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Original article
Knockdown of long non-coding RNA LINC01006 represses the development of hepatocellular carcinoma by modulating the miR-194-5p/CADM1 axis
Zhaoxia Suna, Li Zhaoa, Shuang Wanga, Honggang Wangb,
Corresponding author
wanghonggang2130@163.com

Corresponding author.
a Department of Infectious Diseases, Weifang Yidu Central Hospital, No.4138, Linglongshan South Road, Qingzhou City, Weifang, Shandong 262500, China.
b Clinical Laboratory, Weifang People's Hospital, No.151, Guangwen Street, Kuiwen District, Weifang, Shandong 261041, China.
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          "en" => "<p id="spara001" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">LINC01006 was highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma &#40;HCC&#41; tissues and HCC cells&#46; &#40;A&#41; Relative expression of LINC01006 in tumour tissues and adjacent normal tissues was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction &#40;qRT-PCR&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#44; vs&#46; Adjacent normal tissues&#46; &#40;B&#41; Relative expression of LINC01006 at tumour node metastasis &#40;TNM&#41; stage I&#47;II and TNM stage III&#47;IV was determined by qRT-PCR in tumour&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#44; vs&#46; I&#47;II&#46; &#40;C&#41; Relative expression of LINC01006 in HepG2&#44; SMMC-7721&#44; Hep3B&#44; Sk-Hep1 and LO2 cells was determined by qRT-PCR&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#44; vs&#46; LO2&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0007">Introduction</span><p id="para0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hepatocellular carcinoma &#40;HCC&#41;&#44; which is considered to be the third most fatal cancer worldwide&#44; comprises 90&#37; of all liver cancers <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001">&#91;1&#93;</a>&#46; As a rapidly growing and invasive tumour&#44; HCC is chiefly induced by long-term liver injury caused by inherited metabolic disorders&#44; viral hepatitis&#44; excessive alcohol consumption&#44; and toxin exposure <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002">&#91;2&#93;</a>&#46; The high probability of tumour metastasis and recurrence is the primary factor leading to the poor prognosis of patients with HCC <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003">&#91;3&#93;</a>&#46; There are many therapeutic modalities for HCC&#44; including surgical options and ablative electrochemical therapies &#91;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004">4</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">5</a>&#93;&#46; Currently&#44; although HCC therapy has made great strides&#44; the treatment effect on recurrent or metastatic HCC remains unsatisfactory&#44; and the prevalence of HCC continues to rise <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0006">&#91;6&#8211;8&#93;</a>&#46; Therefore&#44; it is imperative to discover additional insights into the mechanism of HCC and exploit novel targets for HCC therapy&#46;</p><p id="para0006" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Long non-coding RNAs &#40;lncRNAs&#41;&#44; which comprise over 200 nucleotides in length&#44; are a subgroup of non-coding RNAs that exhibit limited or no protein-coding potential &#91;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0009">9</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">10</a>&#93;&#46; Several studies have confirmed the indispensable roles of lncRNAs in HCC <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0011">&#91;11&#8211;13&#93;</a>&#46; A document from Zou et&#160;al&#46; stated that silencing of lncRNA HLA complex group 18 suppresses the proliferation and migration of HCC cells while stimulating their apoptosis <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0011">&#91;11&#93;</a>&#46; Another report from Wang et&#160;al&#46; showed that knockdown of long intergenic non-protein coding RNA &#40;LINC&#41; 1134 inhibits the migration and invasion of HCC cells <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> and restrains HCC liver metastasis <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0012">&#91;12&#93;</a>&#46; A similar study by Wu et&#160;al&#46; confirmed that lncRNA metallothionein 1J&#44; pseudogene markedly impairs proliferation while also enhancing apoptosis in HCC cells <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0013">&#91;13&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="para0007" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LINC01006&#44; located on human chromosome 7q36&#46;37&#44; has been shown to be implicated in several cancers &#91;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">14</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">15</a>&#93;&#46; Downregulation of LINC01006 is closely associated with age&#44; tumour size&#44; tumour location&#44; and venous invasion in gastric cancer <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">&#91;14&#93;</a>&#46; Silencing of LINC01006 attenuates the proliferative&#44; migratory&#44; and invasive abilities of pancreatic cancer cells <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">&#91;15&#93;</a>&#46; Nonetheless&#44; there are few studies on the function and mechanism of LINC01006 in HCC&#46;</p><p id="para0008" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MicroRNAs &#40;miRNAs&#47;miRs&#41;&#44; which have a length of 19&#8211;24 nucleotides&#44; are short single-stranded non-coding RNAs that can modulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0016">&#91;16&#93;</a>&#46; In the past few years&#44; increasing attention has been paid to miRNAs in the progression of HCC &#91;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0017">17</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0018">18</a>&#93;&#46; Wang et&#160;al&#46; reported that upregulation of miR-302b represses the proliferation of HCC cells and the G1-S transition <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0017">&#91;17&#93;</a>&#46; Li et&#160;al&#46; indicated that inhibition of miR-221 restrains the proliferation&#44; migration&#44; and invasion of HCC cells <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0018">&#91;18&#93;</a>&#46; LncRNAs can act as competing endogenous RNAs &#40;ceRNAs&#41; or sponges of miRNAs&#46; Minichromosome maintenance complex component 3 associated protein antisense RNA 1 &#40;MCM3AP-AS1&#41; is known to contribute to the progression of HCC by targeting miR-194-5p <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0019">&#91;19&#93;</a>&#46; X-inactive specific transcript &#40;XIST&#41; functions as a molecular sponge of miR-194-5p to accelerate HCC tumorigenesis <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">&#91;20&#93;</a>&#46; In addition&#44; miR-194-5p is reported to target numerous downstream genes that are involved in HCC progression&#44; such as forkhead box A1 &#40;FOXA1&#41; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0019">&#91;19&#93;</a>&#44; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 &#40;MAPK1&#41; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">&#91;20&#93;</a>&#44; and Wee1-like protein kinase <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0021">&#91;21&#93;</a>&#46; More importantly&#44; a recent study conducted by Niu et&#160;al&#46; revealed that miR-194 interaction with cell adhesion molecule 1 &#40;CADM1&#41; affects the progression of HCC <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0022">&#91;22&#93;</a>&#46; However&#44; the interactions among LINC01006&#44; miR-194-5p&#44; and CADM1 in HCC have not yet been explored&#46;</p><p