Need for real availability of topical anti-fungal and anti-amoeba eye drugs in the Spanish Health System

Rocha-de-Lossada, C.; Cano-Ortiz, A.; Naveria Torres-Quiroga, M.; Rodríguez-Calvo-de-Mora, M.

doi:10.1016/j.oftale.2020.05.030

array:23 ["pii" => "S2173579420301821" "issn" => "21735794" "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftale.2020.05.030" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-11-01" "aid" => "1745" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Oftalmología" "copyrightAnyo" => "2020" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "cor" "cita" => "Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2020;95:e81-e82" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0365669120302161" "issn" => "03656691" "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftal.2020.05.034" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-11-01" "aid" => "1745" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Oftalmología" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "cor" "cita" => "Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2020;95:e81-e82" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "es" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Carta al Director" "titulo" => "Necesidad de una disponibilidad real de fármacos oculares tópicos antifúngicos y antiamebianos en el Sistema Sanitario Español" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "e81" "paginaFinal" => "e82" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Need for real availability of topical anti-fungal and anti-amoeba eye drugs in the Spanish Health System" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "C. Rocha-de-Lossada, A. Cano-Ortiz, M. Naveria Torres-Quiroga, M. Rodríguez-Calvo-de-Mora" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Rocha-de-Lossada" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Cano-Ortiz" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Naveria Torres-Quiroga" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Rodríguez-Calvo-de-Mora" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2173579420301821" "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftale.2020.05.030" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173579420301821?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0365669120302161?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03656691/0000009500000011/v2_202108180554/S0365669120302161/v2_202108180554/es/main.assets" ] ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2173579420301316" "issn" => "21735794" "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftale.2020.04.017" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-11-01" "aid" => "1700" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Oftalmología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2020;95:569-72" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Short communication" "titulo" => "Vittaforma corneae keratoconjunctivitis: An emerging pathology among travelers returning from Southeast Asia" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "569" "paginaFinal" => "572" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Queratoconjuntivitis por Vittaforma corneae: una enfermedad emergente entre los viajeros que regresan del sudeste asiático" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 362 "Ancho" => 1300 "Tamanyo" => 53827 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "A. Slit lamp examination at presentation. Severe conjunctival hyperemia with corneal difusse epithelial keratitis and superficial neovascularization was present. B. Corneal infiltrates remain stable one month after the diagnosis and the beginning of chlorhexidine and systemic albendazole. C. Five months after the diagnosis severe superficial punctate keratitis and limbal vessel ingurgitation remained and topical dexametasone was introduced." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "F. Arnalich-Montiel, P. de-Arriba-Palomero, E. de Dompablo, R. Carrillo-Gijon, R. Lopez-Velez, J. Lorenzo-Morales" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Arnalich-Montiel" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "de-Arriba-Palomero" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "de Dompablo" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Carrillo-Gijon" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Lopez-Velez" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Lorenzo-Morales" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0365669120301556" "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftal.2020.04.017" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0365669120301556?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173579420301316?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/21735794/0000009500000011/v1_202011010626/S2173579420301316/v1_202011010626/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:14 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Letter to the Editor" "titulo" => "Need for real availability of topical anti-fungal and anti-amoeba eye drugs in the Spanish Health System" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "saludo" => "Dear Sir," "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "e81" "paginaFinal" => "e82" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "C. Rocha-de-Lossada, A. Cano-Ortiz, M. Naveria Torres-Quiroga, M. Rodríguez-Calvo-de-Mora" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Rocha-de-Lossada" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "carlosrochadelossada5@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Cano-Ortiz" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Naveria Torres-Quiroga" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Rodríguez-Calvo-de-Mora" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Córnea y Segmento Anterior, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Superficie, Córnea y Cirugía Refractiva, Hospital la Arruzafa, Córdoba, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Córnea, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Córnea y Superficie, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Necesidad de una disponibilidad real de fármacos oculares tópicos antifúngicos y antiamebianos en el Sistema Sanitario Español" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "Acanthamoeba fungal keratitis tends to have a worse prognosis than bacterial keratitis, producing lower best corrected visual acuity, a need for longer treatment periods and increased likelihood of perforation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">1–3</a> In recent years we have witnessed an increase in the incidence of said keratitis mainly due to the use of contact lenses and prolonged use of topical corticoids.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a> In addition, it has also recently been observed that cases of Acanthamoeba infection appear to be more severe<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">4</a> and that both keratitis can present as co-infection between them and with other microorganisms, further complicating the picture.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">4</a>However, despite being the infectious keratitis types with the worst evolution, we do not routinely have the most effective drugs against them<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010">2,5</a>: they usually have to be requested from the Hospital Pharmacy through Foreign Medicine for a specific patient (so it is not possible to keep a stock), purchased over the Internet or ordered to prepare a master formula, making it difficult to obtain in a quick way. To this difficulty in obtaining the most effective treatments we must add the complex diagnosis of these pathogens. On the one hand, they are often confused clinically with other infectious keratitis,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a> as the clinical appearance does not always indicate the origin of the infection, In fact, late diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis is extremely common as it is confused with herpes keratitis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a> Even among corneal subspecialists there would be less than 70% chance of differentiating clinically between fungal and bacterial keratitis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a> On the other hand, cultures are slow to grow and can often be negative. Furthermore, neither panfungal and amoebic PCR nor confocal microscopy are routinely available in all hospital settings.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a> As a consequence of the above, the probability of having to perform a tectonic keratoplasty can be high for both Acanthamoeba keratitis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a> and fungal keratitis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">7</a>In what concerns treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis, a combination of diamidines (propamidine: Brolene®; hexamidine: Desomenide®) with biguanides (chlorhexidine; polyhexamethylbiguanide [PHMB]) has traditionally been recommended as the standard treatment because of its synergistic effect.