Micro-scale mechanical characterization of Inconel cermet coatings deposited by laser cladding
Caracterización mecánica a escala microscópica de recubrimientos cermet de Inconel depositados mediante plaqueado láser
a Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, UPM, E.T.S.I. Caminos, Canales y Puertos, c/ Profesor Aranguren, 5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
b Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Tecnología Química y Energética y Tecnología Mecánica, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/ Tulipán s/n Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
Read
3171
Timeswas read the article
973
Total PDF
2198
Total HTML
Share statistics
array:24 [ "pii" => "S0366317516000029" "issn" => "03663175" "doi" => "10.1016/j.bsecv.2016.01.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-07-01" "aid" => "41" "copyright" => "SECV" "copyrightAnyo" => "2016" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Bol Soc Esp Ceram Vidr. 2016;55:136-42" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1492 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 42 "HTML" => 1006 "PDF" => 444 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0366317516300516" "issn" => "03663175" "doi" => "10.1016/j.bsecv.2016.06.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-07-01" "aid" => "60" "copyright" => "SECV" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Bol Soc Esp Ceram Vidr. 2016;55:143-51" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1748 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 46 "HTML" => 1247 "PDF" => 455 ] ] "es" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Influencia de las tensiones residuales sobre el comportamiento frente al corte del gres porcelánico esmaltado" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "143" "paginaFinal" => "151" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Influence of residual stresses on the cutting behavior of porcelain stoneware tiles" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0045" "etiqueta" => "Figura 9" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr9.jpeg" "Alto" => 1240 "Ancho" => 2527 "Tamanyo" => 197762 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Velocidades de enfriamiento ensayadas (izquierda) y perfil de tensiones residuales con diferentes velocidades de enfriamiento (derecha).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Deyse Gonzaga Gomes Delavi, Javier García-Ten, Alejandro Saburit, Alberto Escrig, Agenor de Noni, Dachamir Hotza" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Deyse Gonzaga Gomes" "apellidos" => "Delavi" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Javier" "apellidos" => "García-Ten" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alejandro" "apellidos" => "Saburit" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alberto" "apellidos" => "Escrig" ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Agenor" "apellidos" => "de Noni" "sufijo" => "Jr." ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Dachamir" "apellidos" => "Hotza" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0366317516300516?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03663175/0000005500000004/v1_201607300225/S0366317516300516/v1_201607300225/es/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0366317516000145" "issn" => "03663175" "doi" => "10.1016/j.bsecv.2016.01.005" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-07-01" "aid" => "45" "copyright" => "SECV" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Bol Soc Esp Ceram Vidr. 2016;55:127-35" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1521 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 34 "HTML" => 1117 "PDF" => 370 ] ] "es" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Análisis de la adhesión de recubrimientos del sistema Y<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>-Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>-SiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> sobre sustratos de interés para la industria aeroespacial" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "127" "paginaFinal" => "135" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Adhesion of Y<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>-Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>-SiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> coatings to typical aerospace substrates" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figura 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 881 "Ancho" => 1183 "Tamanyo" => 212687 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Imagen SEM de la superficie de la capa de Si proyectada sobre el sustrato de C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">f</span>/C.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Cinta Marraco-Borderas, Andrés Nistal, Eugenio García, Maria Antonia Sainz, Federico Martín de la Escalera, Yasser Essa, Pilar Miranzo" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Cinta" "apellidos" => "Marraco-Borderas" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Andrés" "apellidos" => "Nistal" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Eugenio" "apellidos" => "García" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Maria Antonia" "apellidos" => "Sainz" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Federico" "apellidos" => "Martín de la Escalera" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Yasser" "apellidos" => "Essa" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Pilar" "apellidos" => "Miranzo" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0366317516000145?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03663175/0000005500000004/v1_201607300225/S0366317516000145/v1_201607300225/es/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Micro-scale mechanical characterization of Inconel cermet coatings deposited by laser cladding" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "136" "paginaFinal" => "142" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Chao Chang, Davide Verdi, Miguel Angel Garrido, Jesus Ruiz-Hervias" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Chao" "apellidos" => "Chang" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Davide" "apellidos" => "Verdi" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Miguel Angel" "apellidos" => "Garrido" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Jesus" "apellidos" => "Ruiz-Hervias" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "jesus.ruiz@upm.es" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, UPM, E.T.S.I. Caminos, Canales y Puertos, c/ Profesor Aranguren, 5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Tecnología Química y Energética y Tecnología Mecánica, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/ Tulipán s/n Móstoles, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author</span>." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Caracterización mecánica a escala microscópica de recubrimientos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cermet</span> de Inconel depositados mediante plaqueado láser" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 2498 "Ancho" => 1629 "Tamanyo" => 177829 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Example of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> vs. 1/h curves for the Inconel 600 bulk (a) and cermet matrix (b) obtained from a Berkovich indenter.