A protocol for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity in Spain | Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (English Edition)

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Retinopathy of prematurity &#40;ROP&#41; is a peripheral proliferative vitreoretinopathy that expresses in immature premature infants of as yet unknown etiopathogeny&#46; Premature babies are born with an immature retina in what concerns vascularization&#46; Through a mechanism which to date is unknown even though there is an increasing amount of information&#44; a number of metabolic events occur at the limits of the mature&#8211;immature retina which restricts the normal growth and development of vessels and causes the secondary appearance of neovessels and fibrovascular tissue that could evolve toward traction with retina detachment&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ROP has a very important social and economic impact&#46; About 5&#37; of survivors weighing less than 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g are legally blind&#46; A higher percentage exhibits significant visual alterations&#46; Severe ROP is directly associated to severe neurological development disorders and&#44; in the presence of visual problems&#44; the functional evolution of these patients is worse&#44; as 77&#37; are unable to take care of themselves&#46; The severity of ROP is taken as a long-term neurological dysfunction marker<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and currently it is considered an important health problem&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is essential to have a diagnostic and follow-up protocol in order to ensure adequate management of ROP&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Classification of retinopathy of prematurity</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to establish a treatment protocol for ROP it is essential to determine its classification&#46; In 1984 the International ROP Classification was published and modified in 1997 to include the classification of DR&#44; cicatricial changes and sequels&#46; In 2005 it was reviewed to include standards for each parameter by means of photographs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Each ROP case is defined according to 3 areas&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Localization</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The retina is divided in 3 concentric zones&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Zone I is the innermost area centered in the papilla from which the vessels progress&#46; Its radius is twice the distance between the papilla and the macula&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Zone II is concentric to zone I and its diameter reaches the nasal <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ora serrata</span>&#46; Recent studies have differentiated and anterior and posterior zone II because the involvement in posterior zone I or zone II is more severe&#46; Accordingly&#44; the ROP developed in this &#8220;posterior zone&#8221; &#40;posterior zone I<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>zone II&#41; is defined as posterior ROP&#46; Clinically&#44; the limit of said posterior zone is established when looking through the lens of 2&#46;2 or 25D&#44; with the papilla being at the opposite limit of the lens&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Zone III is the temporal half moon which goes from zone II to the limits of the temporal <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ora serrata</span>&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Circumferential&#47;clock extension</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The involvement must be specified in circumferential clock hours&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Evolutionary stage</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Five stages have been differentiated&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stage 1 corresponds to the line separating the vascular and avascular retina&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stage 2 corresponds to the monticular crest&#44; with thickened separation line which becomes prominent&#46; Possibility of arteriovenous shunts and thickening of vessels posteriorly to the crest&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stage 3 corresponds to extra-retinal vascularization&#44; with crest reddening and posterior growth of continuous or discontinuous anomalous vessels&#46; This neovascularization is derived from the posterior edge of the crest and is usually accompanied by glyal proliferation&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stage 4 corresponds to subtotal&#44; exudative or tractional retina detachment without or with involvement of the fovea &#40;4a&#44; 4b respectively&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stage 5 corresponds to total RD&#44; subdivided in open or closed anterior and posterior tunnel&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition&#44; the classification establishes the &#8220;plus disease&#8221;&#44; a sign of severity which may appear at any stage&#46; It indicates a high flow vascular short-circuit due to active arteriovenous shunts and is characterized by tortuosity and dilatation of the posterior pole vessels in at least 2 quadrants&#44; and&#47;or pupil rigidity&#46; The presence of disease plus is indicated adding a plus sign to the stage&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are additional concepts which must be known in ROP&#44; such as the &#8220;pre-threshold disease&#8221; and the &#8220;threshold disease&#8221;&#44; which appeared with the development of the Multicenter Trial of Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a> and the ETROP Study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Early Treatment for ROP Randomized Trial</span>&#41;&#46; The &#8220;type I prethreshold disease&#8221; is defined as&#58; zone I&#44; any stage with disease plus&#59; zone I&#44; stage 3 without disease plus and zone II&#44; stage 2&#43; and 3&#43;&#44; and &#8220;prethreshold disease type 2&#8221; as&#58; zone I&#44; stage 1 or 2 without disease plus&#44; and zone II&#44; stage 3 without disease plus&#46; &#8220;Threshold disease&#8221; is defined as the presence in zone I or II of stage 3&#43; in 5 consecutive hours or 8 overall hours&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; &#8220;posterior ROP&#8221; is defined as any degree of retinopathy in the posterior zone &#40;posterior zone I and zone II&#41; in the presence of plus signs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Retinopathy of prematurity treatment</span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Treatment criteria</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment is considered to be necessary in the presence of&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Threshold disease&#58; 5 consecutive hours or 8 overall hours in stage 3 plus&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prethreshold disease type 1&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0020"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Zone I&#44; any stage with disease plus&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Zone I&#44; stage 3 without disease plus&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Zone