Screening of freshwater fungi for decolorizing multiple synthetic dyes

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MFGB, MethodFGB; MPK, MethodPK; MSGB, MethodSGB; MLFT, MethodLFT; YS, Chinese pine; RCL, sharptooth oak; HSS, Armand pine; QQ, Wilson spruce; Y-R, Chinese pine+sharptooth oak." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Fei Cheng, Lin Hou, Keith Woeste, Zhengchun Shang, Xiaobang Peng, Peng Zhao, Shuoxin Zhang" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Fei" "apellidos" => "Cheng" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Lin" "apellidos" => "Hou" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Keith" "apellidos" => "Woeste" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Zhengchun" "apellidos" => "Shang" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Xiaobang" "apellidos" => "Peng" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Peng" "apellidos" => "Zhao" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Shuoxin" "apellidos" => "Zhang" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1517838216305354?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/15178382/0000004700000004/v1_201610040136/S1517838216305354/v1_201610040136/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Environmental Microbiology" "titulo" => "Screening of freshwater fungi for decolorizing multiple synthetic dyes" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "828" "paginaFinal" => "834" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Panpan Yang, Wenxiao Shi, Hongkai Wang, Hongmei Liu" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Panpan" "apellidos" => "Yang" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Wenxiao" "apellidos" => "Shi" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Hongkai" "apellidos" => "Wang" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "hkwang@zju.edu.cn" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Hongmei" "apellidos" => "Liu" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Zhejiang University, Biotechnology Institute, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Shandong Agricultural University, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an, Shandong, China" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 886 "Ancho" => 950 "Tamanyo" => 110272 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Colonial characterization of 3 strains of Myrothecium verrucaria incubated on PDA for 5 days at 25°C. DX-8 produced abundant spores on the culture, but I-5 had no spores on the colony; the sporulation ability of C-1 was between that of DX-8 and I-5." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionSynthetic dyes are widely used for coloring the products of several industries such as textiles, leather, cosmetics, paper, printing materials, and plastics. It is estimated that 1–2% of dye production is lost, and 5–10% is discharged to the environment when the dyes are used.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165">1,2</a> Several dyes and the chemicals used to produce them are often toxic, carcinogenic or even explosive.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175">3,4</a> Effluents from industries that use various dyes are considered as pollutants that can cause severe environmental problems as well as medical and esthetic problems.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">2</a> The decolorization of this industrial waste is a challenging task because certain dyes are resistant to degradation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">4</a>Physical and chemical decolorizing methods have been developed to remove dyes from wastewater; however, several of them have disadvantages such as high costs and/or limited applicability.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170">2,5</a> Studies on the capability of microorganisms to perform dye decolorization has received increasing attention because the use of microorganisms is considered a cost effective and environmentally friendly method for removing organic dyes from wastewater before they are discharged.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190">6,7</a> Likewise, the capabilities and mechanisms of decolorization by bacteria have been studied.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200">8,9</a> However, the application of bacteria was limited due to the narrow substrate range of various degrading bacteria.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">10</a> Moreover, to complete the degradation of dyes, different groups of bacteria are required in an alternation process from anaerobic to aerobic conditions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170">2,7</a>Research on the fungal decolorization of dye wastewater has been performed in recent years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215">11,12</a> Several fungi with the capability to decolorize a wide range of dyes have been reported. For example, the white-rot fungi and brown-rot fungi are well-studied fungi groups with decolorization abilities.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">12</a> Other fungi, such as Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus arrhizus, and R. oryzae, can also decolorize and/or absorb diverse dyes and possess excellent color removal capabilities.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225">13,14</a>The mechanism of fungal decolorization mainly involves two aspects, biodegradation and biosorption.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">15</a> The biodegradation capability of fungi is due to their extracellular, non-specific and non-selective enzyme system.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">6</a> Fungal enzyme production depends on nutrient limitations, and their subsequent dye decolorization ability is achieved depending on the growth conditions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">16</a> Considering the complex environmental factors involved in the dye wastewater conditions, the screening of more fungi is necessary for use in dye decolorization.Aquatic fungi are the main decomposers of aquatic ecosystems and play crucial roles in the cycling of nutrients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">17</a> In addition, a unique characteristic of fungi is their ability to produce several non-specific enzymes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">18</a> These non-specific extracellular and/or exoenzymes enable the aquatic fungi to attack structurally diverse organic compounds that correspond to different pollutant classes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255">19,20</a> Hence, these fungi may serve as a new resource to treat wastewater. However, little research has been performed on the process of decolorizing wastewater by freshwater fungi,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">10</a> and more fungi with potential for the biodegradation of synthetic dyes need to be explored. In the present study, several freshwater fungi were isolated from streams in the Zhejiang Province, PR China, and their ability of decolorizing multiple synthetic dyes was evaluated.Materials and methodsDyes and mediaSeven dyes were used for screening the decolorization ability of the fungal isolates. All the dyes were dissolved in distilled water at a concentration of 10g/L; then, they were filtered and sterilized using a 0.22μm-diameter bacteria filter before being tested for use. All the dyes were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich. The molecular structures of the dyes are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Water agar medium (WA; WA1.5% agar) was used for the fungal isolation; potato-carrot-agar medium (PCA; 5% potato, 5% carrot, 2% agar) was used for the identification of fungal isolates; potato-dextrose-agar medium (PDA; 20% potato, 2% dextrose, 2% agar) was used to grow the fungal cultures and for the DNA extraction; and malt-agar medium (MEA; 2% malt extract, 1.5% agar) was used for screening the decolorization by fungi.The liquid MEA medium used for the decolorization test was the same as that described above but without agar. The PDA medium was used for colony growth, and the genomic DNA isolation was prepared following the method of Wongsawas et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">21</a>Fungal strain isolation from streamsSubmerged wood samples were randomly collected from streams in the Zhejiang Province; then, they were brought back to laboratory and placed separately in snap lock plastic bags with sterile moist paper towels, incubated at room temperature and examined periodically during a three-month period. Single spore isolations were obtained using the methods described by Choi et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270">22,23</a>Dye decolorization on solid mediaThe solid media were prepared with MEA medium and the addition of each dye to a total concentration of 50mg/L. A mycelium plug derived from the edge of fungal strains grown on WA medium plates for 4 days at 25°C were transferred to the center of a solid medium plate and inoculated at 25°C for 1 week. The formation of decolorized zones under or around the developing mycelia was monitored for dye decolorization. All the agar plate assays were performed in triplicate.Morphological identification of fungal strains with decolorization capabilityPure cultures of fungi with decolorization capabilities were incubated on PCA, WA and PDA media at 25°C for 2 weeks for their identification. The morphological characters of fungi were examined and recorded in detail under an Olympus BX-51 microscope equipped with an Olympus DP-50 digital camera system.Molecular identification of the fungal strains testedThe total genomic DNA was extracted from the cultured mycelia with a modified CTAB method protocol.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">21</a> The complete internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 and the 5.8S rDNA regions of the isolates tested were amplified by PCR using ITS1 and ITS4 primers. The 18S rDNA region of isolate JX-43 was obtained by PCR using the NS1 and NS4 primers because there is no ITS sequence of this species in GenBank. The PCR reaction protocol and sequencing process was performed as described by Wongsawas et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">21</a>Dye decolorization in liquid systemsThe fungal strains that showed a decolorized zone on the solid media were picked out for further testing in liquid media. The concentration of each dye was supplemented to obtain 50mg/L in a previously autoclaved liquid medium. A plug derived from the edge of the selected fungal strains on PDA was transferred to a 10mL liquid medium that contained the respective dye and inoculated at 25°C for 1 week. Then, the liquid medium that contained fungal mycelia was centrifuged at 5000rpm for 10min, and aliquots of the supernatants were transferred into new tubes and diluted as necessary for the absorbance readings. For each dye, untreated liquid medium was used as a control. The absorbance spectrum of each dye was examined using a U-2001 two-beam spectrophotometer using a wavelength range from 200 to 900nm, and the maximum absorbance wavelength was determined according to the single peak with the strongest absorption. The absorbance determinations were measured at the maximum absorbance wavelength on a GENios+microplate reader. The standard curves of each dye were performed at the maximum absorbance wavelength, and the dye concentration ranged from 0 to 50mg/L. The dye decolorization of samples was expressed as a percentage, as follows: D=(AC−AA)/AC×100, where D is the decolorization rate (%), and AC and AA are the concentrations measured for the control and the treated sample, respectively.