id="para0009" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the current study&#44; we attempted to evaluate the expression and function of LINC01006 in HCC&#46; Moreover&#44; the molecular basis of LINC01006 in HCC progression was further investigated&#46; We aimed to provide novel insights into the biological role of LINC01006 in HCC as well as a potential target for HCC treatment&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0002" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0008">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0003" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0009">HCC samples</span><p id="para0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From March 2018 to February 2019&#44; paired HCC and adjacent normal tissues &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;61&#41; were acquired from patients who underwent hepatectomy&#46; None of the HCC patients received any chemotherapy or embolotherapy before surgery&#46; The tissue samples were affirmed by two histopathologists&#46; The present study was approved by the ethics committee of Weifang Yidu Central Hospital on the basis of the Declaration of Helsinki&#46; Each participant enrolled in this research provided written informed consent before the surgical operation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0004" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0010">Cell culture</span><p id="para0011" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The human immortalised liver cell line &#40;MIHA&#41; and human HCC cell lines &#40;Huh7&#44; SNU-398&#44; Hep3B&#44; and Sk-Hep1&#41; were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection &#40;Manassas&#44; VA&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The cells were cultured in Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle&#39;s Medium &#40;DMEM&#59; Gibco&#44; Grand Island&#44; NY&#44; USA&#41; supplemented with 10&#37; foetal bovine serum &#40;FBS&#59; Gibco&#41; and antibiotics &#40;100 U&#47;mL penicillin and 100 &#956;g&#47;mL streptomycin&#41; at 37&#160;&#176;C with 5&#37; CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0011">Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction &#40;qRT-PCR&#41;</span><p id="para0012" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Trizol reagent &#40;Sangon Biotech&#44; Shanghai&#44; China&#41; was used for RNA isolation&#46; Total RNA was reverse transcribed into complementary DNA using an M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase kit &#40;Sangon Biotech&#41;&#46; The qRT-PCR assay was implemented using SYBR&#174; Premix Ex Taq&#8482; II &#40;Takara&#44; Dalian&#44; China&#41;&#46; The PCR &#39069;ing conditions were as follows&#58; 94&#160;&#176;C for 5&#160;min&#44; followed by 40 cycles of 94&#160;&#176;C for 30&#160;s&#44; 60&#160;&#176;C for 20&#160;s&#44; and 72&#160;&#176;C for 5&#160;min&#46; All primers were purchased from Invitrogen &#40;Carlsbad&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41;&#44; and the primer sequences are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0001">Table&#160;1</a>&#46; The relative expression levels of LINC01006&#44; miR-194-5p&#44; and CADM1 were calculated using the 2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;&#916;&#916;ct</span> method&#46; Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was used as an internal reference&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0001"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0006" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0012">Cell transfection</span><p id="para0013" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Short hairpin RNAs &#40;shRNAs&#41; against LINC01006 &#40;sh-LINC01006-1 and sh-LINC01006-2&#41;&#44; shRNA negative control &#40;sh-NC&#41;&#44; miR-NC&#44; miR-194-5p mimics&#44; miR-194-5p inhibitor&#44; pcDNA-NC&#44; and pcDNA-CADM1 were purchased from RiboBio Company &#40;Beijing&#44; China&#41;&#46; Next&#44; the above factors were transfected into Hep3B and Sk-Hep1 cells using Lipofectamine 3000 &#40;Invitrogen&#41; for 48 h according to the provided protocol&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0007" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;5</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0013">Dual-luciferase reporter &#40;DLR&#41; assay</span><p id="para0014" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 3&#8242;-untranslated region &#40;UTR&#41; of LINC01006 or CADM1 harbouring the binding sequence of miR-194-5p was introduced into the pGL3 luciferase reporter vector &#40;Promega&#44; Madison&#44; WI&#44; USA&#41;&#44; forming the LINC01006 wild type &#40;WT&#41; or CADM1 WT&#46; Analogously&#44; the 3&#8242;-UTR segment of LINC01006 or CADM1&#44; including the mutated binding sequence of miR-194-5p&#44; was introduced into the pGL3 luciferase reporter vector &#40;Promega&#41;&#44; generating the LINC01006 mutant &#40;MUT&#41; or CADM1 MUT&#46; The above reporters&#44; along with miR-194-5p mimics or miR-NC&#44; were transfected into cells using Lipofectamine 3000 &#40;Invitrogen&#41;&#46; After transfection for 48 h&#44; relative luciferase activity was measured with a DLR assay system &#40;Promega&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0008" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;6</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0014">3-&#40;4&#44;5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl&#41;-2&#44;5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide &#40;MTT&#41; assay</span><p id="para0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cells were seeded into 96-well plates at a density of 6&#44;000 cells&#47;well&#46; At 0&#44; 24&#44; 48&#44; 72&#44; and 96&#160;h after incubation&#44; MTT &#40;10 &#956;L&#59; Sigma-Aldrich&#44; St&#46; Louis&#44; MO&#44; USA&#41; was added&#44; and the cells were incubated at 37&#160;&#176;C for another 4&#160;h&#46; At the end of the culture&#44; 150 &#956;L dimethyl sulfoxide was added&#46; The optical density at 490 nm was measured with an FL600 fluorescence plate reader &#40;Bio-Rad&#44; Hercules&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0009" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;7</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0015">Wound healing assay</span><p id="para0016" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cells were seeded into 6-well plates at a density of 6&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>&#8201;cells&#47;well and cultured with DMEM containing 10&#37; FBS until the cell monolayer was generated&#46; Unilaminar cells were scratched with a 10 &#956;L sterile pipette tip&#46; Then&#44; PBS was added to remove the scratched cells&#46; The cells were then cultured in serum-free medium at 37&#176;C&#46; After culturing for 24&#160;h&#44; the migration distance of the cell scratch region was examined under an inverted microscope &#40;TE2000&#59; Nikon&#44; Tokyo&#44; Japan&#41;&#46; The formula for calculating the wound healing rate was as follows&#58; &#40;1&#8211;24&#160;h scratch width&#47;0 h scratch width&#41;&#160;&#215;&#160;100&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;8</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0016">Transwell assay</span><p id="para0017" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The cell invasion capacity was determined using a transwell chamber coated with Matrigel &#40;BD Biosciences&#44; Sparks&#44; MD&#44; USA&#41;&#46; First&#44; cells in serum-free medium were shifted to the upper chamber &#40;BD Biosciences&#41;&#46; The lower chamber was loaded with 600&#160;&#956;L DMEM containing 10&#37; FBS&#46; After incubation for 24&#160;h&#44; the transwell chamber was