II&#44; stage 2&#43; and 3&#43;&#46;</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Treatment methodology</span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Diode laser photocoagulation</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At this time&#44; diode laser photocoagulation is the treatment of choice&#46; In what concerns methodology&#44; the following is applicable&#46;</p><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Pre-treatment guidelines</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0025"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The treatment must be applied within 48&#8211;72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours after diagnosis&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0075"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ophthalmologist and the anesthetist must present an informed consent to the parents or legal custodians&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0080"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pre-surgery midriasis must be achieved applying the minimum dosage to avoid the side effects of midriatics&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> achieving at the same time efficient and lasting midriasis enabling the application of laser&#46; Ideally&#44; parasympathetic blockers should be associated &#40;1&#37; tropicamide or 0&#46;5 or 1&#37; cyclopentolate&#41; with sympathomimetics &#40;phenylephrine at 2&#46;5 or 1&#37;&#41;&#46; Guidelines for midriasis may be established in each center on the basis of studies demonstrating efficacy and safety&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Treatment guidelines</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0030"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0085"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anesthesia can be topical&#44; sedation with gases&#44; IV sedation&#44; general anesthesia with intubation or laryngeal mask according to the criteria of each center on the basis of its experience and results&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0090"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anesthesia can be applied in the neonatal unit or operating theater at the choice of each hospital&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0095"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is recommended to maintain adequate environmental temperature and apply thermal protection to the infant&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0100"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It can be applied through indirect ophthalmoscopy&#44; the most widely used method&#44; or transscleral by means of a retinopexy probe&#46; In the case of indirect ophthalmoscopy&#44; it is essential to be extremely careful to avoid accidental application on the macular area&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0105"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The initial energy is of about 350<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mW &#40;depending on the equipment and the time of use&#58; with longer time more powerful energies are required&#41;&#44; with an application time of 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms and repetition time of 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms&#44; which enables focusing on the different zones maintaining the foot on the pedal&#46; A whitish-creamy lesion must be obtained and it should be applied in nearly confluent manner throughout the avascular retina&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> The final scars are broader than the impacts and this must be taken into account in posterior retinopathy to avoid scars close to the paramacular zone&#46; The entire avascular retina must be treated in a single session&#46; Partial treatment is not recommended&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0110"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 360&#176; of avascular retina must be treated&#44; although the meridians of II and IX may be left untreated&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Post-treatment guidelines</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0035"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0115"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Topical anti-inflammatories can be prescribed after treatment&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0120"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After the treatment&#44; the patient must be checked within 7&#8211;10 days from the first application&#46; If signs of activity and untreated areas persist&#44; these must be completed&#46;</p></li></ul></p><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Cryotherapy</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At present&#44; cryotherapy is not the first choice of treatment and is applied in the following circumstances&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0040"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0125"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Poor midriasis or opacities making laser application impossible&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0130"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As coadjuvant to laser treatment in case of persistent neovascularizations that could benefit from application of cryotherapy&#46; These cases involve high risk of bleeding and therefore application must be carried out with extreme caution&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0135"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Urgent cases of aggressive ROP requiring urgent treatment and laser is not available&#46;</p></li></ul></p><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Pretreatment guidelines</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These are the same as the diode laser application guidelines&#46; An informed consent must be given to parents and pre-surgery midriasis must follow said indications&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Treatment guidelines</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0045"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0140"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment must be carried out in the operating room&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0145"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is recommended to maintain adequate temperature in the environment and apply thermal protection to the premature&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0150"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pediatric probes must be used&#46; The use of adult probes is contraindicated&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0155"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">General anesthesia is recommended as this is a more painful treatment and causes more cardiorespiratory instability conditions in the patient&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0160"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is applied with ophthalmoscopy coagulation control&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0165"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The probe is maintained until a whitish scar is obtained&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0170"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Defreezing