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Behaviour of concrete and cement in carbon dioxide sequestration by mineral carbonation processes
Comportamiento del hormigón y el cemento en la eliminación de dióxido de carbono por procesos de carbonatación mineral
Patricia Aparicioa, Domingo Martína,
Corresponding author
dmartin5@us.es

Corresponding author.
, Rocío Baya-Arenasa, Vicente Flores-Alésb
a Departamento de Cristalografía, Mineralogía y Q. Agrícola. Universidad de Sevilla, C/Prof. García González n°1, 41710 Sevilla, Spain
b Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectónicas II, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 4ª, 41710 Sevilla, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Climate change is a long-term challenge&#44; but it demands an urgent action due to the growth of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere and its accumulation rate&#44; increasing the global average temperature&#46; This kind of emissions to the atmosphere and the risk on an increase in global average temperature are mainly since carbon dioxide concentrations have increased by 40&#37; since the pre-industrial period due to anthropogenic effects <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140">&#91;1&#44;2&#93;</a>&#46; To avoid or mitigate these figures&#44; CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> emissions should be minimized&#46; The main measures proposed to lead to a reduction in the energy consumption of fossil fuels by offsetting emissions from industrial processes&#44; promoting the use of energy from non-polluting sources and encouraging the use of technologies for carbon capture&#44; utilization and storage &#40;CCUS&#41; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">&#91;3&#93;</a>&#46; These strategies imply the development of innovative&#44; available and profitable techniques&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Construction and demolition waste &#40;C&#38;D waste&#41; mainly come from building demolitions&#44; construction materials rejected for new plant works&#44; as well as non-reusable or defective products generated during manufacturing processes <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155">&#91;4&#44;5&#93;</a>&#46; C&#38;D waste is a potential CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> material to capture CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46; Thus&#44; previous researches <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165">&#91;6&#8211;9&#93;</a> have analyzed their ability to react with CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> by mineral carbonation of calcium and&#47;or magnesium silicates&#44; oxides and hydroxides&#44; present in their composition&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mineral carbonation offers a stable and safe alternative to the use of underground geological formations for the storage of this greenhouse gas&#46; This method of CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> capture and storage has been considered for years as a topic goal in cement chemical investigations <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">&#91;10&#93;</a>&#46; It is a complex physicochemical process that induces a slow modification of the concrete structure and&#44; over time&#44; develops changes in its physical <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190">&#91;11&#44;12&#93;</a> and chemical <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200">&#91;13&#8211;18&#93;</a> properties&#46; The reactions that occur in the concrete achieve the complete stabilization of CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; by chemical fixation of the gas as new minerals phases&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0015"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> remains in a solid-state through the formation of carbonates such as calcite&#44; magnesite or dolomite&#46; These minerals are very abundant in the earth crust&#44; and they are stable on a geological timescale of millions of years&#46; The carbonation of minerals which contain calcium and magnesium is a natural spontaneous reaction&#44; although it occurs on geological timescales <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">&#91;19&#93;</a>&#46; The challenge is to accelerate these natural reactions to the point of fixing CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> at the same rate that it is generated in the consumption of fossil fuels&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research presents considerations about the capture of CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> in conventional concrete buildings through a laboratory simulation based on researches carried out by Mart&#237;n et al&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155">&#91;4&#44;8&#44;20&#44;21&#93;</a>&#46; These works reproduce the conditions that should occur in a waterproofed quarry vessel to optimize the mineralogical carbonation of the C&#38;D waste&#46; Previous to the filling phase of the quarry vessel <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">&#91;4&#93;</a>&#44; all the quarry hole should be waterproofed with clay materials before dumping C&#38;D carbonate waste material according to the proposed model&#46; Within the landfill it would be established a system of transport&#44; distribution and diffusion of CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#59; finally&#44; to avoid the gas lost&#44; the upper part of the vessel must be waterproofed with the same material&#46; The gaseous CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> may be brought into contact with the C&#38;D waste and the carbonation reaction would occur &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this work&#44; the possible mechanisms of CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> capture in concrete&#44; which together with ceramic blocks or bricks&#44; are the main components of C&#38;D waste&#44; have been studied&#46; Tests have been evaluated at room temperature and low pressures&#44; depending on the type of concrete and particle size&#44; reproducing a process that can potentially be economical and profitable on a large-scale and environmentally suitable&#46; Results of this research contribute to the application of carbonation of C&#38;D waste on an industrial scale&#44; particularly if that wastes are used as material to fill natural deposits&#44; as depleted quarries&#46; As it was noted