Article information
Resumen
El mejor tratamiento para los tumores primarios y metastásicos del hígado es la resección quirúrgica, pero esto es factible sólo en una pequeña parte de los pacientes. En los últimos años se han desarrollado otros tratamientos y los pacientes inoperables pueden ser sometidos a técnicas ablativas que pueden erradicar el tumor, disminuyendo al mínimo la pérdida de tejido hepático funcional que es inevitable con la resección convencional. La aplicación de frío, mediante criocirugía, y la aplicación de calor, mediante radiofrecuencia, microondas o láser permiten el control local del tumor y a veces prolongar la supervivencia. Hemos revisado las indicaciones, técnica, complicaciones y resultados de estas prometedoras técnicas ablativas.
Palabras clave:
Tumores hepáticos
Criodestrucción
Radiofrecuencia
Microondas
Láser
The best treatment for primary and metastatic tumors of the liver is surgical resection but this is feasible in only a minority of patients. In recent years, new treatments have been developed, and patients with inoperable tumors can be treated with ablative techniques that can destroy the tumor, minimizing the amount of functional liver tissue destroyed, which is inevitable with conventional surgical resection. The use of cold, with cryoablation, and the use of heat, with radiofrequency, microwaves, and laser allows focal control and sometimes prolongs survival. We review the indications, technique, complications, and results of these promising ablative methods.
Key words:
Hepatic tumors
Cryodestruction
Radiofrequency
Microwaves
Laser
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
E.A. Akriviadis, J.M. Llovet, S.C. Efremidis, D. Shouval, R. Canelo, B. Ringe.
Hepatocellular carcinoma.
Br J Surg, 85 (1998), pp. 1319-1331
[2.]
T.P. Wade, K.S. Virgo, M.J. Li, P.W. Callander, W.E. Longo, F.E. Johnson.
Outcomes after detection of metastatic carcinoma of the colon and rectum in a national hospital system.
J Am Coll Surg, 182 (1996), pp. 353-361
[4.]
S. Nakamura, Y. Yokoi, S. Suzuki, S. Baba, H. Muro.
Results of extensive surgery for liver metastases in colorectal carcinoma.
Br J Surg, 79 (1992), pp. 35-38
[5.]
J. Scheele, R. Stang, A. Altendorf-Hoffmann, M. Paul.
Resection of colorectal liver metastases.
World J Surg, 19 (1995), pp. 59-71
[6.]
C. Tytus.
Cryosurgery, its history and development.
Cryosurgery, its history and development. Springfield, pp. 3-18
[7.]
I. Cooper.
Cryogenic surgery: a new method of destruction or extirpation of benign or malignant tissues.
N Engl J Med, 268 (1963), pp. 743-749
[8.]
J. Blackwood, F. Moore, W. Pace.
Cryotherapy for malignant tumors.
Cryobiology, 4 (1967), pp. 33-38
[9.]
G. Uhlschmid, E. Kolb, F. Largiader.
Cryosurgery of pulmonary metastases.
Cryobiology, 16 (1979), pp. 171-178
[10.]
W. Gill, W. Long, J. Fraser, P. Lee.
Cryosurgery for neoplasia.
Br J Surg, 57 (1970), pp. 494-502
[11.]
W. Cahan, A. Brockunier Jr.
Cryosurgery of the uterine cavity.
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 99 (1967), pp. 138-153
[12.]
J. Gilbert, G. Onik, W. Hoddick, B. Rubinsky, L. Ferrell.
Ultrasound monitored hepatic cryosurgery: longevity study on animal model.
Cryobiology, 23 (1986), pp. 277-285
[13.]
R. Charnley, J. Doran, D. Morris.
Cryotherapy for liver metastases: a new approach.
Br J Surg, 76 (1989), pp. 1040-1041
[14.]
P. Mazur.
The role of intracellular freezing in the death of cells cooled at supraoptimal rates.
Cryobiology, 14 (1977), pp. 251-272
[15.]
D. Whittaker.
Mechanisms of tissue destruction following cryosurgery.
Ann R Coll Surg Eng, 66 (1984), pp. 313-338
[17.]
W. Gill, W.B. Long.
The completeness of cellular destruction within a cryolesion.
Br J Surg, 58:A870 (1971),
[18.]
B. Rubinsky, C. Lee, J. Bastacky, G. Onik.
The process of freezing and the mechanism of damage during hepatic cryosurgery.
Cryobiology, 27 (1990), pp. 85-97
[19.]
W. Healey, C. Priebe, S. Farrer, L. Phillips.
Hepatic cryosurgery. Acute and long-term effects.
Arch Surg, 103 (1971), pp. 384-392
[20.]
N. Horwitz, H. Gokalp, J. Randall.
In situ freezing of the common carotid artery and saggital sinus of the dog.
Cryobiology, 2 (1966), pp. 223-228
[21.]
G. McIntosh, K. Hobbs, A. O’Reilly.
In situ freezing of the pancreas and portal vein in the pig.