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cermet coatings were developed to protect the metallic substrate in high-temperature applications. The idea is to combine the hardness, oxidation resistance and high melting temperature of ceramic particles with the ductility, toughness and high thermal conductivity of metals. Different combinations of metal alloys and ceramics were blended and deposited to obtain cermet coatings <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150">[1,2]</a>.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nickel-based superalloys are characterized by high-temperature oxidation and corrosion resistance. The commercial name Inconel is used to identify a group of Ni-based superalloys mainly composed by Ni and Cr. These alloys were demonstrated to be suitable to be deposited as a coating by laser cladding to protect substrate materials, like steel <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160">[3–5]</a>. One way to improve the tribological properties of metallic coatings applied by laser cladding is to introduce ceramic particles in the filler material <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">[6]</a>. It has been shown that Inconel 625 and Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> particles could be used for this purpose <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">[7]</a>. The microstructure, the wear behaviour, and the mechanical properties of Inconel coatings have been studied in the literature <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165">[4,7–16]</a>. Additionally, a recent study on the fracture and failure mechanisms of Ni-base laser cladding coatings was performed using in situ tensile tests <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">[17]</a>. However, few researches about the local mechanical behaviour in a micro-scale of Inconel cermet coatings have been carried out.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this work is to study the mechanical properties in the micro-scale of Inconel 625-Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> cermet coatings deposited by laser cladding. The elastic-plastic properties of the cermet matrix obtained by depth-sensing indentation (DSI) were compared with those of an Inconel 600 bulk specimen. In addition, for a more in situ analysis of the coatings, the properties of unmelted Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ceramic particles, embedded in the in the cermet matrix, were also evaluated by DSI.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Materials and experimental procedures</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Materials</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inconel 625-Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> cermet coating was deposited by laser cladding onto Gr22 ferritic steel (ASTM A387). Inconel 625 and Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> powders were supplied by Sulzer-Metco (MetcoClad 625 and Metco 70C-NS, respectively). The composition of Inconel 625 powder and the Inconel 600 bulk are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. The Inconel 625 powders were mechanically mixed with the 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>wt% of Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> before processing the cermet coatings.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Experimental procedure</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A Rofin-Dilas High-Power Diode Laser (HPDL) with a wavelength of 940<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm and a maximum output power of 1300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W was used. Argon was applied as a protective and powder carrier gas. In order to deposit the cermet coatings, the laser beam power was fixed at 900<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W, the scanning speed at 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm/s, the powder feeding rate at 16.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/min, and the flux of Ar between 14 and 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>l/min. The substrates were coated by 10 single clad tracks with a 40% overlap between two adjacent tracks <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">[7]</a>.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Metallographic samples were prepared in plain-view section. The coated specimens were grounded with SiC paper up to 1200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>grit to remove the superficial roughness of the coatings. Successively, they were polished in a diamond slurry of up to 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm nominal size. Finally, the polished surfaces were cleaned in deionised water and then by ultrasound in acetone and propanol. The same procedure was followed to obtain a polished surface of the Inconel 600 bulk sample.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Depth sensing indentations tests (DSI) were performed with a Nanoindenter XP (MTS systems Co.), on the polished surfaces of the samples, by using the continuous stiffness measurement methodology (CSM) <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">[18]</a>. Continuous loading and unloading cycles were conducted during the loading branch by imposing a small dynamic oscillation of 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm and 45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hz on the displacement signal and measuring the amplitude and phase of the corresponding force. Consequently, the contact stiffness was continuously measured as a function of the penetration depth during the experiment. Two different batches of indentation tests were carried out on Inconel bulk and cermet samples. For each batch, an indentation matrix of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 indentations, spaced 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>microns between them, was performed in displacement control. The first batch of indentation tests was carried out using a Berkovich diamond indenter with a tip radius of 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm. A maximum penetration depth of 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm was selected to perform the DSI tests with the Berkovich tip. The aim of these tests was to obtain values of Young's modulus (E) and hardness (H) of the studied materials. Both properties were obtained by following the Oliver–Pharr methodology <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">[19]</a>. The other batch of indentation tests was conducted using a spherical diamond indenter with a tip radius of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm. The aim of these tests was to study the local plastic properties and to obtain the indentation stress–strain curve of both samples. A maximum penetration depth of 1500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm was selected to perform the DSI tests with the spherical tip. Prior to making the Berkovich indentations, a tip calibration procedure was carried out using the bulk Inconel 600 alloy as the reference material, according to the CSM methodology <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160">[3,19,20]</a>. The nominal elastic modulus was set to 214<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GPa and the real contact area of the indenter was iteratively obtained through the following equation.