above&#44; CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> could be injected in quarries and develop carbonation reactions&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering that the concrete carbonate phases come from cement&#44; concretes with aggregates of different nature &#40;siliceous and limestone&#41; were studied&#44; to assess the behaviour and carbonation possibilities in both cases&#46; The main characteristic property of concrete is the compressive strength at 28 days &#40;UNE-EN 12390-3&#58;2003&#41; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">&#91;22&#93;</a>&#44; whose value expressed in MPa is used to name this type of materials&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thus&#44; following the incidence of cement in the compressive resistance&#44; concretes of different strengths&#44; within the most used ranges for building&#44; have been considered for the study&#46; Materials used for the study are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To facilitate the treatment of the materials&#44; concrete samples were crushed in a jaw crusher and later homogenized&#46; After being quartered&#44; they were classified into three groups by their maximum particle size &#40;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#46; For its chemical and mineralogical characterization&#44; the grinding of the samples was carried out in agate mortar and the resultant material was sieved to 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The carbonation tests as gas-liquid-solid phase reaction&#44; were carried out in a 0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L volume hermetic reactor &#40;Parr Instrument Co&#46;&#44; Moline&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The fixed conditions were 10 bars of CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; a 4&#58;1 solid-water ratio &#40;20&#37; humidity&#41; and room temperature&#46; The variable conditions were the reaction time &#40;between 24 &#8211; 1 day &#8211; and 720<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h &#8211; 30 days &#8211;&#41;&#44; and the particle size&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Material characterization and carbonation process tracing</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The major elemental composition expressed in oxides was performed by X-ray fluorescence &#40;XRF&#41; with an automated Panalytical Axios &#40;Marverl Panalytical Ltd&#44; Netherlands&#41; model spectrometer&#46; The samples were prepared for analysis as glass discs to reduce the &#8220;matrix effect&#8221;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mineralogical composition of the untreated and treated samples was determined by X-ray diffraction &#40;XRD&#41;&#44; using a Bruker D8 Advance diffractometer &#40;Bruker&#44; Germany&#41; with standard monochromatic Cu K&#945; radiation and operating at 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kV and 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mA&#46; Scanning was performed with a 0&#46;015&#176; 2<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#952;</span> step size&#44; and at 0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s per step from 3&#176; to 70&#176;&#46; Semi-quantifications were performing using the software Profex &#40;version 3&#46;14&#46;0&#41; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">&#91;23&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The carbonate content of treated samples was determined by two analytical methods&#58; differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis &#40;DTA-TG&#41; and an elemental analyzer&#46; DTA-TG were performed on a TG Netzsch STA 409 PC &#40;Netzsch&#44; Germany&#41;&#46; Samples &#40;around 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#41; were heated in an aluminium oxide crucible under a nitrogen atmosphere at 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> from room temperature to 1200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; Weight loss was measured by thermogravimetric analysis in the temperature range of 600&#8211;1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C relative to the total carbonated decomposition&#46; Elemental carbon content was measured using an elemental analyzer&#44; Leco Truspec CHNS Micro &#40;Leco&#44; Michigan&#44; USA&#41;&#44; which calculated the carbonated ratio assuming that the whole carbon content was calcite&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The specific surface area &#40;SSA-BET&#41;&#44; micro- and nano-porosity were measured with an ASAP 2420 &#40;Micromeritics&#44; Georgia&#44; USA&#41; instrument using the adsorption of N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> at liquid nitrogen temperature &#40;&#8722;196<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41; and CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> at room temperature&#46; Before measurement&#44; all samples were degassed at 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 180<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min and finally outgassed to 10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;3</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Torr&#46; SSA was calculated using the classical Brunauer-Emmett-Teller theory &#40;BET&#41;&#44; and H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> isotherms are analyzed using the Barrett&#8211;Joyner&#8211;Halenda &#40;BJH&#41; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">&#91;24&#93;</a> method to yield micro- and nano- pore size distribution&#44; respectively&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Macro- and meso-porosity were studied using a mercury porosimeter Pore Master 60-GT &#40;Quantachrome Instruments Anton Paar&#44; Austria&#41;&#46; Low pressure mercury porosimetry applied to macropores while high pressure measured mesopores&#46; The relationship between the pore diameter and Hg-intrusion pressure was calculated by the Washburn equation <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">&#91;25&#93;</a>&#46; The pressures used in mercury porosimetry were from 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bar to 4000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bar&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Soluble Ca&#44; K&#44; Na&#44; Si and S ions were measured by a simultaneous inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry &#40;ICP-OES&#41; analysis using an ULTIMA 2 &#40;Horiba Jobin Yvon&#44; New York&#44; USA&#41; instrument&#46; The