J Vasc Interv Radiol, 3 (1992), pp. 291-297
[22.]
H.I. Neel, A. Ketcham, W. Hammond.
Cryonecrosis of normal and tumor bearing rat liver potentiated by inflow occlusion.
Cancer, 38 (1971), pp. 1211-1218
[23.]
J. Fraser, W. Gill.
Observations on ultra-frozen tissue.
Br J Surg, 54 (1967), pp. 770-776
[24.]
J. Bischof, K. Christov, B. Rubinsky.
A morphological study of cooling rate response in normal and neoplastic liver tissue: cryosurgical implications.
Cryobiology, 30 (1993), pp. 482-492
[25.]
H.I. Neel, A. Ketcham, W. Hammond.
Requisites for successful cryogenic surgery of cancer.
Arch Surg, 102 (1971), pp. 45-48
[26.]
H.I. Neel, A. Ketcham, W. Hammond.
Ischemia potentiating cryosurgery of primate liver.
Ann Surg, 174 (1971), pp. 309-318
[27.]
S. Zacarian.
The observation of freeze-thaw cycles upon cancercell suspensions.
J Dermatol Surg Oncol, 3 (1977), pp. 173-174
[28.]
A. Gage, K. Guest, M. Montes, J. Caruana, D.J. Whalen.
Effect of varying freezing and thawing rates in experimental cryosurgery.
Cryobiology, 22 (1985), pp. 175-182
[29.]
P. Cozzi, G. Stewart, D. Morris.
Thrombocytopenia after hepatic cryotherapy for colorectal metastases: correlates with hepatocellular injury.
World J Surg, 18 (1994), pp. 775-777
[30.]
M. Weaver, D. Atkinson, R. Zemel.
Hepatic cryosurgery in treating colorectal metastases.
Cancer, 76 (1995), pp. 210-214
[31.]
J. Seifert.
World survey on the complications of hepatic and prostate cryotherapy.
World J Surg, 23 (1999), pp. 109-114
[32.]
H.B. Neel III, A.S. Ketcham, W.G. Hammond.
Cryonecrosis of normal and tumour bearing rat liver potentiated by inflow occlusion.
Cancer, 38 (1971), pp. 1211-1218
[33.]
M. Shafir, R. Shapiro, M. Sung, R. Warner, A. Sicular, A. Klipfel.
Cryoablation of unresectable malignant liver tumours.
Am J Surg, 171 (1996), pp. 27-31
[34.]
W. Ross, M. Horton, P. Bertolino, D. Morris.
Cryotherapy of liver tumours -a practical guide.
HPB Surg, 8 (1995), pp. 167-173
[35.]
G. Onik, D. Atkinson, R. Zemel, M. Weaver.
Cryosurgery of liver cancer.
Semin Surg Oncol, 9 (1993), pp. 309-317
[36.]
M.L. Weaver, J.G. Ashton, R. Zemel.
Treatment of colorectal liver metastases by cryotherapy.
Semin Surg Oncol, 14 (1998), pp. 163-170
[37.]
T. Ravikumar, G.J. Steele.
Hepatic cryosurgery.
Surg Clin North Am, 69 (1989), pp. 433-440
[38.]
A.V. Dilley, D.Y. Dy, A. Warlters, S. Copeland, A.E. Gillies, R.W. Morris, et al.
Laboratory and animal model in evaluation of the Cryotech LCS 2000 in hepatic cryotherapy.
Cryobiology, 30 (1993), pp. 74-85
[39.]
G. Onik, R. Kane, G. Steele, W. McDermott, U. Khettry, B. Cady, et al.
Monitoring hepatic cryosurgery with sonography.
Am J Roentgenol, 147 (1986), pp. 665-669
[40.]
J. Gilbert, G. Onik, W. Hoddick, B. Rubinsky.
Real time ultrasonic monitoring of hepatic cryosurgery.
Cryobiology, 22 (1985), pp. 319-330
[41.]
M. Rivoire, P. Kaemmerlen, G. Molina, E. Delay, I. Treilleux, J. Finzy.
Intraoperative monitoring of cryonecrosis during hepatic cryosurgery.
Br J Surg, 81(Suppl (1994), pp. A91-92
[42.]
J. Tacke, R. Speetzen, I. Heschel, D. Hunter, G. Rau, R. Gunther.
Imaging of interstitial cryotherapy –an in vitro comparison of ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging.
Cryobiology, 38 (1999), pp. 250-259
[43.]
J.-S. Hong, S. Wong, G. Pease, B. Rubinsky.
MR imaging assisted temperature calculations during cryosurgery.
Magn Reson Imaging, 12 (1994), pp. 1021-1031
[44.]
G. Onik, B. Rubinsky, R. Zemel, L. Weaver, D. Diamond, C. Cobb, et al.
Ultrasound-guided hepatic cryosurgery in the treatment of metastatic colon carcinoma. Preliminary results.
Cancer, 67 (1991), pp. 90-97
[45.]