<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia>where ci are constants determined by curve fitting procedure. The first term was set to 24.5 for an ideal Berkovich indenter.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition, Vicker microhardness indentation tests were carried out on the polished surfaces of the studied materials, with a maximum load of 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>gf and a dwell time of 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s.</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results and discussion</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">DSI tests with Berkovich indenter tip</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a previous work <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">[7]</a>, the microstructure of the cermet matrix was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Unmelted Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ceramic particles were randomly distributed in the Inconel matrix. Additionally, Cr-rich carbides of stoichiometry M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">7</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>, radially distributed around the unmelted Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> particles, were also observed. They were formed in situ during the laser cladding process.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a> shows a representative indentation load vs. penetration depth curves obtained from the DSI tests performed with the Berkovich tip. The indentation loads at the maximum penetration of 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm for the tests done in the cermet matrix were twice as much those obtained on Inconel bulk. Additionally, the Cr3C2 carbides showed the highest indentation loads, almost four times those on Inconel bulk.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a> shows representative examples of Young's modulus vs. penetration depth and hardness vs. penetration depth curves obtained in the DSI tests. The Young's modulus of the studied materials does not change considerably with the penetration depth. Examples of results of the variations of the hardness with the penetration depth are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>(b), (d), and (f). The unmelted Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ceramic particles showed almost constant values of hardness with the penetration depth. However, the cermet matrix and the Inconel 600 bulk showed a continuous decreasing tendency of the hardness values with the penetration depth.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As the values of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span> remain quite constant, it is possible to discard the occurrence of calibration error in the area function of the indenter tip in Eq. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0005">(1)</a>. Consequently, the hardness evolution observed with the penetration depth may be a material response to the indentation process. This phenomenon is known as indentation size effect (ISE) <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">[21]</a> and the hardness values obtained on the cermet coating could be affected by this effect. Different models have been developed to analyze the ISE and calculate the asymptotic hardness (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>) at the fully plastic condition. This value of the hardness is comparable to the Vickers one at macroscale. Nix and Gao <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">[21]</a> proposed a methodology to determine this asymptotic hardness. Due to the very high strain gradient that is induced in the sample during indentation with sharp tips, Geometrically Necessary Dislocations (GNDs) are produced in the indentation volume. The GND's are added to the Statistically Stored Dislocations (SSD's) related to the equivalent strain reached in the test. As a result, the dislocation density increases and thus justifies the hardening effect observed here. Moreover, the smaller the size of the indentation, the more important the strain gradient appears to be. Hence, the hardening effect becomes more noticeable as the indentation size is reduced. By applying the model developed by Nix and Gao, Eq. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0010">(2)</a> can be used to describe ISE <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">[22]</a>:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0010"></elsevierMultimedia>where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H</span> represents the apparent hardness; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span> the asymptotic hardness; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">h</span> the penetration depth, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">h</span>* is a characteristic length that depends on the properties of the indented material and the indenter geometry.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eq. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0010">(2)</a> implies that a plot of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> vs. 1/h results in a straight line that will intercept the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">y</span>-axis at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a> shows a representative plot of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> vs. 1/h for the Inconel 600 bulk (a) and cermet matrix (b), respectively. A very good linear fitting of the data is obtained in accordance with the Nix and Gao model. This behaviour has also been reported in the zirconium <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">[23]</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> summarizes the average hardness measured from DSI tests done with the Berkovich indenter, the values of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span> calculated with the Nix and Gao model, and finally the values of Vicker microhardness (HV) that could be used to verify if the values of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span> were correctly calculated. The asymptotic hardness values obtained on Inconel bulk and cermet coating are similar to those obtained by Vickers microhardness tests. In addition, the asymptotic hardness value of the cermet matrix is 60% higher than that of the Inconel 600 bulk. The higher hardness value of the cermet matrix may be due to the formation of the M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">7</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> carbides previously described. The Young's modulus of the cermet matrix was 15% higher regarding to that obtained on the Inconel 600 bulk. It is possible to suppose that