteria"
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              "titulo" => "Ultrasound Protocol"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Statistical Analysis"
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        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0035"
          "titulo" => "Results"
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        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0040"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
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        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0045"
          "titulo" => "Conclusion"
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          "titulo" => "Acknowledgement"
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          "identificador" => "sec0055"
          "titulo" => "Disclosures"
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          "titulo" => "References"
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    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2010-06-28"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2010-06-30"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Key words"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1127295"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Chronic Liver Disease"
            1 => "Liver Biopsy"
            2 => "Non-invasive"
            3 => "ARFI"
            4 => "Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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    "resumen" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abs0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="sp0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Background and aims&#46;</span> Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging &#40;ARFI&#41; is a novel non invasive technique studying the localized mechanical properties of tissue by utilising short&#44; high intensity acoustic pulses &#40;shear wave pulses&#41; to assess the mechanical response &#40;tissue displacement&#41;&#44; providing a measure of tissue elasticity&#46; The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of ARFI imaging as a non-invasive method for the assessment of liver fibrosis compared to liver biopsy scores&#46;</p><p id="sp3010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Materials and methods&#46;</span> A prospective blind comparison study of ARFI elastography &#40;Virtual Touch Imaging&#8482;&#44; ACUSON S2000 Ultrasound Unit&#44; Siemens&#44; Mountain View CA&#41; in a consecutive series of patients who underwent liver biopsy for assessment of fibrosis in chronic liver disease&#46; ARFI shear-wave propagation velocity was measured in meters per second&#46; Mean ARFI velocities were compared with both Batts-Ludwig &#40;F0 to F4&#41; and Modified Ishak scores &#40;F0 to F4&#41; for fibrosis in liver biopsy findings&#46; Twenty-one patients with chronic liver disease &#40;Hepatitis C &#40;HCV&#41; &#61; 16&#44; Hepatitis B &#40;HBV&#41; &#61; 1&#44; both HCV and HBV &#61; 1 Alcoholic liver disease &#40;ALD&#41; &#61; 1&#44; others &#61; 2&#41; underwent ARFI and liver biopsy on the same day&#46;</p><p id="sp2010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Results&#46;</span> The Spearman correlation coefficients between the median values of the ARFI measurements and the histological fibrosis stage of the Modified Ishak score and Batts-Lud-&#8805; wig score were both highly significant &#40;p &#60; 0&#46;01&#41; with rho &#61; 0&#46;69 and rho &#61; 0&#46;72 respectively&#46; The median ARFI &#40;total 180 replications&#59; minimum 5&#44; maximum 10 measurements per patients&#41; velocities for our study population range from 0&#46;92 to 4&#46;17 m&#47;sec&#46; Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the accuracy of ARFI imaging was 1&#46;00 and 0&#46;35&#44; for the diagnosis of moderate fibrosis &#40;histologic fibrosis stage&#44; F &#8805; 2&#41; and 0&#46;85 and 0&#46;85 respectively for Ishak and Batts-Ludwig score&#44; for the diagnosis of cirrhosis&#46;</p><p id="sp1010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusion&#46;</span> ARFI imaging has a strong correlation with the fibrosis stage of both Batts-Ludwig and shak score in chronic liver disease&#46; It&#8217;s accuracy in prediction of severe fibrosis and cirrhosis is maximal in comparison with earlier stages&#46;</p></span>"
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    ]
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="npara0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">HCV&#58; Hepatitis C&#46; HBV&#58; Hepatitis B&#46; ALD&#58; Alcoholic liver disease&#46; AIH&#58; Auto immune hepatitis&#46; PBC&#58; Primary biliary cirrhosis&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">P&#35;&#58;</span> Case Identification&#44; serial number&#47;liver&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">n&#58;</span> number of replications&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">ARFI-Mean&#58;</span> Value of the Mean of Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging measurements per liver&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">ARFI-Median&#58;</span> Value of the Median of Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging measurements per liver&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">B1&#58;</span> BATTS-LUDWIG&#58; Grade &#40;inflammation score&#41; -ONE measurement&#47;liver No replications were done&#59; &#91;scale 0-4&#93;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">B2&#58;</span> BATTS-LUDWIG&#58; Stage &#40;fibrosis score&#41; - ONE measurement&#47;liver No replications were done&#59; &#91;scale 0-4&#93;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">l1&#58;</span> ISHAK score&#58; Grade only - Test value&#58; ONE measurement&#47;liver No replications were done&#59; &#91;scale 0-18&#93;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">I2&#58;</span> ISHAK score&#58; Modified stage - ONE measurement&#47;liver No replications were done&#59; &#91;scale 0-4&#93;&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patient&#35;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">HCV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;135&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;035&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">HCV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;110&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;970&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">HCV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;489&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;510&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">AIH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;369&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;415&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">HCV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;375&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;375&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">HCV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;050&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;075&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">HBV&#47;HCV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">2&#46;088&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;340&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">HCV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">2&#46;390&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;995&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">HCV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">3&#46;795&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">3&#46;935&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">HCV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">2&#46;125&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">2&#46;255&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">HCV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">3&#46;294&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">4&#46;170&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">HCV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;718&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;740&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">HCV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;432&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;425&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">HCV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;236&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;165&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">HCV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;848&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;920&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">HBV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;267&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;220&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">HCV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;197&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;190&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">ALD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">3&#46;318&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">3&#46;390&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">HCV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;311&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;310&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">HCV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;096&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;130&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => "xTab2067328.png"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="sp0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient data including primary liver disease&#44; ARFI measurements and histologic scores&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
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      "titulo" => "References"
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          "identificador" => "bs0005"
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            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Quantitative analysis of the mechanical characteristics of pathologically changed soft biological tissues&#46;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "Skovoroda AR"
                            1 => "Klishko AN"
                            2 => "Gusakyan DA"
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                    ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Biophysics"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
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                        "numero" => "6"
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                        "paginaFinal" => "1364"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Transient elastography&#58; a new noninvasive method for assessment of hepatic fibrosis&#46;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "Sandrin L"
                            1 => "Fourquet B"
                            2 => "Hasquenoph JM"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ultrasound Med Biol"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "29"
                        "numero" => "12"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1705"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1713"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14698338"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging of the abdomen&#58; demonstration of feasibility and utility&#46;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "Fahey BJ"
                            1 => "Nightingale KR"
                            2 => "Nelson RC"
                            3 => "Palmen ML"
                            4 => "Trahey GE"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2005.05.004"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Ultrasound Med Biol"
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                        "paginaFinal" => "1198"
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                            "web" => "Medline"
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            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "A finite-element method model of soft tissue response to impulsive acoustic radiation force&#46;"
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                        0 => array:2 [
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                        "tituloSerie" => "IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control"
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                      "titulo" => "Chronic hepatitis&#44; an update on terminology and reporting&#46;"
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Article information