must be awaited before separating the probe with great care because the sclera of prematures is very fragile&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0175"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Care must be taken to avoid very anterior applications which could damage the ciliary body&#44; with the risk of phthisis bulbi&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0180"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A palpebral opening could be necessary in extremely posterior applications&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0185"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Action on extraocular muscles must be avoided&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0190"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Intra-surgery general anti-inflammatories can be applied to diminish inflammatory reactions&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Post-treatment guidelines</span><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0050"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0195"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Post-surgery chemosis is practically the rule in the case of cryotherapy and therefore topical treatment with anti-inflammatories must be prescribed&#46; General anti-inflammatories can also be utilized according to the criterion of the ophthalmologist&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0200"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to increased conjunctival manipulation&#44; it is recommended to utilize post-surgery topical antibiotic therapy as well&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0205"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first examination is recommended to be carried out at 24&#8211;48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours to assess the degree of inflammation and the presence of possible complications such as vitreous hemorrhage&#44; conjunctival tears&#44; hypotony&#44; cataracts&#44; etc&#46; and prescribe the corresponding treatment&#46; Subsequently&#44; the ocular fundus must be examined within 7&#8211;10 days&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Treatment in advanced stages of the disease</span><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If conventional laser photocoagulation treatment fails and the disease progresses to stage IV or more&#44; the patient must be referred to the national reference Center for treating the advanced stages of the disease&#46;</p><p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At present&#44; treatment alternatives comprise&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0055"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0210"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cerclage for stage 4&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0215"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vitrectomy with lens preservation for stage 4&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0220"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vitrectomy<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>lensectomy via pars plana&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0225"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Open vitrectomy&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Use of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor</span><p id="par0340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of anti-VEGF is justified in ROP for the following reasons&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0060"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0230"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0345" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">VEGF is directly involved in the pathogeny of ROP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;15</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0235"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0350" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anti-VEGF has demonstrated its efficacy in ophthalmological pathologies involving neovascularization in adults with a similar physiopathological basis &#40;ARMD with neovascular proliferation&#44; ischemic retinal venous thrombosis&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0240"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0355" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In contrast with ARMD or diabetic retinopathy where the production stimuli is sustained in time&#44; in ROP there is a single VEGF release pulsation&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0245"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0360" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The eye is an immunologically and anatomically privileged area for the application of these therapies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0250"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0365" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reports have been published on animal experiments&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0255"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0370" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reports have been published on isolated cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#8211;28</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0260"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0375" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical trials are in progress for use in prematures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#8211;31</span></a></p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Indications for use</span><p id="par0380" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment with anti-VEGF is indicated in the following cases&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0065"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0265"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0385" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ROP laser treated over 360&#176; with risk of progression and threatening loss of vision&#44; if no fibrous membranes are marked&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0270"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0390" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ROP in which laser treatments cannot be performed as first choice due to poor midriasis&#44; opacity of media or other causes&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0275"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0395" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ROP requiring vitrectomy due to association&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0400" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As anti-VEGF is an off-label treatment&#44; the appearance of new indications could be evaluated in due course&#44; provided there is sufficient clinical experience and positive references&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a></p><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Drug and dosage</span><p id="par0405" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Even though several anti-VEGF agents have been approved &#40;pegaptanib &#91;Macugen<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; Pfizer&#93;&#44; partial