M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">7</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> carbides, embedded into the Inconel matrix, promote a load distribution phenomena that results in higher values of E measured. The values of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span> obtained for the Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> particles are similar to those reported by others authors (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>373<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GPa) <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">[24]</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">DSI tests with spherical indenter tip</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a> shows representative load vs. penetration depth curves obtained in DSI tests carried out using the spherical indenter tip. A higher indentation load is needed for the cermet matrix with respect to the Inconel 600 bulk to achieve the same penetration depth, in agreement with the results obtained using the Berkovich tip. It should be noted that there are multiple discontinuities in the curve of the unmelt Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> particle. This phenomenon is known as “pop-in” and it is associated to the formation of cracks in the material during the tests. Materials with hexagonal lattice structure, like the Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ceramic particles used in this work, may present this behaviour. Others examples of materials showing this phenomena are the sapphire, the GaN, and the ZnO <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">[25]</a>. In the results shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>, the first “pop-in” happens at an indentation depth around 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm, the second one at 550<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm, and the third one around 700<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm. There is no pop-in phenomena during the unloading process. For the analysis of the results only the data previous to the first pop-in event were used.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Indentation tests with a spherical tip represent the best choice to characterize the strain hardening which offers a gradual transition from elastic to elastic–plastic regime. The indentation stress vs. strain curve can be obtained using the model proposed by S.R. Kalidindi et al. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">[26]</a>. The indentation stress (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">σ</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">ind</span>) and the indentation strain (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">¿</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">ind</span>) can be expressed respectively as:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0020"></elsevierMultimedia>where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> is the applied load, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a</span> the contact radius, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">h</span> is the penetration depth.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The value of Young's modulus of the studied materials was previously measured using the Oliver–Pharr method on the Berkovich indentation data, the contact radius <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a</span> could be estimated according to the Sneddon's equation <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">[27]</a>:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0025"></elsevierMultimedia>where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">u</span> represent the harmonic contact stiffness obtained by the CSM methodology and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">r</span> is the reduced Young's modulus, that could be express as a function of the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratios of the studied material (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ν</span>) and the indenter tip (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i</span></span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ν</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i</span></span>):<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0030"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The slope of the initial linear part of the indentation stress-strain curves, obtained for the cermet matrix and the Inconel 600 bulk, is approximately equal to the reduced Young's modulus obtained from the Oliver–Pharr analysis of the Berkovich indentation tests (in the zoom parts in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>). The plastic regime of the indentation stress–strain curves were fitted to a Hollomon equation <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">[28]</a>. The indentation stress–strain curve for cermet matrix shows a strain hardening value which is more than twice the one obtained for the Inconel 600 bulk. Probably, the M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">7</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> carbides, distributed around the unmelted Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> particles, could produce a distortional effect on the cermet matrix and consequently, they may produce a hardening effect. This result is in agreement to the one obtained from the Berkovich tests (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig. 6</a>. shows the indentation stress–strain curve for unmelted Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ceramic particles. The fitting was limited to those under the first “pop-in” event. The indentation stress–strain curve is linear with a slope that corresponds to the Young's modulus (364<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GPa) of the unmelted Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> particles. The critical point marked in red in the curve is the first “pop-in” point, at which initial cracking takes place. The mean pressure at this point is about 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GPa which is consistent with the values of hardness obtained from Vicker indentations in the literature <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265">[24,29]</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusions</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study, depth-sensing indentation tests were performed with Berkovich and spherical tips on Inconel 625-Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> cermet coatings in order to evaluate their elastic-plastic properties in the micro-scale. An Inconel 600 bulk specimen was used as reference sample for the calibration of the contact area equation.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Nix and Gao model has been successfully employed to account for the indentation size effect (ISE) in the hardness measurements on the cermet matrix and the Inconel 600 bulk. The asymptotic hardness of the cermet matrix is equal to 3.85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GPa, which is 60% higher than that of the Inconel 600 bulk (2.