specimens were prepared by mixing the solid powder samples with water and stirring for 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; then concentrating the liquid phase by centrifugation followed by filtering through a Nylon 0&#46;22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m syringe filter&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Micro-observations of morphological changes were obtained by scanning electronic microscopy &#40;SEM&#41; using a FEI Teneo &#40;Thermo Fisher Scientific&#44; Waltham&#44; MA USA&#41; microscope equipped with energy dispersive spectrometers &#40;EDAX&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the limits of detection and quantification of the different techniques used&#44; the combination of analytical techniques allowed the qualitative analysis of the capture mechanisms and the indirect quantification of the amount of carbon captured <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">&#91;8&#93;</a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Results and discussion</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Sample characterization and selection</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The analysis of the majority elements of the samples analyzed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41; shows an inverse relationship between the silicon and calcium content related to the compressive strength&#44; being higher to greater SiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The calcium oxide content in the concretes ranges from 9&#8211;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>wt&#37; and the magnesium oxide content ranges from 0&#46;5&#8211;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>wt&#37;&#46; Such high Ca and&#47;or Mg materials seem to be appropriate for mineral carbonation&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The concretes&#44; as it was expected&#44; are mainly composed of quartz&#44; carbonates and feldspars &#40;alkali- and plagioclase&#41;&#46; Minor phyllosilicates&#44; gypsum and portlandite &#40;calcium hydroxide&#41; were also detected in some concretes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In limestone concretes the presence of carbonates &#40;calcite&#44; dolomite and ankerite&#41; was predominant&#44; varying from 53&#8211;89<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>wt&#37;&#44; being these mainly the minerals rich in Ca &#40;and&#47;or Mg&#41;&#46; Hc1 showed a percentage not much higher than 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>wt&#37; of other Ca-minerals that could be considered for carbonation &#40;plagioclase and portlandite&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Siliceous concretes were mainly composed of quartz &#40;65&#8211;68<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>wt&#37;&#41;&#46; Hs2 presented 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>wt&#37; of calcite as main Ca-rich mineral&#44; against Hs1 with a higher calcium content assigned to portlandite&#44; plagioclase and ettringite &#40;hydrated calcium aluminium sulphate&#41; as possible minerals for carbonation&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For this reason&#44; the siliceous concrete sample Hs1 was selected for carbonation tests in different particle size fractions&#44; reaction times and different pressures&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Carbonation tests</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The selected samples were tested for carbonation at room temperature&#44; 20&#37; humidity and 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bar CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> pressure for different fractions and reaction times&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After these tests &#40;in general&#41; an increase in calcite intensity was observed by XRD &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#44; as well as almost complete disappearance of the intensities corresponding to portlandite &#40;Eq&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0005">&#40;1&#41;</a>&#41; and ettringite&#46; The destruction of both minerals would provide calcium ions for the subsequent precipitation of the calcite&#44; fixing CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Around 27&#46;5&#176; &#40;asterisk in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41; a significant increase in intensity was observed&#46; This increase could be due to a combination of two effects&#58; &#40;i&#41; an increase in the calcium plagioclase content&#59; and &#40;ii&#41; the appearance of a dehydrated phase of the ettringite due to drying of the samples after carbonation tests&#46; This phase would have a structure equivalent to &#946;-CaSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">&#91;26&#93;</a>&#46; Nonetheless&#44; some ettringite should be destroyed due to an increase of silicon and sulfur ions compared with the original sample &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41;&#46; Also&#44; an increase in free Ca ions were observed&#46; Ca ions available for calcite precipitation due to the mineral destruction of portlandite and ettringite&#46; Decrease in soluble K and Na may be related to increase in illite and albite respectively&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While Eq&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0005">&#40;1&#41;</a> showed the carbonation reaction of portlandite&#44; the following equation corresponds to ettringite <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">&#91;27&#93;</a>&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0020"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to TG results &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>&#41;&#44; as quantification of CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> fixed&#44; were proportional to the reaction time and inversely proportional to fraction size&#46; In other words&#44; 30 days and &#60;0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm fraction was the higher CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> capture amount to Hs1&#44; around 6&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>wt&#37;&#46; However&#44; this value was higher calculated from C-elemental as CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; around 7&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>wt&#37; &#40;an increase of 2&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>wt&#37; of