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">24</a>The dye biosorption of fungal mycelia was evaluated as follows: after the centrifugal process described above, the fungal mycelia in each centrifuge tube were put on a filter paper (Whatman) to remove the additional liquid; then, they were transferred to a new centrifuge tube that contained 10mL ethanol and 10mL fresh liquid medium. These tubes were placed on a rotary shaker (160rpm) at room temperature for 20min and then centrifuged at 5000rpm for 10min. The control for each dye was performed by adding 10mL ethanol into 10mL liquid medium that contained 50mg/L of each dye. The dye biosorption rate was expressed as a percentage, as follows: A=AM/AD×100, where A is the dye adsorption rate of each fungal mycelia (%), and AM and AD are the concentrations measured in the treatment and control, respectively.The assays were performed in triplicate, the experimental error was calculated as the standard deviation (SD) and, in all the cases, the SD was below 3%.ResultsFreshwater fungal strain isolation and screening of the dye decolorization ability on agar platesA total of 92 strains of freshwater fungi were isolated from decayed woody samples collected from streams in the Zhejiang Province, PR China. The decolorization capability of these fungal strains was assessed on dye-containing MEA plates with 7 types of synthetic dyes inoculated at 25°C for 1 week.Thirteen fungal strains that caused either a partial or full decolorization were screened out of 92 strains of freshwater fungi isolated from the decayed wood samples. The dye decolorization results on agar plates showed that these fungal strains had the ability to decompose more than 3 types of dyes. Likewise, different fungi had different dye decolorization abilities. For example, strain C-1 had the capability to decompose all 7 different types of dyes tested in these experiments (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Identification of the fungi with potential for dye decompositionThe identification of the 13 fungal strains was performed based on morphological characters and on the ITS rDNA sequence (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). Based on the recorded morphological data (not shown) from 3 strains (DX-8, I-5 and C-1), it appears that they belong to the species Myrothecium verrucaria, with slightly different cultural characteristics (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>) and different abilities to decompose dyes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>). The ITS regions of strain C-1 were sequenced, and a preliminary sequencing analysis confirmed that the taxon belonged to the Myrothecium species. The fungal strain I-6c was identified as Colletotrichum dematium. The fungal strain I-101 was similar to Corynespora cassiicola, while strains H-6 and Sy06 possessed morphology similar to that of Dictyosporium zhejiangensis. The morphology of I-10 and BD-42 were consistent with that of Fusarium thapsinum.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">25</a> The fungal strain JX-62 had the morphological characters of Alternaria alternata.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>The morphological characteristics of J-1 indicate a close resemblance to Plectosporium tabacinum. The ITS sequences further confirmed such an affinity. Strain JX-43 was similar to Acrogenospora sphaerocephala; however, the ITS sequence of this strain did not reveal high sequence similarities because no ITS sequence data of this species were found in the GenBank database. Then, we sequenced the SSU sequence of strain JX-43, and a blast search result indicated that it had 99% identity with Farlowiella carmichaeliana, the teleomorph of A. sphaerocephala. The D-1 strain could not be identified based on morphology because it was unable to sporulate; however, the ITS sequences show a close similarity to Ceriporia lacerate, known as the white-rot fungus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">26</a>All 7 types of dyes were used for the decolorization test in liquid media. The wavelengths of maximum absorption by each dye are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. The 13 fungal strains that were significantly active in dye decolorization in solid plates were used in the liquid decolorization system assay. All the tested strains showed a highly efficient decolorization of a variety of dyes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>). The decolorizing extent of the dyes by the different strains exhibited an individual pattern based on the dye type and the fungal strains, even those that belonged to the same fungal species. Each strain had the ability of decolorize multiple dyes and, at least, they decolorized one dye with high efficiency. For example, strain D-1 could decolorize all the tested dyes with a rate of up to 50%. Strains JX-43 and I-10 were able to decolorize the Reactive Red 11 and Acid Blue 113 dyes almost completely; however, only 34.1% and 41.3% decolorization rates were achieved with Reactive Blue 74, respectively. Certain isolates of this study had a decolorization efficiency higher than that of the white-rot fungus Ceriporia lacerata. The obtained results are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>.New absorbance peaks appeared after the treatment of dyes with the fungal strains. A new absorbance peak was shown when Acid Blue 62 was treated with sy06 and I-6C respectively, which has a maximum absorbance wavelength at 590nm (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia>In this study, the dye biosorption by the fungal strains was evaluated (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>). Different strains exhibited different extents of dye absorbance depending on the type of dyes. Strain I-101 had the ability of adsorbing 6 out of 7 dyes. In addition, 8 out of 13 strains were able to adsorb Acid Red 73, whereas the dye Acid Blue 193 exhibited a null adsorption by all the fungal strains used in this study. Strain I-101 has the highest rate of biosorption among the tested fungal strains, and the efficiency of dye biosorption was more than 20% in 5 types of dyes. However, at least 4 strains, C-1, DX-8, I-5, DB-42, did not show any biosorption ability.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionThe presence of dyes in industrial products currently results in wastewater pollution, and these pollutants need to be treated before they are discharged.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">27</a> The ability of microorganisms to perform dye degradation has received considerable attention.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195">7,16</a> The effluents from the textile industry are extremely variable in composition; even a small structural difference can affect the decolorization process.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170">2,28</a> There is still a need for studies to discover the potential of fungal isolates for the improvement of dye wastewater because certain isolates cannot be suitable for a variety of dyes in wastewater conditions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">1</a> The fungal isolates in this research provide a new avenue for approaching the biodegradation of dyes in the future.The fungi used for dye biodegradation were mainly isolated from forest ecosystems, such as white-rot and brown-rot fungi. Although these fungi have been shown to decolorize dyes in liquid fermentations, their enzyme production was shown to be unreliable. This outcome is mainly due to the unfamiliar environment of liquid fermentations for these forest fungi.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">12</a> New isolates of fungi used to decolorize water conditions will probably have the efficacy of bioremediation of dyes because these fungi have the ability to secrete extracellular non-specific enzymes that contribute to the carbon recycling in liquid environments. Junghanns et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">10</a> showed that certain isolates of aquatic fungi had a high and unexploited potential for the treatment of dye-containing wastewaters, even at high concentrations. In the present study, 13 isolates of freshwater fungi showed a high efficiency for the decolorization of multiple dyes, which should provide advantages for the treatment of effluents with complex dye compositions. The decolorization abilities of several fungal species in decolorizing synthetic dyes, such as A. sphaerocephala, D. zhejiangensis, and P. tabacinum, have never been reported before.The mechanisms of fungal dye removal are categorized into the following three groups: bioaccumulation, bioabsorption and biodegradation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195">7,16</a> Bioaccumulation is referred to the accumulation of pollutants by actively growing cells through their metabolism.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">16</a> Biosorption can occur in either living or dead biomass; amino, carboxyl, thiol, lipid and phosphate groups that exist in the fungal cell walls are responsible for binding the dye molecules in the biosorption process.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240">16,29</a> The main mechanism of decolorization by fungi is biodegradation because the fungi can produce various non-specific extracellular and intracellular enzymes involved in the dye decolorization process, such as laccase, manganese peroxidase (MnP), manganese independent peroxidase (MIP), lignin peroxidase (LiP), tyrosinase, and others.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165">1,16,29</a> The biodegradation ability of fungi through enzymatic activities was confirmed by using purified enzymes for decolorization.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215">11,16</a> Moreover, there are several factors that can influence the rate of fungal dye biodegradation, such as environmental parameters, the dye molecule structures, and the relative contributions of enzymes involved in the decolorization, which may be different for each fungus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165">1,16,30</a> Further research is needed to understand the factors that influence the decolorization rate with the studied fungi.Studies on the bio-decolorization of textile dye effluents by fungi have been reported even in the presence of salts and high dye concentration using the white-rot fungi,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">31</a>Aspergillus fumigatus and Phanerochaete sordid.