H. Karpoff, Y. Fong, L.H. Blumgar.
Cryotherapy and other ablative procedures. Liver metastases: biology, diagnosis and treatment.
[46.]
B. Kuszyk, M. Choti, B. Urban, T.P. Chambers, D.A. Bluemke, J.V. Sitzmann, et al.
Hepatic tumors treated by cryosurgery: normal CT appearance.
Am J Roentegenol, 166 (1996), pp. 363-367
[47.]
R. McLoughlin, J. Saliken, G. McKinnon, D. Wiseman, W. Temple.
CT of the liver after cryotherapy of hepatic metastases: imaging findings.
Am J Roentgenol, 165 (1995), pp. 325-332
[48.]
D. Goodie, M. Horton, R. Morris, L. Nagy, D. Morris.
Anaesthetic experience with cryotherapy for treatment of hepatic malignancy.
Anaesth Intens Care, 20 (1992), pp. 491-496
[49.]
W. Ross, D. Morris, R. Morris, A. Warlters.
Cardiac rhythm disturbances due to caval occlusion during hepatic cryosurgery.
Cryobiology, 31 (1994), pp. 501
[50.]
K.A. Crews, A.J. Kuhn, T.M. McCarty, T.L. Fisher, R.M. Goldstein, J.T. Preskitt.
Cryosurgical ablation of hepatic tumors.
Am J Surg, 174 (1997), pp. 614-617
[51.]
T. Ravikumar.
Hepatic cryosurgery with intraoperative ultrasound monitoring for metastatic colon carcinoma.
Arch Surg, 122 (1987), pp. 403-409
[52.]
G. Stewart, A. Preketes, M. Horton, W. Ross, D. Morris.
Hepatic cryotherapy: double-freeze cycles achieve greater hepatocellular injury in man.
Cryobiology, 32 (1995), pp. 215-219
[53.]
R. Adam, E. Akpinar, M. Johann, F. Kunstlinger, P. Majno, H. Bismuth.
Place of cryosurgery in the treatment of malignant liver tumors.
Ann Surg, 225 (1997), pp. 39-50
[54.]
K.A. Yeh, L. Fortunato, J.P. Hoffman, B.L. Eisenberg.
Cryosurgical ablation of hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinomas.
Am Surg, 63 (1997), pp. 63-68
[55.]
D. Guenther, R. Kirgan, L. Klein, L. Foshag, K. Ramming.
Coagulopathy associated with cryosurgery for hepatic metastases of colorectal cancer.
Proc Asco, 13:A213 (1994),
[56.]
T. Ravikumar, R. Kane, B. Cady, R. Jenkins, M. Clouse, G. Steele Jr.
A 5-year study of cryosurgery in the treatment of liver tumors.
Arch Surg, 126 (1991), pp. 1520-1524
[57.]
T. Ravikumar, G.J. Steele, R. Kane, V. King.
Experimental and clinical observations on hepatic cryosurgery for colorectal metastases.
Cancer Res, 51 (1991), pp. 6323-6327
[58.]
M.L. Weaver, D. Atkinson, R. Zemel.
Hepatic cryosurgery in the treatment of unresectable metastases.
Surg Oncol, 4 (1995), pp. 231-236
[59.]
J.G. McKinnon, W.J. Temple, D.A. Wiseman, J.C. Saliken.
Cryosurgery for malignant tumours of the liver.
Can J Surg, 39 (1996), pp. 401-406
[60.]
J. Seifert, D.L. Morris.
Prognostic factors after cryotherapy for hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer.
Ann Surg, 228 (1998), pp. 201-208
[61.]
N. Korpan.
Hepatic cryosurgery for liver metastases. Long term follow-up.
Ann Surg, 225 (1997), pp. 193-201
[62.]
R.S. Stubbs, M.H. Alwan, M.W. Booth.
Cryotherapy and subsequent hepatic arterial chemotherapy for colorectal metastases to the liver.
HPB Surg, 11 (1998), pp. 97-104
[63.]
D.L. Morris, W.B. Ross, J.L. Iqbal, J. McCall, J. King, P.R. Clingan.
Cryoablation of hepatic malignancy: an evaluation of tumour marker data and survival in 110 patients.
GI Cancer, 1 (1996), pp. 247-251
[64.]
J. Seifert, P. Cozzi, D. Morris.
Cryotherapy for neuroendocrine liver metastases.
Semin Surg Oncol, 14 (1998), pp. 175-183
[65.]
A. Cuschieri, G. Crosthwaite, S. Shimi, A. Pietrabissa, V. Joypaul, I. Tair, et al.
Hepatic cryotherapy for liver tumours. Development and clinical evaluation of high efficiency insulated multineedle probe system for open and laparoscopic use.
Surg Endosc, 9 (1995), pp. 483-489
[66.]
P. Rougier, A. Laplanche, M. Hughier, J. Hay, J. Ollivier, J. Escat, et al.
Hepatic arterial infusion of floxuridine in patients with liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma: long-term results of a prospective randomized trial.
J Clin Oncol, 10 (1992), pp. 1112-1118
[67.]
