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Inicio Cirugía Española Mortalidad hospitalaria en pacientes con traumatismos graves: análisis de la mo...
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Vol. 70. Issue 1.
Pages 21-26 (July 2001)
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Vol. 70. Issue 1.
Pages 21-26 (July 2001)
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Mortalidad hospitalaria en pacientes con traumatismos graves: análisis de la mortalidad evitable
In-Hospital Mortality among Patients with Major Trauma: Analysis of Preventable Mortality
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F. Turégano1, J.R. Ots, J.R. Martín, E. Bordons, J. Perea, D. Vega, J.A. López, S. López
Departamento de Urgencias. Sección de Cirugía
G. Garrido*
* Unidad de Investigación. Servicio de Medicina Preventiva. Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Madrid
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Resumen
Introducción

Los programas de mejora y control de calidad que analizan la provisión de cuidados a los pacientes traumatizados tienden, fundamentalmente, a utilizar la mortalidad como marcador de esa calidad. El concepto de mortalidad evitable en politraumatizados surge de la evaluación de esa calidad asistencial, y se basa en la información obtenida de registros que incluyen muchos miles de pacientes.

Métodos

Hemos analizado la mortalidad hospitalaria en un registro de pacientes traumatizados graves (n = 593) recogido desde junio de 1993 hasta diciembre de 1999. El análisis de la mortalidad evitable se ha basado fundamentalmente en el modelo TRISS de cálculo de probabilidad de supervivencia (Ps) y en los criterios de mortalidad evitable del Comité de Trauma del Colegio Americano de Cirujanos. Se ha puesto especial énfasis en la revisión detallada de aquellos pacientes fallecidos cuando la probabilidad de supervivencia era superior al 50%.

Resultados

La mortalidad de la serie ha sido del 22,5% (134 pacientes), para una mortalidad esperada del 26%. El principal mecanismo lesional en pacientes fallecidos ha sido la precipitación al vacío (29,8%), y el traumatismo craneoencefálico ha sido la principal causa fundamental de muerte (42,5%). El traumatismo cerrado ha revestido una gravedad doble de la del penetrante (ISS de 30 ± 18 frente a 15 ± 12, respectivamente), siendo el Injury Severity Score (ISS) global de la serie de 26 ± 18. El estadístico Z para el traumatismo cerrado y penetrante fue de −0,28 y −0,19, respectivamente. El estadístico M fue de 0,59 y 0,93, respectivamente. El 26% de los pacientes fallecidos tenían una Ps superior a 0,50. El 86,5% de las muertes se juzgaron como inevitables, el 11,9% como potencialmente evitables y el 1,6% como claramente evitables, para una mortalidad evitable global del 13,5%.

Conclusiones

Las cifras de mortalidad evitable obtenidas parecen aceptables, aun asumiendo las dificultades de su cálculo, la variabilidad y la ausencia de referencias en nuestro entorno sanitario. El análisis de esta mortalidad evitable en traumatizados, basado fundamentalmente en métodos objetivos de análisis estadístico de sistemas de puntuación de la gravedad, se considera, a pesar de sus dificultades, el estándar para la evaluación de la calidad asistencial.

Palabras clave:
Traumatismos
Modelo de probabilidad de supervivencia
Escalas de gravedad
Mortalidad evitable
TRISS
Introduction

Quality assurance programs that analyze the provision of care to trauma patients tend to use mortality as the quality marker. The concept of preventable mortality in patients with multiple trauma is a result of health care quality evaluation and is based on information obtained from registers containing many thousands of patients.

Methods

We analyzed hospital mortality in a register of patients with severe trauma (n = 593) from June 1993 to December 1999. The analysis of preventable mortality was based mainly on calculation of the TRISS probability of survival (PS) model and on the preventable mortality criteria of the Trauma Committee of the American College of Surgeons. Special emphasis was placed on detailed review of patients with a greater than 50% probability of survival who died.

Results

Mortality in the series was 22.5% (134 patients) while expected mortality was 26%. The main cause of fatal lesions was falling from a height (29.8%) and the most frequent cause of death was head injury (42.5%). Closed trauma provoked twice the number of deaths than did penetrating injury (ISS 30 ± 18 vs. 15 ± 12, respectively); the overall ISS of the series was 26 ± 18. The Z statistic for closed and penetrating trauma was −0.28 and −0.19, respectively. The M statistic was 0.59 and 0.93, respectively. Twenty-six percent of patients who died had a PS > 0.50. A total of 86.5% of deaths were considered inevitable, 11.9% as potentially preventable and 1.6% as clearly preventable, while overall preventable mortality was 13.5%.

Conclusions

The figures of avoidable mortality obtained are acceptable, bearing in mind the difficulties involved in their calculation, variability and the absence of references in the Spanish health environment. Despite these difficulties, the analysis of preventable mortality in trauma patients, based mainly on objective methods of statistical analysis of severity scores, is considered the standard for health care quality evaluation.

Key words:
Trauma
Probability of survival model
Severity scales
Avoidable mortality
TRISS
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Copyright © 2001. Asociación Española de Cirujanos
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