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0300">28,32</a> In the present study, one isolate, D-1, which was identified as the white-rot fungus C. lacerate,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">26</a> also showed a powerful ability to decolorize multiple dyes. Certain fungal isolates in this research, such as C. dematium strain I-6c, F. thapsinum strain DB-42, F. thapsinum strain I-10, and A. sphaerocephala strain JX-43, showed a higher potential for dye decolorization than the D-1 strain, which indicates their suitability for the treatment of dye-polluted water. The assessment of the removal abilities of multiple dyes by certain fungal strains indicates that several enzymes were involved in the decolorization process although the enzymes contributing to dye decolourisation remain to be defined, for the dye biosorption contributing to decolorisation by mycelia was very low. Moreover, the high frequency appearance of new absorbance peaks after fungal treatment demonstrated the roles of the enzymes involved in both the decomposition and the biotransformation of dyes. This characterization of fungi revealed that they may be useful for the treatment of dye-containing wastewaters.Conflicts of interestThe authors declare no conflicts of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres737738" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec741935" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Dyes and media" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Fungal strain isolation from streams" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Dye decolorization on solid media" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Morphological identification of fungal strains with decolorization capability" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Molecular identification of the fungal strains tested" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Dye decolorization in liquid systems" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Freshwater fungal strain isolation and screening of the dye decolorization ability on agar plates" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Identification of the fungi with potential for dye decomposition" ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack245195" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2015-05-22" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-03-06" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec741935" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Freshwater fungi" 1 => "Biodegradation" 2 => "Synthetic dyes" 3 => "Decolorization" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "The biodegradation of synthetic dyes by fungi is emerging as an effective and promising approach. In the present study, freshwater fungal strains isolated from submerged woods were screened for the decolorization of 7 synthetic dyes. Subsequently, 13 isolates with high decolorization capability were assessed in a liquid system; they belonged to 9 different fungal species. Several strains exhibited a highly effective decolorization of multiple types of dyes. New absorbance peaks appeared after the treatment with 3 fungal strains, which suggests that a biotransformation process occurred through fungal biodegradation. These results showed the unexploited and valuable capability of freshwater fungi for the treatment of dye-containing effluents. The ability of certain fungi to decolorize dyes is reported here for the first time." ] ] "multimedia" => array:14 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 949 "Ancho" => 1900 "Tamanyo" => 195144 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Decolorization of 7 dyes by fungal strain C-1 on MEA medium that contained 50mg/L of different dyes inoculated during 7 days. (A) Reactive Red 11; (B) Acid Blue 40; (C) Acid Blue 62; (D) Acid Blue 113; (E) Acid Blue 193; (F) Acid Red 73; (G) Reactive Blue 74." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 886 "Ancho" => 950 "Tamanyo" => 110272 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Colonial characterization of 3 strains of Myrothecium verrucaria incubated on PDA for 5 days at 25°C. DX-8 produced abundant spores on the culture, but I-5 had no spores on the colony; the sporulation ability of C-1 was between that of DX-8 and I-5." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1404 "Ancho" => 1638 "Tamanyo" => 142269 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Spectral curves of Acid Blue 62 treated with 4 fungal strains after 7 days. The new absorbance peak appeared at 500nm when the dye was treated with the Sy06 and I-6c strains. CK0: ME broth medium. CK1: ME broth medium with 50mg/L Acid Blue 62." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dye \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Structure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">λmax (nm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Acid Blue 40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="201610040143147921"></elsevierMultimedia> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">620 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Reactive Red 11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="201610040143147922"></elsevierMultimedia> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">525 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Acid Blue 193 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="201610040143147923"></elsevierMultimedia> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">580 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Acid Blue 62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="201610040143147924"></elsevierMultimedia> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">590 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Acid Blue 113 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="201610040143147925"></elsevierMultimedia> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">630 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Reactive Blue 74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="201610040143147926"></elsevierMultimedia> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">590 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Acid Red 73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="201610040143147927"></elsevierMultimedia> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">500 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1218702.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Structures of the synthetic dyes used in the present study and the wavelength of maximum absorption – λmax (nm)." ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Strain number \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Species name \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Accession number of the tested isolates \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Identity \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Accession with high Ident in the GenBank \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C-1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Myrotheciumverrucaria \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="ncbi-n:JQ801304">JQ801304</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">100% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0010" href="ncbi-n:FJ235085">FJ235085</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DX-8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Myrothecium verrucaria \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">I-5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Myrothecium verrucaria \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">I-6C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Colletotrichum dematium \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0015" href="ncbi-n:JQ801303">JQ801303</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">100% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0020" href="ncbi-n:AB046608">AB046608</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">I-101 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Corynespora cassiicola \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0025" href="ncbi-n:JQ801302">JQ801302</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">99% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0030" href="ncbi-n:GU461298">GU461298</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sy06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Dictyosporium zhejiangensis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0035" href="ncbi-n:KF931342">KF931342</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">99% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0040" href="ncbi-n:FJ456893">FJ456893</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">H-6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Dictyosporium zhejiangensis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">J-1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Plectosporium tabacinum \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">99% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0045" href="ncbi-n:KC845227">KC845227</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">I-10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Fusarium thapsinum \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DB-42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Fusarium thapsinum \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0050" href="ncbi-n:KF813067">KF813067</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">100% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0055" href="ncbi-n:JQ363735">JQ363735</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">JX-62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Alternaria alternata \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0060" href="ncbi-n:KF813070">KF813070</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">100% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0065" href="ncbi-n:JN681160">JN681160</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Jx-43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Acrogenospora sphaerocephala \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0070" href="ncbi-n:KF836060">KF836060</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">93% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0075" href="ncbi-n:AY265337">AY265337</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">D-1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Ceriporia lacerata \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">KF78284 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">99% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0080" href="ncbi-n:FJ462746">FJ462746</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1218700.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Fungal strains used for the decolorization assay after the screening test and their blast results obtained from GenBank." ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dye \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Acid Blue 40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reactive Red 11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Acid Blue 193 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Acid Blue 62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Acid Blue 113 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reactive Blue 74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Acid Red 73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Myrothecium verrucaria C-1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">46.50±0.