ISSN: 16652681
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/S1665-2681(19)31639-4

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	5	1	6
2024 October	37	32	69
2024 September	53	12	65
2024 August	88	25	113
2024 July	93	23	116
2024 June	52	26	78
2024 May	54	27	81
2024 April	54	33	87
2024 March	54	31	85
2024 February	63	19	82
2024 January	67	13	80
2023 December	49	8	57
2023 November	59	13	72
2023 October	60	15	75
2023 September	47	15	62
2023 August	48	9	57
2023 July	56	6	62
2023 June	47	1	48
2023 May	40	5	45
2023 April	54	3	57
2023 March	33	8	41
2023 February	25	1	26
2023 January	20	4	24
2022 December	27	6	33
2022 November	28	5	33
2022 October	37	9	46
2022 September	50	13	63
2022 August	44	15	59
2022 July	25	9	34
2022 June	26	9	35
2022 May	30	6	36
2022 April	27	9	36
2022 March	27	20	47
2022 February	15	5	20
2022 January	34	19	53
2021 December	14	14	28
2021 November	33	5	38
2021 October	26	13	39
2021 September	11	7	18
2021 August	12	6	18
2021 July	11	9	20
2021 June	7	5	12
2021 May	16	6	22
2021 April	40	17	57
2021 March	12	11	23
2021 February	7	7	14
2021 January	9	8	17
2020 December	13	2	15
2020 November	15	5	20
2020 October	8	3	11
2020 September	15	7	22
2020 August	11	3	14
2020 July	15	6	21
2020 June	5	2	7
2020 May	10	5	15
2020 April	22	3	25
2020 March	9	0	9
2020 February	36	3	39
2020 January	44	2	46
2019 December	31	8	39
2019 November	54	3	57
2019 October	25	11	36
2019 September	0	8	8
2019 August	1	6	7
2019 July	1	10	11
2019 June	1	4	5

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