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Vol. 73. Issue 1.
Pages 9-17 (January 2003)
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Vol. 73. Issue 1.
Pages 9-17 (January 2003)
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Biología molecular del cáncer colorrectal
Molecular biology of colorectal cancer
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Albert Abad1
Corresponding author
aabad@ns.hugtip.scs.es

Correspondencia: Dr. A. Abad. Servei d‘Oncologia Mèdica. Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol. Ctra. del Canyet s/n. 08916 Badalona. Barcelona. España.
, José Luis Manzano, Beatriz Cirauqui
Servei d‘Oncologia Mèdica.
Eva Martínez-Balibreaa
a Laboratori de Biologia Molecular del Càncer.Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol. Badalona. Barcelona. España.
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Resumen

La biología molecular del cáncer colorrectal (CCR) abarca una amplísima variedad de aspectos que van desde la conocida teoría de las etapas múltiples del desarrollo del tumor y los síndromes hereditarios hasta la aplicación al tratamiento de determinantes moleculares de sensibilidad y resistencia a citostáticos. En el cáncer hereditario cabe destacar las dos vías de la herencia, la vía supresora mediada por el gen supresor APC de la poliposis múltiple familiar y la vía mutadora mediada por la mutación en genes reparadores y conocida como síndrome de Lynch. No cabe duda del interés de los aspectos de la carcinogénesis y la herencia, pero donde mayor importancia alcanza la biología molecular del CCR en el momento actual es en su aportación al pronóstico y tratamiento de los pacientes. Genes tan importantes como el oncogén k-ras nos proporcionarán información pronóstica sobre la agresividad y capacidad de recaída y metástasis, información que podemos completar con el análisis de la inestabilidad alélica (chromosomyc imbalance) en determinados cromosomas como 8p y 18q, y también con la determinación de los títulos de expresión de timidilato sintetasa. A nuestro entender, todavía es más importante la aportación que hace al tratamiento el análisis de la expresión de genes implicados en los mecanismos de reparación del ADN, como ERCC1, y en los mecanismos de acción de citostáticos y el conocimiento de determinados polimorfismos genéticos tales como TS, UGT1A1, XRCC1, XPD, que van a modificar la sensibilidad o resistencia a determinados fármacos y que serán tratados ampliamente en esta revisión.

Plabras clave:
Polimorfismos genéticos
Cáncer colorrectal

Molecular biology in colorectal cancer (CCR) embraces a wide range of aspects from the well known theory of multiple stages in the development of a tumour and inherited syndrome, to the application on the treatment of molecular determiners of sensitivity and resistance of cytostatics. In inherited cancer we have to point out the two forms of inheritance, the suppressor way via gene suppressor APC of the familiar multiple poliposis and the mutation way via mutation in repairing genes and known as Lynch syndrome. There is no doubt about the interest of carcinogenesis aspects and inheritance but the highest importance reached by molecular biology in CCR up to now is its contribution to the prognosis and treatment of patients. Genes as important as k-ras oncogene will provide us with prognostic information about the aggresiveness and capacity of relapse and metastasis, we can complete such information with the analysis of the allelic instability (chromosomyc imbalance) in some chromosomes such as 8p and 18q and also determining levels of expression of thymydilate synthase. In our opinion it is even more important the contribution to the treatment by the analysis of the expression of genes involved in the mechanisms of repair of DNA or in the mechanisms of action of cytostatics as well as the knowledge of some genetic polimorphisms that are going to modify the sensitivity or resistance to some medicine and will be widely treated in this essay.

Key words:
Genetic polymorphisms
Colorectal cancer
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