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50.64±0.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">46.05±0.32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">67.09±0.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">79.83±1.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">66.74±0.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">63.23±0.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">M. verrucaria DX-8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">45.41±0.55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">56.28±0.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">41.47±1.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">68.79±0.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">77.59±0.44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60.96±0.96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">61.54±0.42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">M. verrucaria I-5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">48.57±0.32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60.38±0.34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">41.46±0.56 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">67.65±0.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">79.51±0.32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">65.53±0.73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">58.00±0.44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Colletotrichum dematium I-6c \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">69.60±0.21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">86.02±0.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">53.58±0.61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">91.59±0.32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">85.86±0.92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">79.71±0.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">54.96±0.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Corynespora cassiicola I-101 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24.59±0.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">44.39±0.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25.96±0.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">48.69±0.21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">48.21±0.82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">51.74±0.56 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30.28±0.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Dictyosporium zhejiangensis Sy06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">77.67±0.90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">62.56±0.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">44.78±0.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">61.55±0.87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">77.87±0.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">66.43±0.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">56.34±0.63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">D. zhejiangensis H-6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">75.53±0.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">64.02±0.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">46.00±1.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">58.83±0.45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">77.41±0.72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">64.04±0.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">55.23±0.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Plectosporium tabacinum J-1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">76.44±1.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">95.96±0.87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.64±0.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50.16±0.56 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">65.09±0.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">56.95±2.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">67.12±0.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Fusarium thapsinum I-10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">93.97±0.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">100±0.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">92.93±0.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60.04±0.68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">98.64±0.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">34.12±0.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">51.76±0.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">F. thapsinum DB-42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">90.86±0.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">92.81±0.72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">90.58±0.61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">66.21±0.89 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">96.16±0.36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">40.29±0.83 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">55.55±0.54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Alternaria alternata Jx-62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">49.16±1.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">86.79±0.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">45.71±0.35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">51.25±0.34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">91.11±0.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">46.28±0.74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">66.43±0.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Acrogenospora sphaerocephala JX-43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">89.84±0.61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">99.5±0.21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78.00±0.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">69.97±0.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">100.00±0.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">41.30±0.56 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">61.98±0.45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ceriporia lacerata D-1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">64.86±0.34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">67.12±0.62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">82.37±0.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">70.98±0.41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">87.38±0.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">69.64±0.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">76.16±0.72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1218701.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Decolorization rates (%) of 11 dyes after the treatment with 13 fungal strains for 7 days in liquid media." ] ] 6 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at4" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dye \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Acid Blue 40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reactive Red 11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Acid Blue 193 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Acid Blue 62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Acid Blue 113 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reactive Blue 74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Acid Red 73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Myrothecium verrucaria C-1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">M. verrucaria DX-8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">M. verrucaria I-5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Colletotrichum dematium I-6c \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.58±0.93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.50±0.64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.40±0.32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.36±0.35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14.03±0.58 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Corynespora cassiicola I-101 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20.10±0.36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">29.01±1.41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30.10±0.73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.17±0.85 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20.87±0.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.12±0.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Dictyosporium zhejiangensis Sy06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">32.0±0.99 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">D. zhejiangensis H-6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">41.84±2.41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Plectosporium tabacinum J-1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.03±1.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Fusarium thapsinum I-10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.03±2.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">F. thapsinum DB-42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Alternaria alternata Jx-62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.22±0.44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24.44±1.53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Acrogenospora sphaerocephala JX-43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.03±0.66 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ceriporia lacerata D-1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.78±0.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1218703.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Biosorption rates (%) of 11 dyes after the treatment with 13 fungal strains for 7 days in liquid media." ] ] 7 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "201610040143147921" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg" "Alto" => 670 "Ancho" => 766 "Tamanyo" => 37832 ] ] ] 8 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "201610040143147922" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx2.jpeg" "Alto" => 607 "Ancho" => 1342 "Tamanyo" => 50611 ] ] ] 9 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "201610040143147923" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx3.jpeg" "Alto" => 413 "Ancho" => 946 "Tamanyo" => 38383 ] ] ] 10 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "201610040143147924" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx4.jpeg" "Alto" => 322 "Ancho" => 477 "Tamanyo" => 32074 ] ] ] 11 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "201610040143147925" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx5.jpeg" "Alto" => 499 "Ancho" => 1120 "Tamanyo" => 39832 ] ] ] 12 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "201610040143147926" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx6.jpeg" "Alto" => 392 "Ancho" => 1312 "Tamanyo" => 40712 ] ] ] 13 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "201610040143147927" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx7.jpeg" "Alto" => 622 "Ancho" => 1230 "Tamanyo" => 50092 ] ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:32 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0165" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Removal of synthetic dyes from wastewaters: a review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "E. 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Environmental Microbiology