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GPa). The Young's modulus does not depend on the indentation depth and its value for the cermet matrix is 243<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GPa, whereas for the Inconel 600 bulk is equal to 211<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GPa. The indentation stress–strain curve in the plastic regime for the cermet matrix showed a strain hardening value which is more than twice the one obtained for the Inconel 600 bulk.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The unmelted Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ceramic particles were also characterized by depth-sensing indentation tests with an spherical tip. In this case, the hardness values (around 23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GPa) did not show any indentation size effect. The Young's modulus was equal to 373<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GPa, in agreement with published results. However, there were multiple “pop-in” events in the load–displacement curve associated to crack initiation in the material. The first “pop-in” event was observed at a penetration depth of about 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm and the corresponding average pressure (18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GPa) is similar to the hardness measured from Vicker indentations in the literature.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres706423" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec716469" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres706424" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec716470" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and experimental procedures" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Materials" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Experimental procedure" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Results and discussion" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "DSI tests with Berkovich indenter tip" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "DSI tests with spherical indenter tip" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack236172" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2015-12-01" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-01-05" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec716469" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Cermet" 1 => "Inconel coating" 2 => "Elastic-plastic properties" 3 => "Depth sensing indentations" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec716470" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Cermet" 1 => "Recubrimiento Inconel" 2 => "Propiedades elasto-plásticas" 3 => "Nanoindentación" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In this study, an Inconel 625-Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> cermet coating was deposited on a steel alloy by laser cladding. The elastic and plastic mechanical properties of the cermet matrix were studied by the depth sensing indentation (DSI) in the micro scale. These results were compared with those obtained from an Inconel 600 bulk specimen. The values of Young's modulus and hardness of cermet matrix were higher than those of an Inconel 600 bulk specimen. Meanwhile, the indentation stress–strain curve of the cermet matrix showed a strain hardening value which was more than twice the one obtained for the Inconel 600 bulk. Additionally, the mechanical properties of unmelted Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ceramic particles, embedded in the cermet matrix were also evaluated by DSI using a spherical indenter.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En este estudio, se han depositado recubrimientos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cermet</span> de Inconel 625-Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> sobre acero mediante plaqueado láser. Las propiedades mecánicas elasto-plásticas de la matriz de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cermet</span> fueron estudiadas mediante el proceso de nanoindentación (DSI) a escala microscópica. Los resultados obtenidos se han comparado con los correspondientes a una muestra masiva de Inconel 600. Los valores del módulo de Young y la dureza de la matriz de cermet son considerablemente mayores que los de la muestra masiva de Inconel 600. La curva de tensión-deformación de la matriz de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cermet</span> presenta un valour de endurecimiento por deformación que es más del doble del obtenido para el Inconel 600 en masa. Además, se determinaron las propiedades mecánicas de las partículas cerámicas de Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> sin fundir en la matriz de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cermet</span> mediante nanoindentación usando un indentador esférico.</p></span>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:14 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1163 "Ancho" => 1593 "Tamanyo" => 110205 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Representative penetration depth vs. load curves obtained from DSI tests performed with the Berkovich tip on the cermet matrix, the Inconel 600 bulk and the unmelted Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> particles.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 3651 "Ancho" => 3335 "Tamanyo" => 449646 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Representative result of Young's modulus and Hardness variation with penetration depth obtained from the DSI tests with Berkovich tip onto (a and b) Inconel 600 bulk, (c and d) cermet matrix, and (e and f) unmelt Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> particles.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 2498 "Ancho" => 1629 "Tamanyo" => 177829 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Example of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> vs. 1/h curves for the Inconel 600 bulk (a) and cermet matrix (b) obtained from a Berkovich indenter.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1200 "Ancho" => 1588 "Tamanyo" => 121048 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Penetration depth versus load from Spherical indentation on Cermet matrix, Inconel bulk and unmelt Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1870 "Ancho" => 2331 "Tamanyo" => 301434 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Indentation stress–strain curve for the cermet matrix and the Inconel 600 bulk.</p>" ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 1095 "Ancho" => 1594 "Tamanyo" => 96663 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Indentation stress–strain curve for unmelt particle Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>.