VEGF blocker&#59; ranibizumab &#91;Lucentis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; Novartis&#93;&#44; total blocker with monoclonal antibody fraction&#44; and bevacizumab &#91;Avastin<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; Roche&#93;&#44; total blocker with full monoclonal antibody&#41;&#44; bevacizumab is the most widely used and experienced drug in prematures&#46; As this is an off-label treatment&#44; special consent must be obtained for its use together with bibliographic support&#46;</p><p id="par0410" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The dosage can vary between 0&#46;65 and 0&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg in 0&#46;03<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#46;</p><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0165">Methodology</span><p id="par0415" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0070"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0280"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0420" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It can be applied in the operating room or in the neonatology unit&#44; in the latter case taking extreme care in what concerns sterilization&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0285"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0425" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It can be applied with anesthetic sedation or general anesthesia&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0290"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0430" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prior to surgery&#44; betadine eyedrops must be applied in 3 administrations at 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min intervals&#44; antibiotic eye drops &#40;latest generation quinolone&#41; and 0&#46;5&#37; thimolole eyedrops&#44; as well as periocular and eyelid skin cleaning with betadine solution&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0295"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0435" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The injection must be applied at 2&#8211;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm of the sclerocorneal limbus in the inferior temporal or nasal quadrant toward the location of the optic nerve&#46; After applying the injection&#44; antibiotic eye drops must be administered&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0300"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0440" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Antibiotic and mydriatic eyedrops shall be prescribed for the post surgery period&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0305"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0445" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours after the treatment the patient must be examined for early identification of complications&#44; with special attention to the possibility of endophthalmitis&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0310"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0450" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ocular fundus must be examined within 7&#8211;10 days from the treatment&#46; If laser photocoagulation is not available and the visualization conditions improve laser can be applied in the avascular zone&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span></span></span></span><span id="sec0110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0170">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0455" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No conflict of interests has been declared by the authors&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                  "titulo" => "Treatment in advanced stages of the disease"
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                  "identificador" => "sec0090"
                  "titulo" => "Use of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor"
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              "titulo" => "Indications for use"
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                  "titulo" => "Drug and dosage"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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            0 => "Retinopathy of prematurity"
            1 => "Protocol"
            2 => "Treatment"
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            0 => "Retinopat&#237;a del prematuro"
            1 => "Protocolo"
            2 => "Tratamiento"
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      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To prepare a protocol for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity &#40;ROP&#41; agreed by the majority of Spanish ophthalmologists dedicated to this topic&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material and method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A draft of the protocol was produced taking into account the experience of the participants and up to date publications&#46; This draft was corrected by all the ophthalmologists participating in the project&#44; and the final document was agreed by all of them&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We present general guidelines as an aid for the treatment of ROP&#44; including treatment criteria&#44; treatment methods&#44; a calendar of action&#44; and follow-up&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">It is important to have a common working protocol for the treatment of ROP to improve care and to avoid mistakes&#46; Although individual Hospitals may adapt the protocol to their daily activity&#44; it is recommended that there is a minimal working protocol agreed by most of professionals dedicated to pediatric ophthalmology in Spain&#46;</p>"
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Realizar un protocolo de tratamiento de la retinopat&#237;a del prematuro &#40;ROP&#41; consensuado por la mayor parte de oftalm&#243;logos espa&#241;oles dedicados al tema&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y m&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; un borrador del protocolo seg&#250;n la experiencia de los participantes y las publicaciones actualizadas&#46; Este borrador fue corregido por los participantes en el protocolo y se lleg&#243; al documento final consensuado por todos los participantes&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se presentan las directrices generales para realizar el tratamiento de la ROP&#44; incluyendo criterios de tratamiento&#44; metodolog&#237;a de actuaci&#243;n&#44; calendario de actuaci&#243;n y seguimiento&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Es importante disponer de un protocolo de actuaci&#243;n com&#250;n en el tratamiento de la ROP para mejorar la actuaci&#243;n y evitar errores&#46; Aunque cada centro hospitalario deba adaptar el protocolo a su actividad cl&#237;nica&#44; es recomendable que existan un m&#237;nimo de procedimientos consensuados por todos los oftalm&#243;logos dedicados a la ROP&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Ferrer Novella C&#44; et al&#46; Protocolo de tratamiento de la retinopat&#237;a del prematuro en Espa&#241;a&#46; Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol&#46; 2013&#59;88&#58;231&#8211;6&#46;</p>"
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