removed&#46; Cells in the upper compartment were sponged with cotton swabs&#44; and cells in the lower compartment were stained with 0&#46;1&#37; crystal violet for 5 min&#46; After washing with PBS&#44; the invasive ability of the cells was evaluated by counting the number of invading cells under a fluorescence microscope &#40;TE2000&#59; Nikon&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0011" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;9</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0017">Western blot</span><p id="para0018" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Total cells were lysed using radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer &#40;Thermo Fisher Scientific&#44; Waltham&#44; MA&#44; USA&#41;&#46; Protein samples were isolated by 10&#37; sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis&#44; transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes&#44; and blocked with 5&#37; non-fat milk&#46; The membranes were then incubated with the anti-CADM1 &#40;1&#58;1000&#44; ab216585&#59; Abcam&#44; Cambridge&#44; MA&#44; USA&#41; and anti-&#946;-tubulin &#40;1&#58;500&#44; ab6046&#59; Abcam&#41; primary antibodies overnight at 4&#176;C&#46; After washing with tris-buffered saline-Tween 20&#44; the secondary antibody &#40;1&#58;2000&#44; ab6747&#59; Abcam&#41; was supplemented and cultured with the protein samples at 37&#160;&#176;C for 1&#160;h&#46; The blot signals were visualised using electrochemiluminescence reagents &#40;Millipore&#44; Plano&#44; TX&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The relative expression of CADM1 over the &#946;-tubulin band was quantified using a Gel-Pro Analyser &#40;Media Cybernetics&#44; Rockville&#44; MD&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0012" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;10</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0018">Nude mouse tumorigenesis assay</span><p id="para0019" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All animal experiments were approved by the animal ethics committee of our hospital and abided by the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals&#46; Four-week-old male BALB&#47;C nude mice were purchased from the National Laboratory Animal Center &#40;Beijing&#44; China&#41; and divided into two groups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;5 per group&#41;&#46; Hep3B cells &#40;5&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span>&#41; transfected with the lentivirus vector of sh-LINC01006-1 &#40;Lv-sh-LINC01006-1&#41; or the lentivirus vector of sh-NC &#40;Lv-sh-NC&#41; were subcutaneously implanted into the right flank of the nude mice at 100&#160;&#956;L cell suspension per injection as previously described <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0023">&#91;23&#93;</a>&#46; Tumour volumes were gauged once every 5 days and calculated using the following formula&#58; &#40;A&#160;&#215;&#160;B<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; &#47; 2 &#40;A&#44; the longest diameter&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B</span>&#44; the shortest diameter&#41;&#46; On the 30th day after injection&#44; the mice were anaesthetized with pentobarbital sodium &#40;50&#160;mg&#47;kg&#41; and sacrificed&#46; The tumours were then dissected and weighed&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0013" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;11</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0019">Statistical analysis</span><p id="para0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In vitro experiments were repeated three times&#46; Additionally&#44; the MTT assay&#44; DLR assay&#44; and qRT-PCR were performed in triplicate &#40;3&#160;&#215;&#160;3&#41;&#46; In vivo experiments were performed using five mice in each group&#46; Data were analysed using SPSS Statistics 22&#46;0 software &#40;IBM SPSS&#44; Armonk&#44; NY&#44; USA&#41; and are presented as means&#8201;&#177;&#8201;standard deviations&#46; The Student&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test was used to compare differences between two groups&#46; A one-way analysis of variance was used to analyse differences among multiple groups&#44; and Tukey&#39;s multiple comparisons test was used for pairwise comparisons&#46; The correlations between two genes were analysed using the Pearson correlation test&#46; Differences were considered statistically significant at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;05&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0014" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0020">Results</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0021">LINC01006 is highly expressed in HCC tissues and cells</span><p id="para0021" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To determine the role of LINC01006 in HCC&#44; we determined the expression of LINC01006 in tumour tissues from HCC patients and in HCC cell lines&#46; The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression level of LINC01006 in tumour tissues was distinctly elevated compared to that in adjacent normal tissues &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0001">Fig&#46;&#160;1</a>A&#41;&#46; Next&#44; to determine the clinical significance of LINC01006 in HCC&#44; we analysed the relationships between clinicopathological features and the expression of LINC01006 in HCC cases&#46; We discovered that LINC01006 was closely associated with metastasis and tumour node metastasis &#40;TNM&#41; stage &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0002">Table&#160;2</a>&#41;&#46; The relative expression of LINC01006 in HCC patients at TNM stage III-IV was boosted compared to that in patients at TNM stage I-II &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0001">Fig&#46;&#160;1</a>B&#41;&#46; We also observed that LINC01006 was upregulated in HCC cell lines &#40;Huh7&#44; SNU-398&#44; Hep3B&#44; and Sk-Hep1&#41; compared to MIHA cells &#40;all <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0001">Fig&#46;&#160;1</a>C&#41;&#46; Among them&#44; Hep3B and Sk-Hep1 were selected for the subsequent trials because of the relatively high expression levels of LINC01006&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0001"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0002"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0016" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0022">Downregulation of LINC01006 suppresses the proliferation&#44; migration&#44; and invasion of HCC cells and represses HCC tumour growth in mice</span><p id="para0022" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Next&#44; we probed the potential role of LINC01006 in HCC cells&#46; First&#44; we silenced LINC01006 using sh-LINC01006-1 or sh-LINC01006-2 in Hep3B and Sk-Hep1 cells&#46; As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0002">Fig&#46;&#160;2</a>A&#44; the expression of LINC01006 was markedly reduced by sh-LINC01006-1 or sh-LINC01006-2 in Hep3B and Sk-Hep1 cells &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#41;&#44; and sh-LINC01006-1 was selected for subsequent experiments on account of its relatively high knockdown efficiency&#46; The results of the MTT assay indicated that the viability of Hep3B and Sk-Hep1 cells in the sh-LINC01006-1 group was lower than that in the sh-NC group &#40;all <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0002">Fig&#46;&#160;2</a>B&#41;&#46; The wound healing assay showed that the wound healing rate of Hep3B and Sk-Hep1 cells was decreased by the knockdown of LINC01006 &#40;all <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0002">Fig&#46;&#160;2</a>C&#41;&#46; The transwell assay demonstrated that the