</p>" ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Product \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="6" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Weight percent (nominal)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ni \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cr \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Nb \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fe \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Others \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Inconel 625 powder \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">58–63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20–23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8–10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3–5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">≤5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Inconel 600 bulk \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">72–78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14–17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6–10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1164178.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chemical composition of Inconel 625 powders and the Inconel 600 bulk specimen.</p>" ] ] 7 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Material \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span> (GPa) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H</span> (GPa) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span> (GPa) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HV (GPa) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Inconel 600 bulk \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">211<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cermet matrix \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">243<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1164177.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Average hardness measured in DSI tests with Berkovich indenter (H), asymptotic hardness (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>), and Vickers microhardness (HV).</p>" ] ] 8 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0005" "etiqueta" => "(1)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "Ac=c0hc2+c1hc+c2hc1/2+c3hc1/4+⋯" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si1.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1972 "Alto" => 17 "Ancho" => 252 ] ] 9 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0010" "etiqueta" => "(2)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "HH0=1+h*h" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si3.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1424 "Alto" => 40 "Ancho" => 101 ] ] 10 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0015" "etiqueta" => "(3)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "σind=Pπa2" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si4.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 814 "Alto" => 31 "Ancho" => 71 ] ] 11 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0020" "etiqueta" => "(4)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "εind=h2.4a" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si5.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 796 "Alto" => 32 "Ancho" => 75 ] ] 12 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0025" "etiqueta" => "(5)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "a=Su2Er" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si6.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 745 "Alto" => 34 "Ancho" => 52 ] ] 13 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0030" "etiqueta" => "(6)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "1Er=1−ν2E+1−νi2Ei" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si7.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1667 "Alto" => 36 "Ancho" => 139 ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:29 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0150" "etiqueta" => "[1]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Tribo-corrosion of coatings: a review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R.J. Wood" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys." "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "40" "paginaInicial" => "5502" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0155" "etiqueta" => "[2]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Protection Against Erosive Wear Using Thermal Sprayed Cermet: A Review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "C.P. Bergmann" 1 => "J. Vicenzi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:2 [ "fecha" => "2011" "editorial" => "Springer" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0160" "etiqueta" => "[3]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mechanical properties of Inconel 625 laser cladded coatings: depth sensing indentation analysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "D. Verdi" 1 => "M. Garrido" 2 => "C. Múnez" 3 => "P. Poza" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mater. Sci. Eng.: A" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "598" "paginaInicial" => "15" "paginaFinal" => "21" ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0165" "etiqueta" => "[4]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Laser aided direct metal deposition of Inconel 625 superalloy: microstructural evolution and thermal stability" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "G. Dinda" 1 => "A. Dasgupta" 2 => "J. Mazumder" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mater. Sci. Eng.: A" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "509" "paginaInicial" => "98" "paginaFinal" => "104" ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0170" "etiqueta" => "[5]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Laser cladding of nickel-based hardfacing alloys" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "Q. Ming" 1 => "L.C. Lim" 2 => "Z.D. Chen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Surf. Coat. Technol." "fecha" => "1998" "volumen" => "106" "paginaInicial" => "174" "paginaFinal" => "182" ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0175" "etiqueta" => "[6]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Research status of laser cladding on titanium and its alloys: a review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "F. Weng" 1 => "C. Chen" 2 => "H. Yu" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mater. Des." "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "58" "paginaInicial" => "412" "paginaFinal" => "425" ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0180" "etiqueta" => "[7]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cr 3 C 2 incorporation into an Inconel 625 laser cladded coating: effects on matrix microstructure, mechanical properties and local scratch resistance" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "D. Verdi" 1 => "M. Garrido" 2 => "C.J. Múnez" 3 => "P. Poza" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mater. Des." "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "67" "paginaInicial" => "20" "paginaFinal" => "27" ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0185" "etiqueta" => "[8]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Effect of ZrB2 on the microstructure and wear resistance of Ni-based composite coating produced on pure Ti by laser cladding" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "C. Guo" 1 => "J. Zhou" 2 => "J. Zhao" 3 => "J. Chen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Tribol. Trans." "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "54" "paginaInicial" => "80" "paginaFinal" => "86" ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0190" "etiqueta" => "[9]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Microstructure of laser-clad SiC-(Ni alloy) composite coating" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "Y. Pei" 1 => "J. Ouyang" 2 => "T. Lei" 3 => "Y. Zhou" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mater. Sci. Eng.: A." "fecha" => "1995" "volumen" => "194" "paginaInicial" => "219" "paginaFinal" => "224" ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0195" "etiqueta" => "[10]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Structure of laser cladded tungsten carbide composite coatings" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "J. Przybyłowicz" 1 => "J. Kusiński" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Mater. Process. Technol." "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "109" "paginaInicial" => "154" "paginaFinal" => "160" ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0200" "etiqueta" => "[11]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Laser cladding of stainless steel with Ni–Cr 3 C 2 for improved wear performance" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "D-W. Zhang" 1 => "T. Lei" 2 => "F-J. Li" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Wear" "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "251" "paginaInicial" => "1372" "paginaFinal" => "1376" ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0205" "etiqueta" => "[12]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Microstructural characterization and wear behavior of laser cladded nickel-based and tungsten carbide composite coatings" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "P. Wu" 1 => "C. Zhou" 2 => "X. Tang" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Surf. Coat. Technol." "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "166" "paginaInicial" => "84" "paginaFinal" => "88" ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0210" "etiqueta" => "[13]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abrasive wear performance and microstructure of laser clad WC/Ni layers" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "S.W. Huang" 1 => "M. Samandi" 2 => "M. Brandt" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Wear" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "256" "paginaInicial" => "1095" "paginaFinal" => "1105" ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0215" "etiqueta" => "[14]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Influence of tungsten carbide particle size and distribution on the wear resistance of laser clad WC/Ni coatings" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "K. Van Acker" 1 => "D. Vanhoyweghen" 2 => "R. Persoons" 3 => "J. Vangrunderbeek" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Wear" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "258" "paginaInicial" => "194" "paginaFinal" => "202" ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0220" "etiqueta" => "[15]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Hard coatings based on thermal spray and laser cladding" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "A. Khanna" 1 => "S. Kumari" 2 => "S. Kanungo" 3 => "A. Gasser" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int. J. Refract. Metals Hard Mater." "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "27" "paginaInicial" => "485" "paginaFinal" => "491" ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0225" "etiqueta" => "[16]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Microstructure and properties of hard and wear resistant MMC coatings deposited by laser cladding" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "J. Nurminen" 1 => "J. Näkki" 2 => "P. Vuoristo" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int. J. Refract. Metals Hard Mater." "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "27" "paginaInicial" => "472" "paginaFinal" => "478" ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0230" "etiqueta" => "[17]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Tensile properties and fracture behavior of laser cladded WC/Ni composite coatings with different contents of WC particle studied by in-situ tensile testing" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J.-S. Xu" 1 => "X.-C. Zhang" 2 => "F.-Z. Xuan" 3 => "F.-Q. Tian" 4 => "Z.-D. Wang" 5 => "S.-T. Tu" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mater. Sci. Eng.: A." "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "560" "paginaInicial" => "744" "paginaFinal" => "751" ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0235" "etiqueta" => "[18]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A review of nanoindentation continuous stiffness measurement technique and its applications" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "X. Li" 1 => "B. Bhushan" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mater. Charact." "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "48" "paginaInicial" => "11" "paginaFinal" => "36" ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0240" "etiqueta" => "[19]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Measurement of hardness and elastic modulus by instrumented indentation: advances in understanding and refinements to methodology" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "W.C. Oliver" 1 => "G.M. Pharr" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Mater. Res." "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "19" "paginaInicial" => "3" "paginaFinal" => "20" ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0245" "etiqueta" => "[20]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nanoindentación en materiales cerámicos: efecto de la carga y de la geometría del indentador" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "A. Rico" 1 => "M. Garrido" 2 => "E. Otero" 3 => "J. Rodríguez" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "46" "paginaInicial" => "253" "paginaFinal" => "258" ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0250" "etiqueta" => "[21]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Indentation size effects in crystalline materials: a law for strain gradient plasticity" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "W.D. Nix" 1 => "H. Gao" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Mech. Phys. Solids" "fecha" => "1998" "volumen" => "46" "paginaInicial" => "411" "paginaFinal" => "425" ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0255" "etiqueta" => "[22]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The indentation size effect: a critical examination of experimental observations and mechanistic interpretations" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "G.M. Pharr" 1 => "E.G. Herbert" 2 => "Y. Gao" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Annu. Rev. Mater. Res." "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "40" "paginaInicial" => "271" "paginaFinal" => "292" ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0260" "etiqueta" => "[23]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nanoindentation measurements of the mechanical properties of zirconium matrix and hydrides in unirradiated pre-hydrided nuclear fuel cladding" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "A. Rico" 1 => "M. Martin-Rengel" 2 => "J. Ruiz-Hervias" 3 => "J. Rodriguez" 4 => "F. Gomez-Sanchez" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Nucl. Mater." "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "452" "paginaInicial" => "69" "paginaFinal" => "76" ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0265" "etiqueta" => "[24]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The electronic, mechanical properties and theoretical hardness of chromium carbides by first-principles calculations" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "Y. Li" 1 => "Y. Gao" 2 => "B. Xiao" 3 => "T. Min" 4 => "Y. Yang" 5 => "S. Ma" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Alloys Compd." "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "509" "paginaInicial" => "5242" "paginaFinal" => "5249" ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0270" "etiqueta" => "[25]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nanoindentation ‘pop-in’ phenomenon in epitaxial ZnO thin films on sapphire substrates" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "R. Navamathavan" 1 => "S.-J. Park" 2 => "J.-H. Hahn" 3 => "C.K. Choi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mater. Charact." "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "59" "paginaInicial" => "359" "paginaFinal" => "364" ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0275" "etiqueta" => "[26]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Determination of the effective zero-point and the extraction of spherical nanoindentation stress–strain curves" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "S.R. Kalidindi" 1 => "S. Pathak" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Acta Mater." "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "56" "paginaInicial" => "3523" "paginaFinal" => "3532" ] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0280" "etiqueta" => "[27]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The relation between load and penetration in the axisymmetric Boussinesq problem for a punch of arbitrary profile" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "I.N. Sneddon" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int. J. Eng. Sci." "fecha" => "1965" "volumen" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "47" "paginaFinal" => "57" ] ] ] ] ] ] 27 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0285" "etiqueta" => "[28]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Tensile deformation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J.H. Hollomon" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "AIME Trans." "fecha" => "1945" "volumen" => "12" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "22" ] ] ] ] ] ] 28 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0290" "etiqueta" => "[29]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Simultaneous synthesis and consolidation of chromium carbides (Cr 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C 2, Cr 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C 3 and Cr 23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C 6) by pulsed electric-current pressure sintering" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "K. Hirota" 1 => "K. Mitani" 2 => "M. Yoshinaka" 3 => "O. Yamaguchi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mater. Sci. Eng.: A." "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "399" "paginaInicial" => "154" "paginaFinal" => "160" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack236172" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" "texto" => "<p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the authors, Chao Chang, appreciates the financial support provided by the Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC). This work was supported by the project BIA 2014-53314R.</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/03663175/0000005500000004/v1_201607300225/S0366317516000029/v1_201607300225/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => null "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/03663175/0000005500000004/v1_201607300225/S0366317516000029/v1_201607300225/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0366317516000029?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 October | 9 | 6 | 15 |
| 2024 September | 22 | 9 | 31 |
| 2024 August | 23 | 9 | 32 |
| 2024 July | 12 | 6 | 18 |
| 2024 June | 9 | 4 | 13 |
| 2024 May | 14 | 6 | 20 |
| 2024 April | 14 | 15 | 29 |
| 2024 March | 24 | 15 | 39 |
| 2024 February | 22 | 15 | 37 |
| 2024 January | 9 | 9 | 18 |
| 2023 December | 14 | 16 | 30 |
| 2023 November | 18 | 7 | 25 |
| 2023 October | 34 | 10 | 44 |
| 2023 September | 10 | 4 | 14 |
| 2023 August | 12 | 8 | 20 |
| 2023 July | 8 | 8 | 16 |
| 2023 June | 23 | 8 | 31 |
| 2023 May | 55 | 7 | 62 |
| 2023 April | 29 | 1 | 30 |
| 2023 March | 32 | 4 | 36 |
| 2023 February | 25 | 5 | 30 |
| 2023 January | 17 | 13 | 30 |
| 2022 December | 21 | 4 | 25 |
| 2022 November | 26 | 13 | 39 |
| 2022 October | 19 | 19 | 38 |
| 2022 September | 22 | 11 | 33 |
| 2022 August | 33 | 17 | 50 |
| 2022 July | 19 | 9 | 28 |
| 2022 June | 9 | 9 | 18 |
| 2022 May | 6 | 6 | 12 |
| 2022 April | 15 | 11 | 26 |
| 2022 March | 16 | 17 | 33 |
| 2022 February | 12 | 9 | 21 |
| 2022 January | 30 | 7 | 37 |
| 2021 December | 19 | 9 | 28 |
| 2021 November | 16 | 12 | 28 |
| 2021 October | 29 | 10 | 39 |
| 2021 September | 15 | 11 | 26 |
| 2021 August | 46 | 8 | 54 |
| 2021 July | 38 | 11 | 49 |
| 2021 June | 25 | 6 | 31 |
| 2021 May | 31 | 8 | 39 |
| 2021 April | 45 | 13 | 58 |
| 2021 March | 42 | 8 | 50 |
| 2021 February | 13 | 12 | 25 |
| 2021 January | 12 | 13 | 25 |
| 2020 December | 18 | 13 | 31 |
| 2020 November | 19 | 12 | 31 |
| 2020 October | 11 | 9 | 20 |
| 2020 September | 12 | 9 | 21 |
| 2020 August | 18 | 9 | 27 |
| 2020 July | 31 | 8 | 39 |
| 2020 June | 21 | 6 | 27 |
| 2020 May | 22 | 8 | 30 |
| 2020 April | 24 | 4 | 28 |
| 2020 March | 14 | 7 | 21 |
| 2020 February | 19 | 11 | 30 |
| 2020 January | 31 | 7 | 38 |
| 2019 December | 18 | 9 | 27 |
| 2019 November | 18 | 6 | 24 |
| 2019 October | 17 | 8 | 25 |
| 2019 September | 27 | 13 | 40 |
| 2019 August | 12 | 5 | 17 |
| 2019 July | 16 | 22 | 38 |
| 2019 June | 48 | 42 | 90 |
| 2019 May | 117 | 66 | 183 |
| 2019 April | 74 | 28 | 102 |
| 2019 March | 6 | 9 | 15 |
| 2019 February | 13 | 14 | 27 |
| 2019 January | 6 | 5 | 11 |
| 2018 December | 8 | 4 | 12 |
| 2018 November | 17 | 6 | 23 |
| 2018 October | 15 | 13 | 28 |
| 2018 September | 22 | 8 | 30 |
| 2018 August | 12 | 3 | 15 |
| 2018 July | 9 | 4 | 13 |
| 2018 June | 9 | 4 | 13 |
| 2018 May | 12 | 6 | 18 |
| 2018 April | 18 | 9 | 27 |
| 2018 March | 11 | 0 | 11 |
| 2018 February | 8 | 4 | 12 |
| 2018 January | 11 | 0 | 11 |
| 2017 December | 8 | 0 | 8 |
| 2017 November | 10 | 3 | 13 |
| 2017 October | 12 | 2 | 14 |
| 2017 September | 16 | 5 | 21 |
| 2017 August | 9 | 1 | 10 |
| 2017 July | 13 | 1 | 14 |
| 2017 June | 30 | 17 | 47 |
| 2017 May | 32 | 7 | 39 |
| 2017 April | 19 | 8 | 27 |
| 2017 March | 21 | 52 | 73 |
| 2017 February | 40 | 4 | 44 |
| 2017 January | 19 | 3 | 22 |
| 2016 December | 22 | 9 | 31 |
| 2016 November | 37 | 5 | 42 |
| 2016 October | 47 | 7 | 54 |
| 2016 September | 57 | 9 | 66 |
| 2016 August | 48 | 7 | 55 |
| 2016 July | 0 | 4 | 4 |
Show all