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a> Diamidines should not be used in monotherapy, since their minimal inhibitory cysticidal action can be high (cases of resistance have been found at concentrations between 125−500 μg/mL).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">8</a> None of the diamidines or biguanides are currently available in Spain. Brolene® and Desomenide® are foreign drugs and both chlorhexidine and PHMB should be prepared as the master formula, with chlorhexidine being more frequently used because of its ease of access, although PHMB at 0.02% according to recent studies could be as effective as the combination of other biguanides and diamidines.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a> In fact, the use of 0.08% PHMB in monotherapy versus 0.02% PHMB combined with 0.1% propamidine is being evaluated in a clinical trial, from which we expect encouraging results.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">9</a> From the above we deduce that PHMB, combined or not and with a concentration to be determined, could be considered as the standard of treatment for Acanthamoeba keratitis.Regarding the therapeutic management of fungal keratitis, for the treatment of filamentous fungi we do not have direct access to natamycin 5% eye drops (Natacyn®), which must be requested as a foreign medicine. Both voriconazole and fluconazole must be prepared as a master formula. The same occurs with amphotericin for the treatment of yeast. In the treatment of filamentous fungi, the clinical trial MUT-I<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">5</a> demonstrated the superiority of topical 5% natamycin with respect to topical voriconazole, especially in cases of Fusarium spp which, on the other hand, is the most frequent causal agent.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025">5,7</a> The MUT-II<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">7</a> clinic trial showed that the outcome of filamentous keratitis was not improved by adding oral voriconazole to topical treatment. It also appears that voriconazole is not effective in intra-stromal injections.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a> Voriconazole would therefore have a limited role in the treatment of filamentous fungal keratitis.In conclusion, due to the increased incidence of (co)infections by fungal filamentous keratitis and Acanthamoeba, the difficulty of early diagnosis and poor prognosis (especially if treatment is initiated late), we believe it is imperative to facilitate access to the above-mentioned drugs. In this sense, we ask the Ophthalmology Society of Spain to mediate with the authorities within its possibilities so that any ophthalmology department may have the most effective therapeutic armamentarium for the treatment of our patients." "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-05-20" "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Please cite this article as: Rocha-de-Lossada C, Cano-Ortiz A, Naveria Torres-Quiroga M, Rodríguez-Calvo-de-Mora M. Necesidad de una disponibilidad real de fármacos oculares tópicos antifúngicos y antiamebianos en el Sistema Sanitario Español. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2020;95:e81–e82." ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Visual impairment in fungal versus bacterial corneal ulcers four years after successful antimicrobial treatment" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "N.V. Prajna" 1 => "M. Srinivasan" 2 => "J. Mascarenhas" 3 => "P. Lalitha" 4 => "R. Rajaraman" 5 => "S.M. McClintic" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ajo.2019.03.010" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Ophthalmol." "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "204" "paginaInicial" => "124" "paginaFinal" => "129" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30902692" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Acanthamoeba keratitis: time to cure and visual outcome analysis for different antiamoebic therapies in 227 cases" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "V. Papa" 1 => "P. Rama" 2 => "C. Radford" 3 => "D.C. Minassian" 4 => "J.K.G. Dart" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314485" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Br J Ophthalmol." "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "104" "paginaInicial" => "575" "paginaFinal" => "581" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31401556" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Acanthamoeba keratitis: are recent cases more severe?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. Roozbahani" 1 => "K.M. Hammersmith" 2 => "C.J. Rapuano" 3 => "P.K. Nagra" 4 => "Q.E. Zhang" 5 => "S.Y. Siu" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/ICO.0000000000001640" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Cornea." "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "37" "paginaInicial" => "1381" "paginaFinal" => "1387" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29847494" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The acanthamoeba-fungal study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "A. Raghavan" 1 => "S. Baidwal" 2 => "N. Venkatapathy" 3 => "R. Rammohan" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ajo.2019.01.024" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Ophthalmol." "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "201" "paginaInicial" => "31" "paginaFinal" => "36" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30721687" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The mycotic ulcer treatment trial: a randomized trial comparing natamycin vs voriconazole" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "N.V. Prajna" 1 => "T. Krishnan" 2 => "J. Mascarenhas" 3 => "R. Rajaraman" 4 => "L. Prajna" 5 => "M. Srinivasan" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.1497" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "JAMA Ophthalmol." "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "131" "paginaInicial" => "422" "paginaFinal" => "429" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23710492" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The clinical differentiation of bacterial and fungal keratitis: a photographic survey" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "C. Dalmon" 1 => "T.C. Porco" 2 => "T.M. Lietman" 3 => "N.V. Prajna" 4 => "L. Prajna" 5 => "M.R. Das" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1167/iovs.11-8478" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci." "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "53" "paginaInicial" => "1787" "paginaFinal" => "1791" ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Effect of oral voriconazole on fungal keratitisin the mycotic ulcer treatment trial II (MUTT II): a randomized clinical trial" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "N.V. Prajna" 1 => "T. Krishnan" 2 => "R. Rajaraman" 3 => "S. Patel" 4 => "M. Srinivasan" 5 => "M. Das" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.4096" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "JAMA Ophthalmol." "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "134" "paginaInicial" => "1365" "paginaFinal" => "1372" ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Persistently culture positive Acanthamoeba keratitis: in vivo resistance and in vitro sensitivity" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J.J. Perez-Santonja" 1 => "S. Kilvington" 2 => "R. Hughes" 3 => "A. Tufail" 4 => "M. Matheson" 5 => "J.K.G. Dart" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/S0161-6420(03)00481-0" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ophthalmology" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "110" "paginaInicial" => "1593" "paginaFinal" => "1600" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12917179" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT03274895. Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) ophthalmic solution in subjects affected by Acanthamoeba keratitis. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2017, 2018." ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mycotic antimicrobial localized injection. a randomized clinical trial evaluating intrastromal injection of voriconazole" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "S. Narayana" 1 => "T. Krishnan" 2 => "S. Ramakrishnan" 3 => "P.P. Samantaray" 4 => "A. Austin" 5 => "J. Pickel" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.03.020" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ophthalmology." "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "126" "paginaInicial" => "1084" "paginaFinal" => "1089" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30904540" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/21735794/0000009500000011/v1_202011010626/S2173579420301821/v1_202011010626/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "5813" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Letter to the Editor" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/21735794/0000009500000011/v1_202011010626/S2173579420301821/v1_202011010626/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173579420301821?idApp=UINPBA00004N"]