Panpan Yanga,b, Wenxiao Shia, Hongkai Wanga,

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hkwang@zju.edu.cn

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, Hongmei Liub

a Zhejiang University, Biotechnology Institute, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

b Shandong Agricultural University, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an, Shandong, China

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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Colonial characterization of 3 strains of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Myrothecium verrucaria</span> incubated on PDA for 5 days at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; DX-8 produced abundant spores on the culture&#44; but I-5 had no spores on the colony&#59; the sporulation ability of C-1 was between that of DX-8 and I-5&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Synthetic dyes are widely used for coloring the products of several industries such as textiles&#44; leather&#44; cosmetics&#44; paper&#44; printing materials&#44; and plastics&#46; It is estimated that 1&#8211;2&#37; of dye production is lost&#44; and 5&#8211;10&#37; is discharged to the environment when the dyes are used&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Several dyes and the chemicals used to produce them are often toxic&#44; carcinogenic or even explosive&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> Effluents from industries that use various dyes are considered as pollutants that can cause severe environmental problems as well as medical and esthetic problems&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The decolorization of this industrial waste is a challenging task because certain dyes are resistant to degradation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Physical and chemical decolorizing methods have been developed to remove dyes from wastewater&#59; however&#44; several of them have disadvantages such as high costs and&#47;or limited applicability&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;5</span></a> Studies on the capability of microorganisms to perform dye decolorization has received increasing attention because the use of microorganisms is considered a cost effective and environmentally friendly method for removing organic dyes from wastewater before they are discharged&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> Likewise&#44; the capabilities and mechanisms of decolorization by bacteria have been studied&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> However&#44; the application of bacteria was limited due to the narrow substrate range of various degrading bacteria&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Moreover&#44; to complete the degradation of dyes&#44; different groups of bacteria are required in an alternation process from anaerobic to aerobic conditions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;7</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Research on the fungal decolorization of dye wastewater has been performed in recent years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a> Several fungi with the capability to decolorize a wide range of dyes have been reported&#46; For example&#44; the white-rot fungi and brown-rot fungi are well-studied fungi groups with decolorization abilities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Other fungi&#44; such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus niger</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhizopus arrhizus</span>&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R&#46; oryzae</span>&#44; can also decolorize and&#47;or absorb diverse dyes and possess excellent color removal capabilities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mechanism of fungal decolorization mainly involves two aspects&#44; biodegradation and biosorption&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> The biodegradation capability of fungi is due to their extracellular&#44; non-specific and non-selective enzyme system&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Fungal enzyme production depends on nutrient limitations&#44; and their subsequent dye decolorization ability is achieved depending on the growth conditions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Considering the complex environmental factors involved in the dye wastewater conditions&#44; the screening of more fungi is necessary for use in dye decolorization&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aquatic fungi are the main decomposers of aquatic ecosystems and play crucial roles in the cycling of nutrients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> In addition&#44; a unique characteristic of fungi is their ability to produce several non-specific enzymes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> These non-specific extracellular and&#47;or exoenzymes enable the aquatic fungi to attack structurally diverse organic compounds that correspond to different pollutant classes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span></a> Hence&#44; these fungi may serve as a new resource to treat wastewater&#46; However&#44; little research has been performed on the process of decolorizing wastewater by freshwater fungi&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> and more fungi with potential for the biodegradation of synthetic dyes need to be explored&#46; In the present study&#44; several freshwater fungi were isolated from streams in the Zhejiang Province&#44; PR China&#44; and their ability of decolorizing multiple synthetic dyes was evaluated&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Dyes and media</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seven dyes were used for screening the decolorization ability of the fungal isolates&#46; All the dyes were dissolved in distilled water at a concentration of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;L&#59; then&#44; they were filtered and sterilized using a 0&#46;22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m-diameter bacteria filter before being tested for use&#46; All the dyes were purchased from Sigma&#8211;Aldrich&#46; The molecular structures of the dyes are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Water agar medium &#40;WA&#59; WA1&#46;5&#37; agar&#41; was used for the fungal isolation&#59; potato-carrot-agar medium &#40;PCA&#59; 5&#37; potato&#44; 5&#37; carrot&#44; 2&#37; agar&#41; was used for the identification of fungal isolates&#59; potato-dextrose-agar medium &#40;PDA&#59; 20&#37; potato&#44; 2&#37; dextrose&#44; 2&#37; agar&#41; was used to grow the fungal cultures and for the DNA extraction&#59; and malt-agar medium &#40;MEA&#59; 2&#37; malt extract&#44; 1&#46;5&#37; agar&#41; was used for screening the decolorization by fungi&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The liquid MEA medium used for the decolorization test was the same as that described above but without agar&#46; The PDA medium was used for colony growth&#44; and the genomic DNA isolation was prepared following the method of Wongsawas et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Fungal strain isolation from streams</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Submerged wood samples were randomly collected from streams in the Zhejiang Province&#59; then&#44; they were brought back to laboratory and placed separately in snap lock plastic bags with sterile moist paper towels&#44; incubated at room temperature and examined periodically during a three-month period&#46; Single spore isolations were obtained using the methods described by Choi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Dye decolorization on solid media</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The solid media were prepared with MEA medium and the addition of each dye to a total concentration of 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L&#46; A mycelium plug derived from the edge of fungal strains grown on WA medium plates for 4 days at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C were transferred to the center of a solid medium plate and inoculated at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 1 week&#46; The formation of decolorized zones under or around the developing mycelia was monitored for dye decolorization&#46; All the agar plate assays were performed in triplicate&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Morphological identification of fungal strains with decolorization capability</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pure cultures of fungi with decolorization capabilities were incubated on PCA&#44; WA and PDA media at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 2 weeks for their identification&#46; The morphological characters of fungi were examined and recorded in detail under an Olympus BX-51 microscope equipped with an Olympus DP-50 digital camera system&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Molecular identification of the fungal strains tested</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The total genomic DNA was extracted from the cultured mycelia with a modified CTAB method protocol&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> The complete internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 and the 5&#46;8S rDNA regions of the isolates tested were amplified by PCR using ITS1 and ITS4 primers&#46; The 18S rDNA region of isolate JX-43 was obtained by PCR using the NS1 and NS4 primers because there is no ITS sequence of this species in GenBank&#46; The PCR reaction protocol and sequencing process was performed as described by Wongsawas et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Dye decolorization in liquid systems</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The fungal strains that showed a decolorized zone on the solid media were picked out for further testing in liquid media&#46; The concentration of each dye was supplemented to obtain 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L in a previously autoclaved liquid medium&#46; A plug derived from the edge of the selected fungal strains on PDA was transferred to a 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL liquid medium that contained the respective dye and inoculated at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 1 week&#46; Then&#44; the liquid medium that contained fungal mycelia was centrifuged at 5000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm for 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; and aliquots of the supernatants were transferred into new tubes and diluted as necessary for the absorbance