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Vol. 72. Issue 1.
Pages 40-44 (July 2002)
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Vol. 72. Issue 1.
Pages 40-44 (July 2002)
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Tratamiento local del cáncer de recto
Local treatment of rectal cancer
Visits
7273
Julio del Castillo-Diegoa,1
Corresponding author
cgdcdj@humv.es

Correspondencia: Dr. J. del Castillo Diego. Servicio de Cirugía General II. Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla. Avda. Valdecilla, s/n. 39008 Santander.
, Jorge Puig-La Calleb, Julio A. Mayol-Martínezc, Julio García-Aguilard
a FEA. Servicio de Cirugía General II. Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla. Santander
b Departamento de Cirugía. Universidad de Minnesota. Minneapolis, MN. EE.UU
c FEA. Servicio de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo I. Hospital Clínico San Carlos. Madrid
d Profesor asociado. Departamento de Cirugía. Universidad de Minnesota. Minneapolis, MN. EE.UU
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Resumen

La aplicación de protocolos de cribado ha determinado que el número de tumores de recto diagnosticados tempranamente haya aumentado de forma significativa. Consecuentemente, el tratamiento local de estos tumores tempranos ha pasado a ocupar un lugar destacado dentro de la terapéutica del cáncer de recto. Este artículo realiza una revisión de las indicaciones del tratamiento local, de las técnicas diagnósticas y terapéuticas disponibles y de sus resultados.

La selección de candidatos ha de llevarse a cabo de manera rigurosa mediante la exploración clínica, la biopsia preoperatoria, la ecografía endorrectal y la utilización de otros procedimientos radiológicos.

La destrucción tumoral mediante fulguración o radioterapia endocavitaria obtiene resultados similares a la escisión local. Sin embargo, el estudio patológico del tumor resulta imprescindible para identificar a aquellos pacientes que pueden necesitar un tratamiento quirúrgico radical, o que pueden beneficiarse de un protocolo de tratamiento radioquimioterápico adyuvante.

La tasa de recidiva local tras estos procedimientos es mayor que la que corresponde a la cirugía radical. Aunque la mayoría de las recidivas son potencialmente resecables, el papel de la cirugía radical de rescate está en discusión.

Palabras clave:
Cáncer de recto
Resección transanal
Ecografía transrectal
Radioterapia endocavitaria
Fulguración

Because of the application of screening protocols, the early diagnosis of rectal tumors has significantly increased. Consequently, local treatment of these early tumors occupies an important place within the treatment of rectal cancer. The present article reviews the indications for local treatment, the diagnostic and therapeutic techniques available and their results.

Candidates must be rigorously selected through physical examination, preoperative biopsy, endorectal ultrasonography and the use of other radiological procedures.

Tumoral destruction through fulguration or endocavitaryradiotherapy provides similar results to local excision. However, pathological analysis of the tumor is essential to identify patients who may need radical surgery or who could benefit from adjuvant radiochemotherapy. The rate of local recurrence after these procedures is higher than in radical surgery. Although most recurrences are potentially resectable, the role of rescue radical surgery is currently being debated.

Key words:
Rectal cancer
Transanal resection
Transrectal ultrasonography
Endocavitary radiotherapy
Fulguration
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