number of invading cells was diminished by the knockdown of LINC01006 in Hep3B and Sk-Hep1 cells &#40;all <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0002">Fig&#46;&#160;2</a>D&#41;&#46; To elucidate the biological role of LINC01006 in HCC <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span>&#44; we performed a mouse tumorigenesis assay&#46; As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0002">Fig&#46;&#160;2</a>E&#44; the tumour volume in the Lv-sh-LINC01006-1 group was dramatically reduced on the 20th&#44; 25th&#44; and 30th days after injection relative to the Lv-sh-NC group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0002">Fig&#46;&#160;2</a>E&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; the tumour weight in the Lv-sh-LINC01006-1 group was also evidently reduced compared to the Lv-sh-NC group on the 30th day after injection &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0002">Fig&#46;&#160;2</a>E&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0002"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0017" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0023">LINC01006 acts as a sponge of miR-194-5p</span><p id="para0023" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To gain mechanistic insight into LINC01006&#44; we predicted its target using the LncBase Predicted v2 database&#46; The results illustrated that miR-194-5p shared complementary binding to LINC01006 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0003">Fig&#46;&#160;3</a>A&#41;&#46; Meanwhile&#44; miR-194-5p was upregulated by the transfection of sh-LINC01006-1 into Hep3B and Sk-Hep1 cells &#40;all <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0003">Fig&#46;&#160;3</a>B&#41;&#44; suggesting a negative modulation loop between miR-194-5p and LINC01006 in human HCC cells&#46; To test the association between miR-194-5p and LINC01006&#44; a DLR assay was conducted&#44; which showed that upregulation of miR-194-5p reduced the relative luciferase activity of Hep3B and Sk-Hep1 cells transfected with the LINC01006 WT reporter but had no significant impact on the relative luciferase activity of Hep3B and Sk-Hep1 cells transfected with LINC01006 MUT &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0003">Fig&#46;&#160;3</a>C&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; miR-194-5p was notably diminished in tumour tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0003">Fig&#46;&#160;3</a>D&#41;&#46; The outcome of Pearson correlation analysis indicated that there was an inverse correlation between miR-194-5p and LINC01006 in human HCC tissues &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;0009&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;-0&#46;4155&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0003">Fig&#46;&#160;3</a>E&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; the expression of miR-194-5p was determined in HCC cell lines&#46; As illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0003">Fig&#46;&#160;3</a>F&#44; we observed decreased expression of miR-194-5p in HCC cell lines compared to MIHA cells &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0003"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0018" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0024">Overexpression of miR-194-5p represses cell viability&#44; migration&#44; and invasion in HCC cells</span><p id="para0024" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Subsequently&#44; we examined the function of miR-194-5p in HCC cells&#46; As illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0004">Fig&#46;&#160;4</a>A&#44; we observed that the expression of miR-194-5p in Hep3B and Sk-Hep1 cells was increased by transfection with miR-194a-5p mimics and decreased by the miR-194a-5p inhibitor &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#41;&#46; The cell viability of Hep3B and Sk-Hep1 cells was decreased by miR-194-5p overexpression &#40;all <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0004">Fig&#46;&#160;4</a>B&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; the migratory and invasive abilities of Hep3B and Sk-Hep1 cells were repressed by overexpression of miR-194-5p &#40;all <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0004">Fig&#46;&#160;4</a>C and D&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0004"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0019" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;5</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0025">CADM1 is the target of miR-194-5p</span><p id="para0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to identify the downstream target of miR-194-5p&#44; we performed a prediction using StarBase&#46; The results showed that there were binding sites between CADM1 and miR-194-5p &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46;&#160;5</a>A&#41;&#46; To confirm this prediction&#44; a DLR assay was performed&#46; The results revealed that the relative luciferase activity of Hep3B and Sk-Hep1 cells was visibly decreased by co-transfection with the CADM1 WT reporter and miR-194-5p mimics&#44; whereas the relative luciferase activity of Hep3B and Sk-Hep1 cells was not significantly different after co-transfection with miR-194-5p mimics and the CADM1 MUT reporter &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46;&#160;5</a>B&#41;&#46; Western blot analysis showed that CADM1 expression was distinctly reduced by miR-194-5p overexpression in Hep3B and Sk-Hep1 cells &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46;&#160;5</a>C&#41;&#46; Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas database indicated that expression of CADM1 was augmented in HCC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;05&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46;&#160;5</a>D&#41;&#46; The results from qRT-PCR showed that CADM1 was also elevated in tumour tissues relative to that in adjacent normal tissues &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46;&#160;5</a>E&#41;&#46; Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that LINC01006 was positively correlated with CADM1 in human HCC tissues &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;0008&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;4190&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46;&#160;5</a>F&#41;&#44; and miR-194-5p was inversely correlated with CADM1 in human HCC tissues &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;0004&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;-0&#46;4389&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46;&#160;5</a>G&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; the results of the western blot assay demonstrated that the protein level of CADM1 was significantly elevated in HCC cell lines compared to that in MIHA cells &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46;&#160;5</a>H&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;6</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0026">Downregulation of LINC01006 represses cell invasion&#44; migration&#44; and proliferation by sponging miR-194-5p to modulate the expression of CADM1</span><p id="para0026" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To further validate the relationships among LINC01006&#44; miR-194-5p&#44; and CADM1&#44; sh-LINC01006-1 or sh-LINC01006-1&#160;&#43;&#160;miR-194a-5p inhibitor was transfected into Hep3B cells to determine the protein level of CADM1&#46; As presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0006">Fig&#46;&#160;6</a>A&#44; the CADM1 protein level was downregulated by sh-LINC01006-1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#41;&#44; whereas transfection with miR-194a-5p reversed