readings&#46; For each dye&#44; untreated liquid medium was used as a control&#46; The absorbance spectrum of each dye was examined using a U-2001 two-beam spectrophotometer using a wavelength range from 200 to 900<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm&#44; and the maximum absorbance wavelength was determined according to the single peak with the strongest absorption&#46; The absorbance determinations were measured at the maximum absorbance wavelength on a GENios<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>microplate reader&#46; The standard curves of each dye were performed at the maximum absorbance wavelength&#44; and the dye concentration ranged from 0 to 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L&#46; The dye decolorization of samples was expressed as a percentage&#44; as follows&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;AC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>AA&#41;&#47;AC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100&#44; where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D</span> is the decolorization rate &#40;&#37;&#41;&#44; and AC and AA are the concentrations measured for the control and the treated sample&#44; respectively&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The dye biosorption of fungal mycelia was evaluated as follows&#58; after the centrifugal process described above&#44; the fungal mycelia in each centrifuge tube were put on a filter paper &#40;Whatman&#41; to remove the additional liquid&#59; then&#44; they were transferred to a new centrifuge tube that contained 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL ethanol and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL fresh liquid medium&#46; These tubes were placed on a rotary shaker &#40;160<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm&#41; at room temperature for 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min and then centrifuged at 5000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm for 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; The control for each dye was performed by adding 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL ethanol into 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL liquid medium that contained 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L of each dye&#46; The dye biosorption rate was expressed as a percentage&#44; as follows&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>AM&#47;AD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100&#44; where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A</span> is the dye adsorption rate of each fungal mycelia &#40;&#37;&#41;&#44; and AM and AD are the concentrations measured in the treatment and control&#44; respectively&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The assays were performed in triplicate&#44; the experimental error was calculated as the standard deviation &#40;SD&#41; and&#44; in all the cases&#44; the SD was below 3&#37;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Results</span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Freshwater fungal strain isolation and screening of the dye decolorization ability on agar plates</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 92 strains of freshwater fungi were isolated from decayed woody samples collected from streams in the Zhejiang Province&#44; PR China&#46; The decolorization capability of these fungal strains was assessed on dye-containing MEA plates with 7 types of synthetic dyes inoculated at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 1 week&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thirteen fungal strains that caused either a partial or full decolorization were screened out of 92 strains of freshwater fungi isolated from the decayed wood samples&#46; The dye decolorization results on agar plates showed that these fungal strains had the ability to decompose more than 3 types of dyes&#46; Likewise&#44; different fungi had different dye decolorization abilities&#46; For example&#44; strain C-1 had the capability to decompose all 7 different types of dyes tested in these experiments &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Identification of the fungi with potential for dye decomposition</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The identification of the 13 fungal strains was performed based on morphological characters and on the ITS rDNA sequence &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; Based on the recorded morphological data &#40;not shown&#41; from 3 strains &#40;DX-8&#44; I-5 and C-1&#41;&#44; it appears that they belong to the species <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Myrothecium verrucaria</span>&#44; with slightly different cultural characteristics &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41; and different abilities to decompose dyes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; The ITS regions of strain C-1 were sequenced&#44; and a preliminary sequencing analysis confirmed that the taxon belonged to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Myrothecium</span> species&#46; The fungal strain I-6c was identified as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Colletotrichum dematium</span>&#46; The fungal strain I-101 was similar to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynespora cassiicola</span>&#44; while strains H-6 and Sy06 possessed morphology similar to that of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dictyosporium zhejiangensis</span>&#46; The morphology of I-10 and BD-42 were consistent with that of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium thapsinum</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> The fungal strain JX-62 had the morphological characters of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Alternaria alternata</span>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The morphological characteristics of J-1 indicate a close resemblance to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Plectosporium tabacinum</span>&#46; The ITS sequences further confirmed such an affinity&#46; Strain JX-43 was similar to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acrogenospora sphaerocephala</span>&#59; however&#44; the ITS sequence of this strain did not reveal high sequence similarities because no ITS sequence data of this species were found in the GenBank database&#46; Then&#44; we sequenced the SSU sequence of strain JX-43&#44; and a blast search result indicated that it had 99&#37; identity with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Farlowiella carmichaeliana</span>&#44; the teleomorph of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; sphaerocephala</span>&#46; The D-1 strain could not be identified based on morphology because it was unable to sporulate&#59; however&#44; the ITS sequences show a close similarity to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ceriporia lacerate</span>&#44; known as the white-rot fungus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All 7 types of dyes were used for the decolorization test in liquid media&#46; The wavelengths of maximum absorption by each dye are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; The 13 fungal strains that were significantly active in dye decolorization in solid plates were used in the liquid decolorization system assay&#46; All the tested strains showed a highly efficient decolorization of a variety of dyes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; The decolorizing extent of the dyes by the different strains exhibited an individual pattern based on the dye type and the fungal strains&#44; even those that belonged to the same fungal species&#46; Each strain had the ability of decolorize multiple dyes and&#44; at least&#44; they decolorized one dye with high efficiency&#46; For example&#44; strain D-1 could decolorize all the tested dyes with a rate of up to 50&#37;&#46; Strains JX-43 and I-10 were able to decolorize the Reactive Red 11 and Acid Blue 113 dyes almost completely&#59; however&#44; only 34&#46;1&#37; and 41&#46;3&#37; decolorization rates were achieved with Reactive Blue 74&#44; respectively&#46; Certain isolates of this study had a decolorization efficiency higher than that of the white-rot fungus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ceriporia lacerata</span>&#46; The obtained results are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">New absorbance peaks appeared after the treatment of dyes with the fungal strains&#46; A new absorbance peak was shown when Acid Blue 62 was treated with sy06 and I-6C respectively&#44; which has a maximum absorbance wavelength at 590<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; the dye biosorption by the fungal strains was evaluated &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41;&#46; Different strains exhibited different extents of dye absorbance depending on the type of dyes&#46; Strain I-101 had the ability of adsorbing 6 out of 7 dyes&#46; In addition&#44; 8 out of 13 strains were able to adsorb Acid Red 73&#44; whereas the dye Acid Blue 193 exhibited a null adsorption by all the fungal strains used in this study&#46; Strain I-101 has the highest rate of biosorption among the tested fungal strains&#44; and the efficiency of dye biosorption was more than 20&#37; in 5 types of dyes&#46; However&#44; at least 4 strains&#44; C-1&#44; DX-8&#44; I-5&#44; DB-42&#44; did not show any biosorption ability&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Discussion</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presence of dyes in industrial products currently results in wastewater pollution&#44; and these pollutants need to be treated before they are discharged&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> The ability of microorganisms to perform dye degradation has received considerable attention&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;16</span></a> The effluents from the textile industry are extremely variable in composition&#59; even a small structural difference can affect the decolorization process&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;28</span></a> There is still a need for studies to discover the potential of fungal isolates for the improvement of dye wastewater because certain isolates cannot be suitable for a variety of dyes in wastewater conditions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The fungal isolates in this research provide a new avenue for approaching the biodegradation of dyes in the future&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The fungi used for dye biodegradation were mainly isolated from forest ecosystems&#44; such as white-rot and brown-rot fungi&#46; Although these fungi have been shown to decolorize dyes in liquid fermentations&#44; their enzyme production was shown to be unreliable&#46; This outcome is mainly due to the unfamiliar environment of liquid fermentations for these forest fungi&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> New isolates of fungi used to decolorize water conditions will probably have the efficacy of bioremediation of dyes because these fungi have the ability to secrete extracellular