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Vol. 71. Issue 4.
Pages 192-196 (April 2002)
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Vol. 71. Issue 4.
Pages 192-196 (April 2002)
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Estudio ergonómico del cirujano durante la colecistectomía por vía abierta y laparoscópica
Ergonomic Study of the Surgeon During Open and Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
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Lourdes Sanza,1
Corresponding author
lousanz@hotmail.com

Correspondencia: Dra. L. Sanz Álvarez. Avda. del Mar, 82,4.o C. 33011 Oviedo.
, Juan J. Gonzálezb, Francisco Navarretec, Enrique Martínezd
a Doctora en Medicina y Cirugía
b Profesor titular de Cirugía. Facultad de Medicina
c Catedrático de Enfermería Médico-Quirúrgica. Escuela Universitaria de Enfermería.
d Catedrático de Cirugía. Facultad de Medicina. Servicio de Cirugía General I. Hospital Central de Asturias. Universidad de Oviedo
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Article information
Resumen
Introducción

La ingeniería del factor humano (la ergonomía) ha investigado muy poco el trabajo quirúrgico. Nuestro objetivo es determinar la carga postural de la colecistectomía laparoscópica y compararla con la abierta, para establecer el nivel de riesgo de lesión musculosquelética y buscar soluciones ergonómicas que mejoren la comodidad del cirujano y la eficacia del acto quirúrgico.

Material y método

Se recogieron datos sobre 16 intervenciones quirúrgicas (11 laparoscópicas y 5 abiertas) aplicando el método OWAS (Ovako Working Posture Analysis System) y se compararon ambas técnicas quirúrgicas respecto a la carga estática.

Resultados

Encontramos diferencias importantes entre la colecistectomía laparoscópica y la abierta respecto a la posición de los brazos (p < 0,001), piernas (p < 0,001) y cabeza (p < 0,001). En la colecistectomía laparoscópica se mantiene una postura más erguida, con sobrecarga de la cintura escapular, y en la técnica abierta hay una flexión casi permanente cervical. Los niveles de riesgo de lesión asociados a estas posturas sobrepasan los ideales, precisando corrección ergonómica.

Conclusiones

Ambas técnicas de colecistectomía comportan un nivel de riesgo de lesión musculosquelética más que moderado. La aplicación de criterios ergonómicos derivados del mundo industrial en el diseño del instrumental quirúrgico y del quirófano pueden mejorar la comodidad del cirujano y, por tanto, la eficacia de su trabajo.

Palabras clave:
Colecistectomía
Ergonomía
Carga postural
Introduction and aims

Very little ergonomic or human factor engineering research has been performed on the musculoskeletal loads experienced by surgeons. The aim of the present study was to determine physical work load during open and laparoscopic cholecystectomy, in order to establish the risk level of musculoskeletal disorders and to look for ergonomic solutions.

Material and method

We collected data from 16 cholecystectomies (11 laparoscopic, 5 open) by applying the OWAS method (Ovako Working Posture Analysis System). The postural load of the two techniques were compared.

Results

We found considerable differences between open and laparoscopic cholecystectomy in arm (p < 0.001), leg (p < 0.001) and head position (p < 0.001). In laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the posture is upright with overload of the scapular belt, while in the open technique the neck and back are almost permanently bent. Risk levels associated with these work postures are above recommended levels and require ergonomic correction.

Conclusions

Both open and laparoscopic cholecystectomy carry a greater than moderate risk of musculoskeletal disorders. The application of ergonomic criteria derived from industry in the design of surgical instruments and operating rooms could improve surgeons’ comfort and hence the efficacy of the surgical act.

Key words:
Cholecystectomy
Ergonomy
Postural load
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Copyright © 2002. Asociación Española de Cirujanos
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