T. Allen-Mersh, S. Earlam, C. Fordy, K. Abrams, J. Houghton.
Quality of life and survival with continuous hepatic-artery floxuridine infusion for colorectal liver metastases.
Lancet, 344 (1994), pp. 1255-1260
[68.]
D. Morris, M. Horton DAC, A.V. Dilley, A. Walters, P.R. Clingan.
Treatment of hepatic metastases by cryotherapy and regional cytotoxic perfusion.
Gut, 34 (1993), pp. 1156-1157
[69.]
A. Preketes, J. Caplehorn, J. King, P. Clingan, W. Ross, D. Morris.
Effect of hepatic artery chemotherapy on survival of patients with hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma treated with cryotherapy.
World J Surg, 19 (1995), pp. 768-771
[70.]
J. Seifert.
Indicators of recurrence following cryotherapy for hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer.
Br J Surg, 86 (1999), pp. 234-240
[71.]
G. Steele, T. Ravikumar, P. Benotti.
New surgical treatments for recurrent colorectal cancer.
Cancer, 65 (1990), pp. 723-730
[72.]
A. Preketes, J. King, J. Caplethorn, P. Clingan, W. Ross, D. Morris.
CEA reduction for liver metastases from colorectal cancer predicts survival.
Aust N Z J Surg, 64 (1994), pp. 612-614
[73.]
T.S. Ravikumar.
Hepatic cryosurgery with intraoperative ultrasound monitoring for metastatic colon carcinoma.
Arch Surg, 122 (1987), pp. 403-409
[74.]
J. Seifert, T. Junginger, D. Morris.
A collective review of the world literature on hepatic cryotherapy.
J R Coll Surg Edinb, 43 (1998), pp. 141-154
[75.]
X.D. Zhou, Z.Y. Tang, Y.Q. Yu, Z.C. Ma.
Clinical evaluation of cryosurgery in the treatment of primary liver cancer. Report of 60 cases.
Cancer, 61 (1988), pp. 889-892
[76.]
X.D. Zhou, Z.Y. Tang.
Cryotherapy for primary liver cancer.
Semin Surg Oncol, 14 (1998), pp. 171-174
[77.]
J. Zhao, S.J. Dwerryhouse, W.B. Ross, D.L. Morris.
Cryotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.
Asian J Surg, 20 (1997), pp. 140-145
[78.]
S.M. Wren, M.M. Coburn, M. Tan, J.R. Daniels, N. Yassa, C.L. Carpenter, et al.
Is cryosurgical ablation appropriate for treating hepatocellular cancer?.
Arch Surg, 132 (1997), pp. 599-603
[79.]
C. Lam, W. Yuen, S. Fan.
Hepatic cryosurgery for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy: a preliminary report.
J Surg Oncol, 68 (1998), pp. 104-106
[80.]
W.S. Wong, S.C. Patel, F.S. Cruz, K.V. Gala, A.F. Turner.
Cryosurgery as a treatment for advanced stage hepatocellular carcinoma: results, complications, and alcohol ablation.
Cancer, 82 (1998), pp. 1268-1278
[81.]
D. Iannitti, T. Heniford, L. Hale, S. Grundfest-Broniatowski, M. Gagner.
Laparoscopic cryoablation of hepatic metastases.
Arch Surg, 133 (1998), pp. 1011-1015
[82.]
E. Lezoche, A. Paganini, F. Feliciotti, M. Guerrieri, F. Lugnani, A. Tamburini.
Ultrasound guided laparoscopic cryoablation of hepatic tumors: preliminary report.
World J Surg, 22 (1998), pp. 829-835
[83.]
F.J. Lee, S. Chosy, P. Littrup, T. Warner, J. Kuhlman, D. Mahvi.
CT-monitored percutaneous cryoablation in a pig model: pilot study.
Radiology, 211 (1999), pp. 687-692
[84.]
G. Schüder.
Preliminary experience with percutaneous cryotherapy of liver tumours.
Br J Surg, 85 (1998), pp. 1210-1211
[85.]
A. D’Arsonval.
Action physiologique des courants alternatifs.
CR Soc Biol (Paris, 43 (1891), pp. 283
[86.]
J.R. Pagura, M. Schnapp, P. Passarelli.
Percutaneous radiofrequency glosopharyngeal rhizotomy for cancer pain.
Appl Neurophysiol, 46 (1983), pp. 154-159
[87.]
M. Massad, C.icero J. Lo, J. Matano, J. Oba, R. Greene, J. Gilbert, et al.
Endoscopic thoracic sympathlectomy: evaulation of pulsatile laser, non-pulsatile laser and radiofrequency-generated thermocoagulation.
Surg and Med, 11 (1991), pp. 18-25
[88.]
E.R. Cossman, B.S. Nashold, P. Bedenbauch.
Stereotaxic radiofrequency lesion making.
Appl Neurophysiol, 46 (1983), pp. 160
[89.]