C respect to the original value&#41;&#46; The difference was due to some proportion of CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> was physically retained &#40;physical adsorption&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The morphological time evolution was analyzed using the minor fraction size &#40;&#60;0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#46; Macro- and meso-porous were determined by Hg-porosimeter&#44; which affects the proportion and size of the pores &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; The maximum volume of this porous diameter was in the range around 150 to 650<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>b&#41; in front of the untreated sample&#44; which maximum was around 200&#8211;400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>a&#41;&#46; So&#44; an increase of porous diameter was observed due to the acidic attack on the surface in the carbonation process <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">&#91;20&#93;</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Whereas the smaller pore&#44; micro- and nano-pore&#44; determined by N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> physisorption &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">Table 6</a>&#41; shown a decrease of the pore diameter to 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm from around 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm&#46; This reduction was reached after 5 days of reaction&#44; remaining constant at longer times&#46; Combined with the decrease in the N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> BET specific surface due to the smoothing of the irregular surface were related to the growth of calcite crystals that complete the pore by decreasing to smaller pore size as chemical CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> retention&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore&#44; the mechanism would be as follows&#58; &#40;i&#41; the mixture of CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and water&#44; or CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> in solution&#44; begins to penetrate the empty pores&#59; &#40;ii&#41; within the pore by the action of the acidity of the carbonic generated by the combination of gas and moisture&#44; it dissolves calcium minerals &#40;i&#46;e&#46; portlandite&#44; ettringite&#41;&#59; &#40;iii&#41; the released calcium ions combined with carbon ions precipitate as calcium carbonate filling the pores&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nevertheless&#44; some proportion of CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> gas was physically adsorbed as shown in isothermal N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> absorption curve &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>a and b&#41;&#46; Both the treated samples presented a lower quantity of adsorbed gas than the original Hs1 concrete&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Micro observations confirmed the presence of precipitated calcium carbonate &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>&#41;&#46; That neoformed calcite exhibits different habits&#46; Mainly&#44; geometric aggregates or with lamellar habit and dendritic growth were observed&#46; Chemical analysis by EDS shows Ca&#44; O and C &#40;which was in the limit of proper quantification by the instrument&#41; as principal elements&#46; Also&#44; a peak in the spectrum &#40;not quantified&#41; correspond to Pt&#44; the metal used to the spattering&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some of these crystals were observed damaged&#44; with cracks or fractures on the edges &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Figs&#46; 5</a> and 6&#41;&#46; These alterations in the geometry of regular crystals may be due to the growth of new crystals and the destructive action of the acidic environment&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work has studied the possibility of using concrete waste for mineral carbonation in a short time under viable conditions of low-medium pressure &#40;10 bars&#41;&#44; low relative humidity &#40;20&#37;&#41; and ambient temperature&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ca-rich minerals&#44; as portlandite and ettringite&#44; were partially dissolved and free Ca ions may be removed for subsequent carbonate precipitation&#44; fixing the CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> chemically&#46; Some physical adsorption was also observed&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Compared to the bricks previously studied <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155">&#91;4&#44;8&#44;20&#93;</a>&#44; in the concretes the main mechanism of CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> capture is the physical absorption versus the mineral carbonation&#46; Although in both types of components of C&#38;D waste&#44; both types of mechanisms were present&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The carbonation performance was higher at smaller grain size and higher reaction time&#46; Around 6&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>wt&#37; retention of CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> is achieved under favourable conditions of low pressure and temperature with low energy costs and therefore&#44; environmental protection&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These results open the opportunity to use construction and demolition waste containing concrete for CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> capture&#44; in a full-scale recovery that would guarantee the profitability of the process&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Funding</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work was supported by the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Junta de Andaluc&#237;a</span> &#91;grant number <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs1">P12-RNM-568</span>&#93;&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            2 => "Construction wastes"
            3 => "Calcite"