the inhibitory effect of sh-LINC01006-1 on the CADM1 protein level &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;05&#41;&#46; Next&#44; the transfection efficiency of pcDNA-CADM1 was determined&#46; We found that CADM1 expression was significantly elevated in Hep3B cells transfected with pcDNA-CADM1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0006">Fig&#46;&#160;6</a>B&#41;&#44; which suggested that pcDNA-CADM1 was transfected successfully&#46; Next&#44; we carried out rescue experiments&#46; We discovered that the addition of sh-LINC01006-1 significantly decreased cell viability in Hep3B cells &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#41;&#44; and the inhibitory effect of sh-LINC01006-1 on cell viability was reversed by the addition of pcDNA-CADM1 or miR-194-5p inhibitor in Hep3B cells &#40;all <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0006">Fig&#46;&#160;6</a>C&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; the cell migration and invasion abilities were restrained by sh-LINC01006-1 in Hep3B cells &#40;all <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#41;&#44; and the suppressive effects of sh-LINC01006-1 on the migratory and invasive abilities of Hep3B cells were reversed by pcDNA-CADM1 or the miR-194-5p inhibitor &#40;all <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0006">Fig&#46;&#160;6</a>D and E&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0006"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0021" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0027">Discussion</span><p id="para0027" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">HCC is regarded as a common hepatic malignancy worldwide that continues to increase in prevalence &#91;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0024">24</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">25</a>&#93;&#46; Previous studies have revealed upregulation of several lncRNAs in HCC&#44; including myocardial infarction-associated transcript <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0026">&#91;26&#93;</a>&#44; lncRNA activated by transforming growth factor-&#946; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0027">&#91;27&#93;</a> and HOX antisense intergenic RNA <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0028">&#91;28&#93;</a>&#46; Consistent with the above studies&#44; we observed that LINC01006 was augmented in HCC tissues and cells compared to their controls&#44; implying that LINC01006 is involved in HCC&#46; Moreover&#44; a prior study stated that LINC01006 is relevant to tumour location&#44; tumour size&#44; venous invasion&#44; and age in gastric cancer <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">&#91;14&#93;</a>&#46; Similarly&#44; we found that LINC01006 was associated with metastasis and TNM stage&#46; Its association with metastasis also indicates that LINC01006 may be applied as a tool for predicting prognosis&#44; given that metastasis is relevant to the poor prognosis of patients with HCC <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003">&#91;3&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="para0028" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recent studies have shown that LINC01006 plays a critical role in pancreatic cancer &#91;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">15</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029">29</a>&#93;&#46; Ma et&#160;al&#46; revealed that overexpression of LINC01006 significantly contributes to enhancing the proliferation&#44; migration&#44; and invasion of prostate cancer cells <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029">&#91;29&#93;</a>&#46; Zhang et&#160;al&#46; stated that LINC01006 knockdown represses the cell invasion&#44; migration&#44; and proliferation abilities in pancreatic cancer <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">&#91;15&#93;</a>&#46; Similarly&#44; we discovered that the knockdown of LINC01006 also represses cell proliferation&#44; invasion&#44; and migration in HCC&#46; Additionally&#44; in nude mouse xenograft models&#44; downregulation of LINC01006 remarkably repressed HCC tumour growth&#46; These findings indicate that LINC01006 may act as a novel target for HCC therapy&#46;</p><p id="para0029" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previous studies have shown that lncRNAs can serve as ceRNAs to sponge miRNAs in diverse cancers&#44; including HCC <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">&#91;30&#93;</a>&#46; EPB41L4A-AS2-miR-301a-5p <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0031">&#91;31&#93;</a>&#44; PCAT-1-miR-215 <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0032">&#91;32&#93;</a> and MALAT1-miR-200a <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0033">&#91;33&#93;</a> have been verified in HCC&#46; Here&#44; we validated that lncRNA LINC01006 functions as a ceRNA to sponge miR-194-5p and that it is inversely correlated with miR-194-5p&#46; In addition&#44; downregulation of miR-194-5p has previously been demonstrated to participate in the progression of HCC cells &#91;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0019">19</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">20</a>&#93;&#46; Downregulation of miR-194-5p was affirmed in HCC tissues compared to paracancerous tissues&#44; and MCM3AP-AS1 was revealed to exert an oncogenic role by targeting miR-194-5p in HCC <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0019">&#91;19&#93;</a>&#46; MiR-194-5p was shown to be diminished in HCC tissues compared to non-tumour tissues&#44; and overexpression of miR-194-5p appeared to suppress the proliferation and invasion of HCC cells <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">&#91;20&#93;</a>&#46; Similarly&#44; we discovered that upregulation of miR-194-5p attenuates the cell proliferation&#44; invasion&#44; and migration abilities in HCC cells&#46; We also found that the miR-194-5p inhibitor reversed the suppressive effects of sh-LINC01006 on the viability&#44; invasion&#44; and migration of HCC cells&#46; Taken together<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44;</span> we inferred that sh-LINC01006 fulfils a tumour suppressor role by targeting miR-194-5p in HCC&#46;</p><p id="para0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CADM1&#44; also known as tumour suppressor in lung cancer 1&#44; encodes a 442 amino acid protein that contains a cytoplasmic domain&#44; an extracellular domain&#44; and a transmembrane domain &#91;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0034">34</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">35</a>&#93;&#46; Aberrant expression of CADM1 has been demonstrated to play a notable role in the progression of HCC &#91;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0036">36</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0037">37</a>&#93;&#46; Sun et&#160;al&#46; affirmed that suppression of CADM1 can stimulate the migration and invasion of HCC cells <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0038">&#91;38&#93;</a>&#46; Zhang et&#160;al&#46; declared that upregulation of CADM1 represses the tumorigenicity of HCC both <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0037">&#91;37&#93;</a>&#46; In the current study&#44; CADM1 was found to have increased expression in HCC cells and tissues compared to their controls&#44; suggesting that CADM1 may be implicated in the development of HCC&#46; Moreover&#44; CADM1 has also been reported to act as the downstream target of other miRNAs in HCC&#44; such as miR-1246 <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0038">&#91;38&#93;</a> and miR-10b <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0039">&#91;39&#93;</a>&#46; Here&#44; CADM1 