H. Van Loveren, J. Tew, J. Keller, M. Nume.
A 10 year experience in the treatment of trrigenial neuralgia. Comparison of percutaneous stereotaxix rhizotomy and posterior fossa exploration.
J Neurosurg, 57 (1982), pp. 757-764
[90.]
D. Rosenthal, D. Sprinfield, M. Gebhardt, A. Rosenberg, H. Menkin.
Osteroid osteoma percutaneous radio-frequency ablation.
Radiology, 197 (1995), pp. 451-454
[91.]
J. Phipps, B. Lewis, M. Prior, T. Roberts.
Experimental and clinical studies with radiofrequency induced thermal endometrial ablation for functional menorrhagia.
Obstet Gynaecol, 76 (1990), pp. 876-881
[92.]
K.K. Kopecky, G.P. Sutton, R. Bitirle, G.J. Becker.
Percutaneous transrenal endoureteral radiofrequency electrocautery for occlusion: case report.
Radiology, 170 (1989), pp. 1047
[93.]
W.M. Jackmann, X.K. Wang, K.J. Friday, C.A. Roman, K.P. Moulton, K.J. Beckman, et al.
Catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular pathways (Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome) by radiofrequency current.
N Engl J Med, 3241 (1991), pp. 1605
[94.]
J. McGahan, P. Browning, J. Brock, H. Teslik.
Hepatic ablation using radiofrequency electrocautery.
Invest Radiol, 25 (1990), pp. 267-270
[95.]
S. Rossi, F. Fornari, C. Pathies, L. Buscarini.
Thermal lesions induced by 480 KHz localized current field in guinea pig and pig liver.
Tumori, 76 (1990), pp. 54-57
[96.]
L. Solbiati, T. Ierace, S.N. Goldberg, S. Sironi, T. Livraghi, R. Fiocca, et al.
Percutaneous US-guided radiofrequency tissue ablation of liver metastases: treatment and follow-up in 16 patients.
Radiology, 202 (1997), pp. 195-203
[97.]
S. Rossi, S.tasi M. Di, E. Buscarini.
Percutaneous radiofrequency interstitial thermal ablation in the treatment of hepatic cancer.
Am J Roentgenol, 167 (1996), pp. 759-768
[98.]
T. Livraghi, S.N. Goldberg, F. Monti, A. Bizzini, S. Lazzaroni, F. Meloni, et al.
Saline-enhanced radio-frequency tissue ablation in the treatment of liver metastases.
Radiology, 202 (1997), pp. 205-210
[99.]
S. Rossi, E. Buscarini, F. Garbagnati.
Percutaneous treatment of small hepatic tumours by an expandable radiofrequency needle electrode.
Am J Roentgenol, 170 (1998), pp. 1015-1022
[100.]
L. Solbiati, S. Goldberg, T. Ierace, T. Livraghi, F. Meloni, M. Dellanoce, et al.
Hepatic metastases: percutaneous radio-frequency ablation with cooled-tip electrodes.
Radiology, 205 (1997), pp. 367-373
[101.]
Y. Tabuse, K. Tabuse, K. Mori, Y. Nagai, Y. Kobayashi, H. Egawa, et al.
Percutaneous microwave tissue coagulation in liver biopsy: experimental and clinical studies.
Nippon Geka Hokan, 55 (1986), pp. 381-392
[102.]
R. Murakami, S. Yoshimatsu, Y. Yamashita, T. Matsukawa, M. Takahashi, K. Sagara.
Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: value of percutaneous microwave coagulation.
Am J Roentgenol, 164 (1995), pp. 1159-1164
[103.]
T. Matsukawa, Y. Yamashita, A. Arakawa, T. Nishiharu, J. Urata, R. Murakami, et al.
Percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy in liver tumors. A 3-year experience.
Acta Radiol, 38 (1997), pp. 410-415
[104.]
N. Yamanaka, T. Tanaka, T. Oriyama, K. Furukawa, W. Tanaka, E. Okamoto.
Microwave coagulonecrotic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.
World J Surg, 20 (1996), pp. 1076-1081
[105.]
B. Dong, P. Liang, X.L. Yu, X.O. Zeng, P.J. Wang, L. Su, et al.
Sonographically guided microwave coagulation treatment of liver cancer: an experimental and clinical study.
Am J Roentgenol, 171 (1998), pp. 449-454
[106.]
M. Sato, Y. Watanabe, Y. Kashu, T. Nakata, Y. Hamada, K. Kawachi.
Sequential percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy for liver tumor.
Am J Surg, 175 (1998), pp. 322-324
[108.]
K. Matthewson, P. Coleridge-Smith, J. O’Sullivan, T. Northfield, S.G. Bown.
Biological effects of intrahepatic neodymium:yttyium-aluminium-garnet laser photocoagulation in rats.
Gastroenterology, 93 (1987), pp. 550-557
[109.]
N. Krasner.
Palliative laser therapy for tumours of the gastrointestinal tract.
Clin Gastroenterol, 5 (1991), pp. 37-59
[110.]