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            2 => "Residuos de la construcci&#243;n"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mineral carbonation of construction and demolition waste is a viable alternative for the reduction of CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> emissions from industry&#46; Concrete and cement&#44; together with ceramic blocks&#44; are the primary sources of calcium for mineral carbonation in which CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> is fixed in a stable and inert process&#46; One type of concrete was selected from 5 for the carbonation tests&#46; Crushed&#44; separated into size fractions&#44; moistened to 20&#37; and tested at 10 bars of CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> for 24 to 720<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; Destruction of portlandite and ettringite phases was determined&#46; Calcite precipitated as carbonate phase&#46; Maximum carbonation was reached after 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; fixing 6&#46;5&#37; of CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La carbonataci&#243;n mineral de los residuos de construcci&#243;n y demolici&#243;n es una alternativa viable para la reducci&#243;n de las emisiones de CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> de la industria&#46; El hormig&#243;n y el cemento&#44; junto con los bloques de cer&#225;mica&#44; son las principales fuentes de calcio para la carbonataci&#243;n mineral en la que el CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> se fija en un proceso estable e inerte&#46; Se seleccion&#243; un tipo de hormig&#243;n de entre 5 para las pruebas de carbonataci&#243;n&#46; Triturado&#44; separado en fracciones de tama&#241;o&#44; humedecido al 20&#37; y probado a 10 bares de CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> durante 24 a 720 horas&#46; Se determin&#243; la destrucci&#243;n de las fases de portlanita y ettringita&#46; La calcita se precipit&#243; como fase de carbonato&#46; La m&#225;xima carbonataci&#243;n se alcanz&#243; despu&#233;s de 72 horas&#44; fijando el 6&#44;5&#37; de CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46;</p></span>"
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          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Concrete type&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Nominal compressive strength &#40;MPa&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sample name&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle">Limestone aggregates</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hc1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hc2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hc3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">Siliceous aggregates</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hs1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hs2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sample description &#40;type and compressive strength&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      7 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">LOI&#58; Loss on ignition performed at 1025<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C of furnace temperature&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sample&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">MnO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">MgO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CaO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Na<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">K<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LOI&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hc1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">34&#46;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hc2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&#46;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hc3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hs1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">69&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hs2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">70&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Major oxide composition &#40;wt&#37;&#41; by XRF of selected concretes&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      8 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at3"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sample&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Q&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Do&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Alb&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Anor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Po&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gyp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Alu&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Bi&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Co&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ank&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ett&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cha&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hc1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tr&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tr&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tr&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tr&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hc2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tr&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tr&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tr&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mineralogical semi-quantification composition &#40;wt&#37;&#41; of selected concretes&#46; Abbreviations&#58; Q &#8211; quartz&#59; Ca &#8211; calcite&#59; Do &#8211; dolomite&#59; Alb &#8211; albite&#59; Anor &#8211; Ca-felspar&#59; Po &#8211; portlandite&#59; Gyp &#8211; gypsum&#59; Alu &#8211; alunite&#59; Bi &#8211; biotite&#59; Co &#8211; cordierite&#59; I &#8211; illite&#59; Ank &#8211; ankerite&#59; Ett &#8211; ettringite&#59; Cha &#8211; chamosite&#59; Tr-trace &#40;&#60;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>wt&#37;&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  """
              ]
            ]
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Soluble Si&#44; S&#44; Ca&#44; K&#44; and Na ions measured in untreated and treated after 30 days of reaction for Hs1 concrete&#46;</p>"
        ]
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        "mostrarFloat" => true
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                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Loss mass &#40;at 600&#8211;1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41; by DTA-TG and C-elemental data of concrete Hs1 tested&#46;</p>"