was the target of miR-194-5p&#44; and Pearson correlation analysis revealed that there was an inverse association between CADM1 and miR-194-5p in HCC tissues&#46; In view of the above findings&#44; we speculated that miR-194-5p acted as a tumour suppressor by targeting CADM1 in HCC&#46; We also found that CADM1 was inversely correlated with LINC01006&#44; and the suppressive effects of sh-LINC01006 on the viability&#44; migration&#44; and invasion of HCC cells were reversed by pcDNA-CADM1&#46; We found that sh-LINC01006 may repress the development of HCC by modulating the miR-194-5p&#47;CADM1 axis&#46; In addition&#44; LINC01006 interaction with other regulatory axes in pancreatic cancer and prostate cancer has previously been reported &#91;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">15</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029">29</a>&#93;&#46; Zhang et&#160;al&#46; demonstrated that the LINC01006&#47;miR-2682-5p&#47;HOXB8 axis accelerates the tumorigenesis of pancreatic cancer and thus may be a treatment target <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">&#91;15&#93;</a>&#46; Ma et&#160;al&#46; showed that LINC01006 is involved in the enhancement of cell proliferation&#44; migration&#44; and invasion in prostate cancer via interaction with the miR-34a-5p&#47;DAAM1 axis <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029">&#91;29&#93;</a>&#46; Meanwhile&#44; the functions of the miR-194-5p&#47;FOXA1 <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0019">&#91;19&#93;</a> and miR-194-5p&#47;MAPK1 axes <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">&#91;20&#93;</a> as well as the CADM1-Rb-E2F <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0037">&#91;37&#93;</a> and CADM1-STAT3 pathways <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">&#91;40&#93;</a> have been confirmed in HCC&#46; We speculated that these downstream targets and pathways may also be involved in the regulatory mechanism of LINC01006 in HCC&#46;</p><p id="para0031" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To conclude&#44; our results uncovered that LINC01006 is upregulated in HCC tissues and cells&#46; LINC01006 directly interacts with miR-194-5p&#44; and CADM1 is targeted by miR-194-5p&#46; Mechanistically&#44; sh-LINC01006 serves as a tumour suppressor lncRNA by sponging miR-194-5p and subsequently modulating the expression of CADM1&#46; Thus&#44; our results illustrate that LINC01006 may be a promising target for HCC therapy&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0022" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0028">Availability of data and materials</span><p id="para0032" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The datasets used and&#47;or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request</p></span><span id="sec0023" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0029">Ethics approval and consent to participate</span><p id="para0033" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study was authorized by the ethics committee of Weifang Yidu Central Hospital on the basis of the Declaration of Helsinki&#46; Each participant enrolled in this research had written informed consent before surgical operation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0024" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0030">Consent for publication</span><p id="para0034" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Not applicable</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0031">Funding</span><p id="para0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Funding information is not applicable&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025a" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0031a">CRediT authorship contribution statement</span><p id="para0035a" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Zhaoxia Sun&#58;</span> Visualization&#44; Data curation&#44; Formal analysis&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Li Zhao&#58;</span> Investigation&#44; Writing &#8211; original draft&#44; Writing &#8211; review &#38; editing&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Shuang Wang&#58;</span> Visualization&#44; Data curation&#44; Formal analysis&#44; Writing &#8211; review &#38; editing&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Honggang Wang&#58;</span> Investigation&#44; Writing &#8211; original draft&#44; Writing &#8211; review &#38; editing&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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        3 => array:3 [
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          "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
          "secciones" => array:11 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0003"
              "titulo" => "HCC samples"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0004"
              "titulo" => "Cell culture"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0005"
              "titulo" => "Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction &#40;qRT-PCR&#41;"
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              "identificador" => "sec0006"
              "titulo" => "Cell transfection"
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            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0007"
              "titulo" => "Dual-luciferase reporter &#40;DLR&#41; assay"
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            5 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0008"
              "titulo" => "3-&#40;4&#44;5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl&#41;-2&#44;5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide &#40;MTT&#41; assay"
            ]
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              "identificador" => "sec0009"
              "titulo" => "Wound healing assay"
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            7 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0010"
              "titulo" => "Transwell assay"
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            8 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0011"
              "titulo" => "Western blot"
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            9 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0012"
              "titulo" => "Nude mouse tumorigenesis assay"
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              "titulo" => "Statistical analysis"
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          "titulo" => "Results"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "LINC01006 is highly expressed in HCC tissues and cells"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0016"
              "titulo" => "Downregulation of LINC01006 suppresses the proliferation&#44; migration&#44; and invasion of HCC cells and represses HCC tumour growth in mice"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0017"
              "titulo" => "LINC01006 acts as a sponge of miR-194-5p"
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              "identificador" => "sec0018"
              "titulo" => "Overexpression of miR-194-5p represses cell viability&#44; migration&#44; and invasion in HCC cells"
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            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0019"
              "titulo" => "CADM1 is the target of miR-194-5p"
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            5 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Downregulation of LINC01006 represses cell invasion&#44; migration&#44; and proliferation by sponging miR-194-5p to modulate the expression of CADM1"