non-specific enzymes that contribute to the carbon recycling in liquid environments&#46; Junghanns et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> showed that certain isolates of aquatic fungi had a high and unexploited potential for the treatment of dye-containing wastewaters&#44; even at high concentrations&#46; In the present study&#44; 13 isolates of freshwater fungi showed a high efficiency for the decolorization of multiple dyes&#44; which should provide advantages for the treatment of effluents with complex dye compositions&#46; The decolorization abilities of several fungal species in decolorizing synthetic dyes&#44; such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; sphaerocephala</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#46; zhejiangensis</span>&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; tabacinum</span>&#44; have never been reported before&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mechanisms of fungal dye removal are categorized into the following three groups&#58; bioaccumulation&#44; bioabsorption and biodegradation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;16</span></a> Bioaccumulation is referred to the accumulation of pollutants by actively growing cells through their metabolism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Biosorption can occur in either living or dead biomass&#59; amino&#44; carboxyl&#44; thiol&#44; lipid and phosphate groups that exist in the fungal cell walls are responsible for binding the dye molecules in the biosorption process&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;29</span></a> The main mechanism of decolorization by fungi is biodegradation because the fungi can produce various non-specific extracellular and intracellular enzymes involved in the dye decolorization process&#44; such as laccase&#44; manganese peroxidase &#40;MnP&#41;&#44; manganese independent peroxidase &#40;MIP&#41;&#44; lignin peroxidase &#40;LiP&#41;&#44; tyrosinase&#44; and others&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;16&#44;29</span></a> The biodegradation ability of fungi through enzymatic activities was confirmed by using purified enzymes for decolorization&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;16</span></a> Moreover&#44; there are several factors that can influence the rate of fungal dye biodegradation&#44; such as environmental parameters&#44; the dye molecule structures&#44; and the relative contributions of enzymes involved in the decolorization&#44; which may be different for each fungus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;16&#44;30</span></a> Further research is needed to understand the factors that influence the decolorization rate with the studied fungi&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Studies on the bio-decolorization of textile dye effluents by fungi have been reported even in the presence of salts and high dye concentration using the white-rot fungi&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus fumigatus</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phanerochaete sordid</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28&#44;32</span></a> In the present study&#44; one isolate&#44; D-1&#44; which was identified as the white-rot fungus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; lacerate</span>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> also showed a powerful ability to decolorize multiple dyes&#46; Certain fungal isolates in this research&#44; such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; dematium</span> strain I-6c&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; thapsinum</span> strain DB-42&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; thapsinum</span> strain I-10&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; sphaerocephala</span> strain JX-43&#44; showed a higher potential for dye decolorization than the D-1 strain&#44; which indicates their suitability for the treatment of dye-polluted water&#46; The assessment of the removal abilities of multiple dyes by certain fungal strains indicates that several enzymes were involved in the decolorization process although the enzymes contributing to dye decolourisation remain to be defined&#44; for the dye biosorption contributing to decolorisation by mycelia was very low&#46; Moreover&#44; the high frequency appearance of new absorbance peaks after fungal treatment demonstrated the roles of the enzymes involved in both the decomposition and the biotransformation of dyes&#46; This characterization of fungi revealed that they may be useful for the treatment of dye-containing wastewaters&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
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          "identificador" => "xres737738"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
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              "identificador" => "abst0005"
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        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec741935"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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        2 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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        3 => array:3 [
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          "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
          "secciones" => array:6 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Dyes and media"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Fungal strain isolation from streams"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Dye decolorization on solid media"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Morphological identification of fungal strains with decolorization capability"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Molecular identification of the fungal strains tested"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "Dye decolorization in liquid systems"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        4 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0045"
          "titulo" => "Results"
          "secciones" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0050"
              "titulo" => "Freshwater fungal strain isolation and screening of the dye decolorization ability on agar plates"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0055"
              "titulo" => "Identification of the fungi with potential for dye decomposition"
            ]
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        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0060"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0065"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest"
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        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack245195"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
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        8 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2015-05-22"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2016-03-06"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Freshwater fungi"
            1 => "Biodegradation"
            2 => "Synthetic dyes"
            3 => "Decolorization"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The biodegradation of synthetic dyes by fungi is emerging as an effective and promising approach&#46; In the present study&#44; freshwater fungal strains isolated from submerged woods were screened for the decolorization of 7 synthetic dyes&#46; Subsequently&#44; 13 isolates with high decolorization capability were assessed in a liquid system&#59; they belonged to 9 different fungal species&#46; Several strains exhibited a highly effective decolorization of multiple types of dyes&#46; New absorbance peaks appeared after the treatment with 3 fungal strains&#44; which suggests that a biotransformation process occurred through fungal biodegradation&#46; These results showed the unexploited and valuable capability of freshwater fungi for the treatment of dye-containing effluents&#46; The ability of certain fungi to decolorize dyes is reported here for the first time&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Colonial characterization of 3 strains of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Myrothecium verrucaria</span> incubated on PDA for 5 days at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; DX-8 produced abundant spores on the culture&#44; but I-5 had no spores on the colony&#59; the sporulation ability of C-1 was between that of DX-8 and I-5&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Spectral curves of Acid Blue 62 treated with 4 fungal strains after 7 days&#46; The new absorbance peak appeared at 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm when the dye was treated with the Sy06 and I-6c strains&#46; CK0&#58; ME broth medium&#46; CK1&#58; ME broth medium with 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L Acid Blue 62&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#955;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> &#40;nm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Acid Blue 40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">580&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dictyosporium zhejiangensis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0035" href="ncbi-n:KF931342">KF931342</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">99&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0040" href="ncbi-n:FJ456893">FJ456893</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">H-6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dictyosporium zhejiangensis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">J-1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Plectosporium tabacinum</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">99&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0045" href="ncbi-n:KC845227">KC845227</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">I-10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium thapsinum</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DB-42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium thapsinum</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0050" href="ncbi-n:KF813067">KF813067</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">100&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0055" href="ncbi-n:JQ363735">JQ363735</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">JX-62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Alternaria alternata</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0060" href="ncbi-n:KF813070">KF813070</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">100&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0065" href="ncbi-n:JN681160">JN681160</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Jx-43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acrogenospora sphaerocephala</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0070" href="ncbi-n:KF836060">KF836060</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">93&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0075" href="ncbi-n:AY265337">AY265337</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">D-1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ceriporia