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      "titulo" => "References"
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          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "IPCC 2013 Summary for Policymakers in Climate Change 2013&#58; The Physical Science Basis&#44; Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:10 [
                            0 => "T&#46;F&#46; Stocker"
                            1 => "D&#46; Qin"
                            2 => "G&#46;K&#46; Plattner"
                            3 => "M&#46; Tignor"
                            4 => "S&#46;K&#46; Allen"
                            5 => "J&#46; Boschung"
                            6 => "A&#46; Nauels"
                            7 => "Y&#46; Xia"
                            8 => "V&#46; Bex"
                            9 => "P&#46;M&#46; Midgley"
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              "identificador" => "bib0145"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The origin and limits of the near proportionality between climate warming and cumulative CO2 emissions"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "A&#46;H&#46; MacDougall"
                            1 => "P&#46; Friedlingstein"
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                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00036.1"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "J&#46; Clim&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "28"
                        "paginaInicial" => "4217"
                        "paginaFinal" => "4230"
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                    ]
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            2 => array:3 [
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Review of European energy policies regarding the recent &#8220;carbon capture&#44; utilization and storage&#8221; technologies scenario and the role of coal seams"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "C&#46;F&#46;A&#46; Rodrigues"
                            1 => "M&#46;A&#46;P&#46; Dinis"
                            2 => "M&#46;J&#46; Lemos de Sousa"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s12665-015-4275-0"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Environ&#46; Earth Sci&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "74"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2553"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2561"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0155"
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Mineral carbonation of ceramic brick at low pressure and room temperature&#46; A simulation study for a superficial CO2 store using a common clay as sealing material"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "D&#46; Mart&#237;n"
                            1 => "P&#46; Aparicio"
                            2 => "E&#46; Gal&#225;n"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.clay.2018.04.021"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Appl&#46; Clay Sci&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "volumen" => "161"
                        "paginaInicial" => "119"
                        "paginaFinal" => "126"
                      ]
                    ]
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                ]
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            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0160"
              "etiqueta" => "&#91;5&#93;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Planificaci&#243;n de recogida y flujo de residuos s&#243;lidos &#40;de construcci&#243;n y demolici&#243;n&#44; hormig&#243;n&#44; cer&#225;mica y otros&#41; mediante la utilizaci&#243;n de una herramienta informatizada para su gesit&#243;n sostenible&#44; Bolet&#237;n La Soc"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "E&#46; Garz&#243;n"
                            1 => "P&#46;J&#46; S&#225;nchez-Soto"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Esp&#46; Cer&#225;m&#46; Vidr&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "52"
                        "paginaInicial" => "V"
                        "paginaFinal" => "XIV"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Carbonation behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "R&#46;V&#46; Silva"
                            1 => "R&#46; Neves"
                            2 => "J&#46; De Brito"
                            3 => "R&#46;K&#46; Dhir"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.04.017"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Cem&#46; Concr&#46; Compos&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Sequestering atmospheric CO2 inorganically&#58; a solution for Malaysia&#39;s CO2 emission"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46;E&#46; Jorat"
                            1 => "M&#46;A&#46; Aziz"
                            2 => "A&#46; Marto"
                            3 => "N&#46; Zaini"
                            4 => "S&#46;N&#46; Jusoh"
                            5 => "D&#46;A&#46;C&#46; Manning"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3390/geosciences8120483"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Geoscience"
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        "texto" => "<p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research was funded by the Andaluc&#237;a Government &#40;RDCCO2 project&#44; P12-RNM-568&#41;&#44; and the contract of Domingo Mart&#237;n granted by the V Plan Propio de Investigaci&#243;n from the University of Seville &#40;Spain&#41;&#46; XRD&#44; XRF&#44; BET&#44; C-elemental analysis&#44; Hg porosimetry&#44; SEM were performed using the facilities of the General Research Center at the University of Seville &#40;CITIUS&#41;&#46;</p>"
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Article information
ISSN: 03663175
Original language: English
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2023 January 32 25 57
2022 December 35 37 72
2022 November 38 33 71
2022 October 36 38 74
2022 September 36 55 91
2022 August 42 38 80
2022 July 60 35 95
2022 June 29 36 65
2022 May 5 27 32
2022 April 5 32 37
2022 March 9 43 52
2022 February 2 45 47
2022 January 6 53 59
2021 December 24 46 70
2021 November 12 50 62
2021 October 21 53 74
2021 September 17 35 52
2021 August 16 36 52
2021 July 15 16 31
2021 June 19 38 57
2021 May 10 28 38
2021 April 23 20 43
2021 March 11 26 37
2021 February 12 19 31
2021 January 8 14 22
2020 December 3 6 9
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