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          "titulo" => "Discussion"
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          "titulo" => "Availability of data and materials"
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          "titulo" => "Ethics approval and consent to participate"
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          "titulo" => "Consent for publication"
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          "titulo" => "Funding"
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          "titulo" => "CRediT authorship contribution statement"
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          "identificador" => "xack654237"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
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          "titulo" => "References"
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    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2021-03-08"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2021-05-21"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1614019"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Hepatocellular carcinoma"
            1 => "LINC01006"
            2 => "miR-194-5p"
            3 => "CADM1"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abss0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0002">Introduction and objectives</span><p id="spara010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Long non-coding RNAs &#40;lncRNAs&#41; have great potential as therapeutic targets in hepatocellular carcinoma &#40;HCC&#41;&#46; In this study&#44; we aimed to uncover the function and molecular mechanism of long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1006 &#40;LINC01006&#41; in HCC&#46;</p></span> <span id="abss0002" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0003">Materials and methods</span><p id="spara011" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mice were injected with HCC cells in order to establish the HCC model&#46; Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the expression levels of LINC01006&#44; cell adhesion molecule 1 &#40;CADM1&#41;&#44; and microRNA &#40;miR&#41;-194-5p in HCC tissues and cells&#46; The cell proliferation&#44; invasion&#44; and migration abilities were assessed by 3-&#40;4&#44;5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl&#41;-2&#44;5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide&#44; transwell&#44; and wound healing assays&#46; The interrelation between LINC01006&#44; miR-194-5p&#44; and CADM1 was confirmed by a dual-luciferase reporter assay&#46; Western blotting was employed to assess the relative protein expression level of CADM1&#46;</p></span> <span id="abss0003" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0004">Results</span><p id="spara012" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">LINC01006 and CADM1 displayed upregulation&#44; but miR-194-5p exhibited downregulation in HCC cells and tissues&#46; Short hairpin &#40;sh&#41;-LINC01006 and miR-194-5p mimics repressed the proliferative&#44; migratory&#44; and invasive capacities of HCC cells&#44; and injection of sh-LINC01006 restrained the growth of HCC tumours in mice&#46; LINC01006 served as a competing endogenous RNA of miR-194-5p and was inversely correlated with miR-194-5p&#46; CADM1 was targeted by miR-194-5p&#44; inversely correlated with miR-194-5p&#44; and positively associated with LINC01006&#46; Furthermore&#44; transfection of pcDNA-CADM1 or the miR-194-5p inhibitor reversed the suppressive effects of sh-LINC01006 on the proliferation&#44; invasion&#44; and migration abilities of HCC cells&#46;</p></span> <span id="abss0004" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0005">Conclusions</span><p id="spara013" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Downregulation of LINC01006 repressed the development of HCC by sponging miR-194-5p to modulate the expression of CADM1&#44; implying its potential as a therapeutic target for HCC&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spara001" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">LINC01006 was highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma &#40;HCC&#41; tissues and HCC cells&#46; &#40;A&#41; Relative expression of LINC01006 in tumour tissues and adjacent normal tissues was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction &#40;qRT-PCR&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#44; vs&#46; Adjacent normal tissues&#46; &#40;B&#41; Relative expression of LINC01006 at tumour node metastasis &#40;TNM&#41; stage I&#47;II and TNM stage III&#47;IV was determined by qRT-PCR in tumour&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#44; vs&#46; I&#47;II&#46; &#40;C&#41; Relative expression of LINC01006 in HepG2&#44; SMMC-7721&#44; Hep3B&#44; Sk-Hep1 and LO2 cells was determined by qRT-PCR&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#44; vs&#46; LO2&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spara005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CADM1 was target gene of miR-194-5p&#46; &#40;A&#41; The binding sites between CADM1 and miR-194-5p were predicted by LncBase Predicted v&#46;2&#46; &#40;B&#41; Dual-luciferase reporter &#40;DLR&#41; assay was used for confirming the relationship between miR-194-5p and CADM1 in Hep3B and Sk-Hep1 cells&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#44; vs&#46; miR-negative control &#40;NC&#41;&#46; &#40;C&#41; Relative protein expression of CADM1 in Hep3B and Sk-Hep1 cells was detected by western blot&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#44; vs&#46; miR-NC&#46; &#40;D&#41; Relative expression of CADM1 in hepatocellular carcinoma &#40;HCC&#41; tissues and non-cancerous tissues from the cancer genome atlas &#40;TCGA&#41; database&#46; &#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;05&#44; vs&#46; Non-cancerous tissues&#46; LIHC&#58; liver hepatocellular carcinoma&#46; &#40;E&#41; Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction &#40;qRT-PCR&#41; was used to detect relative expression of CADM1 in tumour tissues and adjacent normal tissues&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#44; vs&#46; Adjacent normal tissues&#46; &#40;F&#41; The relationship between LINC01006 and CADM1 in HCC tissues was analyzed by Pearson&#39;s correlation analysis&#46; &#40;G&#41; The relationship between CADM1 and miR-194-5p in HCC tissues was analyzed by Pearson&#39;s correlation analysis&#46; &#40;H&#41; Relative expression of CADM1 in HepG2&#44; Hep3B&#44; SMMC-7721&#44; Sk-Hep1 and LO2 cells was determined by western blot&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#44; vs&#46; LO2&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig0006"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 6"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 2360
            "Ancho" => 3000
            "Tamanyo" => 772668
          ]
        ]
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0006"