lacerata</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">KF78284&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">99&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0080" href="ncbi-n:FJ462746">FJ462746</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dye&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Acid Blue 40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reactive Red 11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Acid Blue 193&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Acid Blue 62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Acid Blue 113&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reactive Blue 74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Acid Red 73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Myrothecium verrucaria</span> C-1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&#46;64<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46&#46;05<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">67&#46;09<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">79&#46;83<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">66&#46;74<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">63&#46;23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; verrucaria</span> DX-8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">45&#46;41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56&#46;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41&#46;47<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">68&#46;79<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">77&#46;59<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&#46;96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">61&#46;54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; verrucaria</span> I-5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">48&#46;57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&#46;38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41&#46;46<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">67&#46;65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">79&#46;51<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">65&#46;53<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58&#46;00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Colletotrichum dematium</span> I-6c&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">69&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">86&#46;02<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53&#46;58<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">91&#46;59<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">85&#46;86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;92&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">79&#46;71<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54&#46;96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynespora cassiicola</span> I-101&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24&#46;59<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">44&#46;39<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&#46;96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">48&#46;69<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">48&#46;21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">51&#46;74<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30&#46;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dictyosporium zhejiangensis</span> Sy06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">77&#46;67<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">62&#46;56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">44&#46;78<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">61&#46;55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">77&#46;87<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">66&#46;43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56&#46;34<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#46; zhejiangensis</span> H-6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">75&#46;53<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">64&#46;02<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46&#46;00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58&#46;83<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">77&#46;41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">64&#46;04<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">55&#46;23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Plectosporium tabacinum</span> J-1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">76&#46;44<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">95&#46;96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31&#46;64<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&#46;16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">65&#46;09<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56&#46;95<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">67&#46;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium thapsinum</span> I-10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">93&#46;97<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">92&#46;93<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&#46;04<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">98&#46;64<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">34&#46;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">51&#46;76<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; thapsinum</span> DB-42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">90&#46;86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">92&#46;81<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">90&#46;58<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">66&#46;21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">96&#46;16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40&#46;29<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">55&#46;55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Alternaria alternata</span> Jx-62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">49&#46;16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">86&#46;79<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">45&#46;71<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">51&#46;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">91&#46;11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46&#46;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">66&#46;43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acrogenospora sphaerocephala</span> JX-43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">89&#46;84<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">99&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">78&#46;00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">69&#46;97<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">100&#46;00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">61&#46;98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ceriporia lacerata</span> D-1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">64&#46;86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">67&#46;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">82&#46;37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70&#46;98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">87&#46;38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">69&#46;64<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">76&#46;16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dye&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Acid Blue 40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reactive Red 11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Acid Blue 193&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Acid Blue 62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Acid Blue 113&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reactive Blue 74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Acid Red 73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Myrothecium verrucaria</span> C-1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; verrucaria</span> DX-8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; verrucaria</span> I-5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Colletotrichum dematium</span> I-6c&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;58<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&#46;03<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynespora cassiicola</span> I-101&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29&#46;01<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&#46;87<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#46; zhejiangensis</span> H-6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41&#46;84<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;03<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;03<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; thapsinum</span> DB-42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Article information

ISSN: 15178382
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.bjm.2016.06.010

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 October	20	6	26
2024 September	21	7	28
2024 August	38	8	46
2024 July	36	14	50
2024 June	54	10	64
2024 May	87	20	107
2024 April	74	16	90
2024 March	93	8	101
2024 February	79	4	83
2024 January	67	9	76
2023 December	49	12	61
2023 November	43	9	52
2023 October	64	14	78
2023 September	57	4	61
2023 August	22	6	28
2023 July	11	4	15
2023 June	27	5	32
2023 May	58	5	63
2023 April	67	8	75
2023 March	48	7	55
2023 February	40	7	47
2023 January	29	3	32
2022 December	39	11	50
2022 November	27	6	33
2022 October	22	5	27
2022 September	17	7	24
2022 August	28	17	45
2022 July	17	6	23
2022 June	12	10	22
2022 May	18	7	25
2022 April	14	8	22
2022 March	26	9	35
2022 February	52	9	61
2022 January	78	9	87
2021 December	40	11	51
2021 November	68	16	84
2021 October	63	16	79
2021 September	49	16	65
2021 August	64	6	70
2021 July	16	13	29
2021 June	27	12	39
2021 May	39	7	46
2021 April	78	22	100
2021 March	40	8	48
2021 February	33	15	48
2021 January	36	16	52
2020 December	37	9	46
2020 November	48	7	55
2020 October	20	6	26
2020 September	16	7	23
2020 August	17	13	30
2020 July	28	10	38
2020 June	30	8	38
2020 May	17	7	24
2020 April	9	1	10
2020 March	18	3	21
2020 February	33	11	44
2020 January	23	5	28
2019 December	22	3	25
2019 November	14	4	18
2019 October	12	6	18
2019 September	23	10	33
2019 August	4	1	5
2019 July	6	7	13
2019 June	18	4	22
2019 May	24	13	37
2018 November	23	11	34
2018 October	19	8	27
2018 September	20	13	33
2018 August	12	8	20
2018 July	22	12	34
2018 June	25	7	32
2018 May	20	6	26
2018 April	22	7	29
2018 March	32	6	38
2018 February	20	8	28
2018 January	9	6	15
2017 December	15	10	25
2017 November	23	14	37
2017 October	18	11	29
2017 September	16	12	28
2017 August	34	15	49
2017 July	41	17	58
2017 June	47	18	65
2017 May	63	20	83
2017 April	50	12	62
2017 March	34	29	63
2017 February	52	7	59
2017 January	35	22	57
2016 December	52	37	89
2016 November	61	22	83
2016 October	34	37	71
2016 September	2	1	3
2016 August	6	3	9

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