ISSN: 2173-5794
e-ISSN: 1989-7286

Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología is the official journal of the Ophthalmology Society of Spain, that has over 4,000 members. It gives priority to the publication of basic, translational and clinic research including reviews, original articles, short communications, editorials, letters to the editor and clinic practice guides related to Ophthalmology and its subspecialties. A small section of the journal is reserved for the most relevant papers presented at the annual Congress of the Society. All manuscripts considered for publication are reviewed by expert examiner peers (double blind). The journal is published monthly and even though its official language is Spanish all articles are translated into English to increase the dissemination of scientific information. At present, Archivos is the only Spanish language Ophthalmology journal indexed in PubMed/MEDLINE in addition to other prestigious international databases such as Scopus.

See more Open Access Option

Indexed in:

PubMed/MedLine, Scopus, EMBASE, IBECS, IME, SCIELO, BIOSIS, SENIOR, COMPLUDOC

Subscribe:

Citescore

CiteScore measures average citations received per document published.

Citescore 2023

1.2

SJR

SRJ is a prestige metric based on the idea that not all citations are the same. SJR uses a similar algorithm as the Google page rank; it provides a quantitative and qualitative measure of the journal's impact.

SJR 2023

0.247

SNIP

SNIP measures contextual citation impact by wighting citations based on the total number of citations in a subject field.

SNIP 2023

0.263

View more metrics

Journal Information

Previous article | Next article

Vol. 95. Issue 11.