            "detalle" => "Fig "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara006" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Knockdown of LINC01006 inhibited cell invasion&#44; migration and proliferation by sponging miR-194-5p to modulate the expression of CADM1&#46; &#40;A&#41; Relative expression of CADM1 in Hep3B cells was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction &#40;qRT-PCR&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#44; vs&#46; pcDNA-NC&#46; &#40;B&#41; Cell viability in Hep3B cells was determined by 3-&#40;4&#44; 5-Dimethyl-2-Thiazolyl&#41;-2&#44; 5-Diphenyl-2-H-Tetrazolium Bromide &#40;MTT&#41; assay&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#44; vs&#46; sh-negative control &#40;NC&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;&#35;</span>P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#44; vs&#46; sh-LINC01006-1&#46; &#40;C&#41; Wound healing rate of Hep3B cells was determined by wound healing assay&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#44; vs&#46; sh-NC&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;&#35;</span>P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#44; vs&#46; sh-LINC01006-1&#46; &#40;D&#41; Number of invasion cells in Hep3B cells was detected by transwell assay&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#44; vs&#46; sh-NC&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;&#35;</span>P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#44; vs&#46; sh-LINC01006-1&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      6 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0001"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0007"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0001"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gene&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0002"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Forward&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0003"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reverse&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0004"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">LINC01006&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0005"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&#8217;-TTTGTGGTGGTGAAGACGTG-3&#8217;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0006"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&#8217;-TCCTCAAGAATAAGGAACATAGGC-3&#8217;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0007"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">MiR-194-5p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0008"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&#8217;-GCCGCTGTAACAGCAACTCCAT-3&#8217;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0009"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&#8217;-GTGCAGGGTCCGAGGT-3&#8217;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0010"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">CADM1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0011"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&#8217;-TGCTGTGCTTGCTCATCATTCT-3&#8217;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0012"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&#8217;- TCTGCGTCTGCTGCGTCAT-3&#8217;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0013"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">GAPDH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0014"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&#8217;-CAGGAGGCATTGCTGATGAT -3&#8217;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0015"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&#8217;-GAAGGCTGGGGCTCATTT-3&#8217;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara007" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Primers for qRT-PCR in this study&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      7 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0002"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0008"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara009" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Note&#58; &#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;05&#44; WHO&#58; world health organization&#44; TNM &#58; tumour node metastasis&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0016"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable</th><a name="en0017"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total</th><a name="en0018"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col">LINC01006 expression</th><a name="en0019"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-value</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0022"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Low&#40;30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0023"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">High&#40;31&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0025"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Gender&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0026"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0027"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0028"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0029"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;662&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0030"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0031"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0032"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0033"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0034"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0035"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0036"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0037"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0038"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0039"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0040"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0041"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0042"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0043"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0044"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;684&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0045"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#60; 60years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0046"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0047"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0048"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0049"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0050"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8805; 60 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0051"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0052"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0053"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0054"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0055"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Diameter&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0056"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0057"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0058"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0059"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;332&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0060"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#60; 6 cm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0061"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0062"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0063"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0064"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0065"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8805; 6 cm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0066"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0067"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0068"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0069"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Metastasis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;015&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">NO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0078"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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ISSN: 16652681
Original language: English
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