D. Hashimoto, M. Takami, Y. Idezuki.
In depth radiation therapy by YAG laser for malignant tumors in the liver under ultrasonic imaging.
Gastroenterology, 88 (1985), pp. 1663
[111.]
A. Steger, W. Lees, K. Walmsley, S. Bown.
Interstitial laser hyperthermia: a new approach to local destruction of tumours.
BMJ, 299 (1989), pp. 362-365
[112.]
A. Sibille, F. Prat, J. Chapelon, E. Abou, F. Fadil, L. Henry, et al.
Extracorporeal ablation of liver tissue by high-intensity focused ultrasound.
Oncology, 50 (1993), pp. 375-379
[113.]
G. Vallancien, M. Harouni, B. Veillon, A. Mombet, D. Prapotnich, J. Brisset, et al.
Focused extracorporeal cyrotherapy: feasibility study in man.
J Endourol, 6 (1992), pp. 173-181
[114.]
L. Organ.
Electrophysiologic principles of radiofrequency lesion making.
Appl Neurophysiol, 39 (1976), pp. 69-76
[115.]
E.J. Patterson, C.H. Scudamore, D.A. Owen, A.G. Nagy, A.K. Buczkowski.
Radiofrequency ablation of porcine liver in vivo: effects of blood flow and treatment time on lesion size.
Ann Surg, 227 (1998), pp. 559-565
[116.]
J. Heisterkamp, R. Van Hillegersberg, J. Ijzermans.
Interstitial laser coagulation for hepatic tumours.
Br J Surg, 86 (1999), pp. 293-304
[117.]
N. Sanghvi, R.H. Hawes.
High-intensity focused ultrasound.
Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am, 4 (1994), pp. 383-395
[118.]
H. Cline, K. Hynynen, R. Watkins.
Focused US system for MR imaging-guided tumor ablation.
Radiology, 194 (1995), pp. 731-737
[119.]
N. Honda, Q. Guo, H. Ichida.
Percutaneous hot saline injection for hepatic tumours: an alternative to percutaneous ethanol injection therapy.
Radiology, 190 (1994), pp. 53-57
[120.]
T. Larson, D. Bostwick, A. Corica.
Temperature-correlated histopathologic changes following microwave thermoablation of obstructive tissue in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Urology, 47 (1996), pp. 463-469
[121.]
S. Goldberg, L. Solbiati, G. Gazelle, K. Tanabe, C. Compton, P.R. Mueller.
Treatment of intrahepatic malignancy with radiofrequency ablation: radiologic-pathologic correlation in 16 patients.
Am J Roentgenol, 166(Suppl (1997), pp. 121
[122.]
A. Welch, M. Motamedi, S. Rastegar, C.arpentier G. Le, D. Jansen.
Laser thermal ablation.
Photochem Photobiol, 53 (1991), pp. 815-823
[123.]
S. Goldberg, G. Gazelle, P.R. Mueller.
Thermal ablation therapy for focal malignancy: a unified approach to underlying principles, techniques, and diagnostic imaging guidance.
Am J Roentgenol, 174 (2000), pp. 323-330
[124.]
C.H. Scudamore.
Radiofrequency ablation followed by resection of malignant liver tumours.
Am J Surg, 177 (1999), pp. 411-417
[125.]
S. Goldberg, G. Gazelle, C. Compton, P. Mueller, K. Tanabe.
Treatment of intrahepatic malignancy with radiofrequency ablation. Radiologic-pathologic correlation.
Cancer, 88 (2000), pp. 2452-2463
[126.]
C. Germer, D. Albrecht, A. Roggan, C. Isbert, H.J. Buhr.
Experimental study of laparoscopic laser-induced thermotherapy for liver tumours.
Br J Surg, 84 (1997), pp. 317-320
[127.]
A. Steger, W. Lees, P. Shorvon, K. Walmsley, S. Bown.
Multiple-fibre low-power laser hyperthermia: studies in the normal liver.
Br J Surg, 79 (1992), pp. 139-145
[128.]
C.H. Scudamore.
Radiofrequency ablation followed by resection of malignant liver tumors.
Am J Surg, 177 (1999), pp. 411-417
[129.]
A. Masters, A. Steger, S.G. Bown.
Role of interstitial therapy in the treatment of liver cancer.
Br J Surg, 78 (1991), pp. 518-523
[130.]
J. McGahan, J. Brock, H. Tessluk, W. Gu, P. Schneider, P. Browning.
Hepatic ablation with use of radiofrequency electroacutery in the animal model.
J Vasc Interv Radiol, 3 (1992), pp. 291-297
[131.]
T. Seki, M. Wakabayashi, T. Nakagawa, T. Itho, T. Shiro, K. Kunieda, et al.
Ultrasonically guided percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy for small hepatocellular carcinoma.
Cancer, 74 (1994), pp. 817-825
[132.]
T. Livraghi, S. Goldberg, S. Lazzaroni, F. Meloni, L. Solbiati, G.S. Gazelle.
Small hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment with radio-frequency ablation versus ethanol injection.
Radiology, 210 (1999), pp. 655-661
[133.]
T. Livraghi, S. Goldberg, S. Lazzaroni, F. Meloni, T. Ierace, L. Solbiati, et al.
Hepatocellular carcinoma: radiofrequency ablation of medium and large lesions.
Radiology, 214 (2000), pp. 761-768
[134.]
R.F. LeVeen.
Laser hyperthermia and radiofrequency ablation of hepatic lesions.
Intervent Radiol, 14 (1997), pp. 313-324
[135.]
S.N. Goldberg.
Large volume tissue ablation with radiofrequency ablation using clustered, internally cooled electrode technique; laboratory and clinical experience in liver metastases.
Radiology, 209 (1998), pp. 371-379
[136.]
T. Vogl, M. Mack, R. Straub, A. Roggan, R. Felix.
Percutaneous MRIguided laser-induced thermotherapy for hepatic metastases for colorectal cancer.
Lancet, 350 (1997), pp. 29
[137.]
C.P. Nolsøe, S. Torp-Pedersen, L.F. Burchart, T. Horn, S. Pedersen, N. Christensen, et al.
Interstitial hyperthermia of colorectal liver metastases with a US-guided Nd-YAG laser with a diffuser tip: a pilot clinical study.
Radiology, 187 (1993), pp. 333-337
[138.]
S. Goldberg, G. Gazelle, L. Solbiati, K. Mullin, W. Rittman, P.R. Mueller.
Large volume radiofrequency tissue ablation: increased coagulation with pulsed technique.
Radiology, 205 (1997), pp. 258
[139.]
N. Nishioka, Y. Domankevitz, T. Flotte, R. Anderson.
Ablation of rabbit liver, stomach and colon with a pulsed holmium laser.
Gastroenterology, 96 (1989), pp. 831-837
[140.]
E. Merkle, S. Goldberg, J. Lewin.
Effect of supraparamagnetic MR contrast agents on radiofrequency ablation.
Radiology, 212 (1999), pp. 459-466
[141.]
T. Shibata, T. Niinobu, N. Ogata, M. Takami.
Microwave coagulation therapy for multiple hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma.
Cancer, 89 (2000), pp. 276-284
[142.]
J. Heisterkamp, R. Van Hillegersberg, P.G.H. Mulder, E.L. Sinofsky, J.NM. Ijzermans.
The importance of eliminating portal flow in producing large intrahepatic lesions with interstitial laser coagulation.
Br J Surg, 84 (1997), pp. 1245-1249
[143.]
S.A. Curley, F. Izzo, P. Delrio, L. Ellis, J. Granchi, P. Vallone, et al.
Radiofrequency ablation of unresectable primary and metastatic hepatic malignancies. Results in 123 patients.
Ann Surg, 230 (1999), pp. 1-8
[144.]
K.G. Tranberg, P. Möller, P. Hannesson, U. Stenram.
Interstitial laser treatment of malignant tumours: initial experience.
Eur J Surg Oncol, 22 (1996), pp. 47-54
[145.]
T. Murakami, T. Shibata, T. Ishida, T. Niinobu, T. Satoh, M. Takamura, et al.
Percutaneous microwave hepatic tumor coagulation with segmental hepatic blood flow occlusion in seven patients.
Am J Roentgenol, 172 (1999), pp. 637-640
[146.]
S. Goldberg, P. Hahn, E. Halpern, R. Fogle, G.S. Gazelle.
Radiofrequency tissue ablation: effect of pharmacologic modulation of blood flow on coagulation diameter.
Radiology, 209 (1998), pp. 761-769
[147.]
C. Hill, G. Haar.
Review article: high intensity focused ultrasound— potential for cancer treatment.
Br J Radiol, 68 (1995), pp. 1296-1303
[148.]
R. Stollberger, P. Ascher, D. Huber, W. Renhart, H. Radner, F. Ebner.
Temperature monitoring of interstitial thermal tissue coagulation using MR phase images.
J Magn Reson Imaging, 8 (1998), pp. 188-196
[149.]
S.N. Goldberg, G.S. Gazelle, L. Solbiati, T. Livraghi, K.K. Tanabe, P.F. Hahn, et al.
Ablation of liver tumours using percutaneous radiofrequency therapy.
Am J Roetgenol, 170 (1998), pp. 1023-1028
[150.]
P. Möller, P. Hannesson, K. Ivarsson, J. Olsrud, U. Stenram, K. Tranberg.
Interstitial laser thermotherapy in pig liver: effect of inflow occlusion on extent of necrosis and ultrasound image.
Hepatogastroenterology, 44 (1997), pp. 1302-1311
[151.]
Z. Amin, J.J. Donald, A.C. Masters, R. Kant, A. Steger, S.G. Bown, et al.
Hepatic metastases: interstitial laser photocoagulation with realtime US monitoring and dynamic CT evaluation of treatment.
Radiology, 187 (1993), pp. 339-347
[152.]
K. Mitsuzaki, Y. Yamashita, T. Nishiharu, S. Sumi, T. Matsukawa, M. Takahashi, et al.
CT appearance of hepatic tumors after microwave coagulation therapy.
Am J Roentgenol, 171 (1998), pp. 1397-1403
[153.]
L.R. Jiao, P.P. Hansen, R. Havlik, R.R. Mitry, M. Pignatelli, N. Habib.
Clinical short-term results of radiofrequency ablation in primary and secondary liver tumors.
Am J Surg, 177 (1999), pp. 303-306
[154.]
K. Ohmoto, I. Miyake, M. Tsuduki, N. Shibata, M. Takesue, T. Kunieda, et al.
Percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.
Hepatogastroenterology, 46 (1999), pp. 2894-2900
[155.]
H. Horigome, T. Nomura, K. Saso, M. Itoh.
Standards for selecting percutaneous ethanol injection therapy or percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy for solitary small hepatocellular carcinoma: consideration of local recurrence.
Am J Gastroenterol, 94 (1999), pp. 1914-1917
[156.]
S. Shimada, M. Hirota, T. Beppu, T. Matsuda, N. Hayashi, S. Tashima, et al.
Complications and management of microwave therapy and metastatic liver tumors.
Surg Today, 28 (1998), pp. 1130-1137
[157.]
S. Rossi, F. Fornari, L. Buscarini.
Percutaneous ultrasound-guided radiofrequency electrocautery for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma.
J Intervent Radiol, 8 (1993), pp. 97-103
[158.]
T.J. Vogl, M.G. Mack, P.K. Muller, R. Straub, K. Engelmann, K. Eicdler.
Interventional MR: interstitial therapy.
Eur Radiol, 9 (1999), pp. 1579-1587
[159.]
T. Abe, H. Shinzawa, H. Wakabayashi, M. Aoki, K. Sugahara, A. Iwaba, et al.
Value of laparoscopic microwave coagulation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma in relation to tumor size and location.
Endoscopy, 32 (2000), pp. 598-603
[160.]
S. Seki, H. Sakaguchi, H. Kadoya, H. Morikawa, D. Habu, S. Nishiguchi, et al.
Laparoscopic microwave coagulation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.
Endoscopy, 32 (2000), pp. 591-597
[161.]
G. Francica, G. Marone, L. Solbiati, V. D’Angelo, A. Siani.
Hemobilia, intrahepatic hematoma and acute thrombosis with cavernomatous transformation of the portal vein after percutaneous thermoablation of a liver metastasis.
Eur Radiol, 10 (2000), pp. 926-929
[162.]
M. Sato, K. Tokui, Y. Watanabe, T. Lee, T. Kohtani, K. Nezu, et al.
Generalized intraperitoneal seeding of hepatocellular carcinoma after microwave coagulation therapy: a case report.
Hepatogastroenterology, 46 (1999), pp. 2561-2564
[163.]
A.E. Siperstein, S.J. Rogers, P.D. Hansen, A. Gitomirsky.
Laparoscopic thermal ablation of hepatic neuroendocrine tumour metastases.
Surgery, 122 (1997), pp. 1147-1155
[164.]
G.T. Huang, T.H. Wang, J.C. Sheu, N. Daikuzono, J.L. Sung, M.Z. Wu, et al.
Low power hyperthermia for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma.
Eur J Cancer, 27 (1991), pp. 1622-1627
[165.]
T. Schroder, M. Castren Persons, A. Lehtinen.
Taatvitsainen M. Percutaneous interstitial hyperthermia in clinical use.
Ann Chir Gynaecol, 83 (1994), pp. 286-290
[166.]
A. Gillams, J. Brookes, C. Hare, S. Bown, I. Taylor, J. Cerdermann, W.R. Lees, et al.
Follow up of patients with metastatic liver lesions treated with interstitial laser therapy.
Br J Cancer, 76 (1997), pp. 31
[167.]
A. Shankar, W.R. Lees, A.R. Gillams, S.A. Lederman, I. Taylor.
Treatment of recurrent liver metastases by interstitial laser photocoagulation.
Br J Surg, 87 (2000), pp. 298-300
[168.]
T. Seki, M. Wakabayashi, T. Nakagawa, M. Imamura, T. Tamai, A. Nishimura, et al.
Percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy for patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison with percutaneous ethanol injection therapy.
Cancer, 85 (1999), pp. 1694-1702
[169.]
M. Sato, Y. Watanabe, S. Ueda, S. Iseki, Y. Abe, N. Sato, et al.
Microwave coagulation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.
Gastroenterology, 110 (1996), pp. 1507-1514
[170.]
S. Seki, M. Wakabayashi, T. Nakagawa, M. Imamura, T. Tamai, A. Nishimura, et al.
Percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy for solitary metastatic liver tumours for colorectal cancer: a pilot clinical study.
Am J Gastroenterol, 94 (1999), pp. 322-327
Copyright © 2002. Asociación Española de Cirujanos
